978:
1634:
1723:
54:
1598:
3798:
609:
905:
1940:
1853:
4038:
3475:
2096:
1687:
596:
2050:(i.e. species tree) from which these characters were sampled, though ideally, both should be very close. For this reason, serious phylogenetic studies generally use a combination of genes that come from different genomic sources (e.g., from mitochondrial or plastid vs. nuclear genomes), or genes that would be expected to evolve under different selective regimes, so that
3810:
861:
Eukaryota (right branch, letters q to z). Each letter corresponds to a group of organisms, listed below this description. These letters and the description should be converted to
Braille font, and printed using a Braille printer. The figure can be 3D printed by copying the png file and using Cura or other software to generate the Gcode for 3D printing.
924:
tree requires some means of identifying ancestry. This is normally done by including an outgroup in the input data so that the root is necessarily between the outgroup and the rest of the taxa in the tree, or by introducing additional assumptions about the relative rates of evolution on each branch, such as an application of the
857:
2036:
or only on morphological analysis, because such trees constructed from another unrelated data source often differ from the first, and therefore great care is needed in inferring phylogenetic relationships among species. This is most true of genetic material that is subject to lateral gene transfer
923:
Unrooted trees illustrate the relatedness of the leaf nodes without making assumptions about ancestry. They do not require the ancestral root to be known or inferred. Unrooted trees can always be generated from rooted ones by simply omitting the root. By contrast, inferring the root of an unrooted
1913:
Trees can be encoded in a number of different formats, all of which must represent the nested structure of a tree. They may or may not encode branch lengths and other features. Standardized formats are critical for distributing and sharing trees without relying on graphics output that is hard to
990:
The number of possible trees for a given number of leaf nodes depends on the specific type of tree, but there are always more labeled than unlabeled trees, more multifurcating than bifurcating trees, and more rooted than unrooted trees. The last distinction is the most biologically relevant; it
2000:
data in different species can provide evolutionary insight, these analyses have important limitations. Most importantly, the trees that they generate are not necessarily correct – they do not necessarily accurately represent the evolutionary history of the included taxa. As with any scientific
968:
Both rooted and unrooted trees can be either labeled or unlabeled. A labeled tree has specific values assigned to its leaves, while an unlabeled tree, sometimes called a tree shape, defines a topology only. Some sequence-based trees built from a small genomic locus, such as
Phylotree, feature
860:
Rooted phylogenetic tree optimized for blind people. The lowest point of the tree is the root, which symbolizes the universal common ancestor to all living beings. The tree branches out into three main groups: Bacteria (left branch, letters a to i), Archea (middle branch, letters j to p) and
2073:
The range of useful DNA materials has expanded with advances in extraction and sequencing technologies. Development of technologies able to infer sequences from smaller fragments, or from spatial patterns of DNA degradation products, would further expand the range of DNA considered useful.
685:
showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics. In evolutionary biology, all life on Earth is theoretically part of a single phylogenetic tree, indicating
709:
of those descendants, and the edge lengths in some trees may be interpreted as time estimates. Each node is called a taxonomic unit. Internal nodes are generally called hypothetical taxonomic units, as they cannot be directly observed. Trees are useful in fields of biology such as
1710:(vertical axis) in order to reflect the variation of abundance of various taxa through time. A spindle diagram is not an evolutionary tree: the taxonomic spindles obscure the actual relationships of the parent taxon to the daughter taxon and have the disadvantage of involving the
981:
Increase in the total number of phylogenetic trees as a function of the number of labeled leaves: unrooted binary trees (blue diamonds), rooted binary trees (red circles), and rooted multifurcating or binary trees (green: triangles). The Y-axis scale is
2077:
Phylogenetic trees can also be inferred from a range of other data types, including morphology, the presence or absence of particular types of genes, insertion and deletion events – and any other observation thought to contain an evolutionary signal.
959:
with exactly three neighbors at each internal node. In contrast, a rooted multifurcating tree may have more than two children at some nodes and an unrooted multifurcating tree may have more than three neighbors at some nodes.
2045:
blocks can have different histories. In these types of analysis, the output tree of a phylogenetic analysis of a single gene is an estimate of the gene's phylogeny (i.e. a gene tree) and not the phylogeny of the
892:—close enough to allow inference from trait data or molecular sequencing, but far enough to be a clear outgroup. Another method is midpoint rooting, or a tree can also be rooted by using a non-stationary
2065:
in an analysis (rather than, for example, to constrain internal nodes), they are considered not to represent direct ancestors of any extant species. Extinct species do not typically contain high-quality
1259:
1099:
325:
2640:
Mayr, Ernst (1974)"Cladistic analysis or cladistic classification?". Journal of
Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 12: 94–128. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1974.tb00160.x.
1614:
only represents a branching pattern; i.e., its branch lengths do not represent time or relative amount of character change, and its internal nodes do not represent ancestors.
1371:
3341:
Fang, H.; Oates, M. E.; Pethica, R. B.; Greenwood, J. M.; Sardar, A. J.; Rackham, O. J. L.; Donoghue, P. C. J.; Stamatakis, A.; De Lima Morais, D. A.; Gough, J. (2013).
2145:
756:). Early representations of "branching" phylogenetic trees include a "paleontological chart" showing the geological relationships among plants and animals in the book
1285:
1125:
2619:
3127:
Parhi, J.; Tripathy, P.S.; Priyadarshi, H.; Mandal, S.C.; Pandey, P.K. (2019). "Diagnosis of mitogenome for robust phylogeny: A case of
Cypriniformes fish group".
694:
is the study of phylogenetic trees. The main challenge is to find a phylogenetic tree representing optimal evolutionary ancestry between a set of species or taxa.
3195:
1335:
640:
3201:
Gontier, N. 2011. "Depicting the Tree of Life: the
Philosophical and Historical Roots of Evolutionary Tree Diagrams." Evolution, Education, Outreach 4: 515–538.
1309:
1145:
248:
2084:
are used when bifurcating trees are not suitable, due to these complications which suggest a more reticulate evolutionary history of the organisms sampled.
3865:
559:
2440:
1788:
is another simple method of estimating phylogenetic trees, but implies an implicit model of evolution (i.e. parsimony). More advanced methods use the
3848:
367:
3413:
2005:
by further study (e.g., gathering of additional data, analyzing the existing data with improved methods). The data on which they are based may be
881:
of the tree. The root node does not have a parent node, but serves as the parent of all other nodes in the tree. The root is therefore a node of
73:
991:
arises because there are many places on an unrooted tree to put the root. For bifurcating labeled trees, the total number of rooted trees is:
3180:
554:
3608:
1800:, and apply an explicit model of evolution to phylogenetic tree estimation. Identifying the optimal tree using many of these techniques is
501:
1373:
possible bifurcating trees, and the number of multifurcating trees rises faster, with ca. 7 times as many of the latter as of the former.
885:
2, while other internal nodes have a minimum degree of 3 (where "degree" here refers to the total number of incoming and outgoing edges).
3226:
2344:
Dang, Cuong Cao; Minh, Bui Quang; McShea, Hanon; Masel, Joanna; James, Jennifer
Eleanor; Vinh, Le Sy; Lanfear, Robert (9 February 2022).
3912:
2289:
1957:
1874:
1594:
is a general name for a tree, whether phylogenetic or not, and hence also for the diagrammatic representation of a phylogenetic tree.
633:
362:
193:
3917:
3568:
3306:
2422:
2254:
1979:
1900:
3945:
4068:
3648:
2156:
95:
977:
4063:
3653:
3586:
1157:
997:
352:
320:
3993:
3663:
3593:
2984:
Townsend JP, Su Z, Tekle Y (2012). "Phylogenetic Signal and Noise: Predicting the Power of a Data Set to
Resolve Phylogeny".
2140:
1961:
1878:
1702:
A spindle diagram, or bubble diagram, is often called a romerogram, after its popularisation by the
American palaeontologist
574:
357:
1825:
consistency (will it converge on the same answer repeatedly, if each time given different data for the same model problem?)
833:
3935:
2611:
626:
613:
3841:
1667:
544:
3301:
2728:"Ninety-seven million years of angiosperm-insect association: paleobiological insights into the meaning of coevolution"
4042:
3573:
3480:
3436:
3406:
2161:
2120:
2101:
1777:
1761:
1755:
706:
695:
600:
3907:
1633:
4028:
2926:
2135:
1812:
methods are used in combination with tree-scoring functions to identify a reasonably good tree that fits the data.
1809:
100:
3988:
3763:
3689:
466:
441:
421:
401:
78:
821:
3814:
2014:
1863:
1340:
The number of rooted trees grows quickly as a function of the number of tips. For 10 tips, there are more than
776:
456:
451:
426:
381:
347:
341:
330:
2436:
2322:
1780:, are simplest to implement, but do not invoke an evolutionary model. Many sequence alignment methods such as
3834:
3643:
3441:
2821:
1950:
1882:
1867:
882:
874:
569:
476:
471:
416:
377:
178:
3239:
1622:
A phylogram is a phylogenetic tree that has branch lengths proportional to the amount of character change.
4058:
3879:
3802:
3526:
3399:
1671:
771:
745:
739:
481:
436:
258:
153:
3291:
OneZoom: Tree of Life – all living species as intuitive and zoomable fractal explorer (responsive design)
1835:
Tree-building techniques have also gained the attention of mathematicians. Trees can also be built using
3778:
3456:
2650:
Soares, Antonio; Râbelo, Ricardo; Delbem, Alexandre (2017). "Optimization based on phylogram analysis".
2130:
2038:
2010:
1695:
889:
866:
579:
461:
406:
372:
285:
3328:
3298:
An interactive tree based on the U.S. National
Science Foundation's Assembling the Tree of Life Project
1784:
also create trees by using the simpler algorithms (i.e. those based on distance) of tree construction.
698:
focuses on the algorithms involved in finding optimal phylogenetic tree in the phylogenetic landscape.
856:
3615:
3521:
3354:
3081:
2864:
2739:
2470:
2125:
2081:
1789:
1663:
1343:
952:
781:
753:
431:
203:
88:
45:
1694:
at class level, width of spindles indicating number of families. Spindle diagrams are often used in
3950:
3940:
3658:
3540:
3248:
2796:
1707:
682:
521:
511:
446:
411:
295:
198:
123:
58:
2021:
between species that were not nearest neighbors on the tree before hybridisation takes place, and
3967:
3581:
3535:
3451:
3152:
2964:
2592:
2540:
2055:
2022:
1831:
falsifiability (does it alert us when it is not good to use, i.e. when assumptions are violated?)
1797:
1793:
940:
893:
564:
496:
280:
208:
173:
1630:
A chronogram is a phylogenetic tree that explicitly represents time through its branch lengths.
2028:
Also, there are problems in basing an analysis on a single type of character, such as a single
1714:
of the parental group. This type of diagram is no longer used in the form originally proposed.
3962:
3902:
3380:
3279:
3176:
3144:
3109:
3050:
3001:
2946:
2892:
2775:
2757:
2708:
2667:
2584:
2532:
2486:
2414:
2375:
2295:
2285:
2250:
2150:
1785:
1760:
Phylogenetic trees composed with a nontrivial number of input sequences are constructed using
1722:
983:
143:
133:
128:
53:
1264:
1104:
3598:
3552:
3370:
3362:
3271:
3136:
3099:
3089:
3040:
3032:
2993:
2938:
2882:
2872:
2765:
2747:
2698:
2659:
2576:
2522:
2478:
2406:
2365:
2357:
2260:
2242:
2018:
1773:
1765:
761:
300:
1742:
are useful for portraying past and present life, and they have some advantages over trees (
1597:
943:
or multifurcating. A rooted bifurcating tree has exactly two descendants arising from each
3885:
3699:
3243:
2564:
1828:
robustness (does it cope well with violations of the assumptions of the underlying model?)
925:
687:
253:
243:
105:
2826:
A Three-Pound Monkey Brain — Biology, programming, linguistics, phylogeny, systematics ..
2394:
1314:
3358:
3085:
2868:
2743:
2474:
748:
arose from ancient notions of a ladder-like progression from lower into higher forms of
3673:
3375:
3342:
3331:
This is a programming library to analyze, manipulate and visualize phylogenetic trees.
3045:
3020:
2370:
2345:
2265:
2246:
2234:
2166:
2002:
1819:
efficiency (how long does it take to compute the answer, how much memory does it need?)
1294:
1130:
870:
785:
767:
711:
335:
238:
3104:
3069:
2482:
4052:
3668:
3638:
3545:
3422:
3156:
2942:
2770:
2727:
2511:"Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation"
1923:
1739:
1651:
1641:. In this phylogenetic tree type, branch lengths are proportional to geological time.
944:
816:
719:
691:
486:
158:
2703:
2686:
2544:
4015:
4010:
3773:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3694:
3502:
3497:
2006:
1703:
506:
491:
275:
270:
188:
904:
2195:
3857:
3768:
3461:
3185:
3036:
2067:
1939:
1852:
1743:
1638:
948:
913:
715:
516:
233:
183:
3332:
3275:
3140:
2877:
2852:
2663:
3873:
3470:
3446:
2115:
2091:
1918:
1691:
1686:
1591:
928:
801:
797:
793:
727:
290:
213:
168:
148:
62:
3343:"A daily-updated tree of (sequenced) life as a reference for genome research"
2896:
2761:
2752:
2726:
Labandeira, C. C.; Dilcher, D. L.; Davis, D. R.; Wagner, D. L. (1994-12-06).
2671:
2588:
2361:
2299:
3972:
3957:
3927:
3783:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3632:
3514:
2997:
2410:
2062:
2051:
2042:
1805:
1711:
1611:
956:
878:
789:
666:
549:
163:
83:
28:
3384:
3283:
3148:
3113:
3094:
3054:
3005:
2950:
2779:
2712:
2536:
2490:
2418:
2379:
4037:
3474:
3021:"The effect of recombination on the reconstruction of ancestral sequences"
2095:
1822:
power (does it make good use of the data, or is information being wasted?)
888:
The most common method for rooting trees is the use of an uncontroversial
595:
3324:
3321:
3204:
2171:
1836:
1781:
539:
138:
17:
1815:
Tree-building methods can be assessed on the basis of several criteria:
3260:
An overview of different methods of tree visualization is available at
2967:, and V. Moulton. 2001. Metric Spaces in Pure and Applied Mathematics.
2887:
2596:
2527:
2510:
2346:"nQMaker: Estimating Time Nonreversible Amino Acid Substitution Models"
2033:
1964: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1801:
917:
678:
670:
3366:
3262:
Page, R. D. M. (2011). "Space, time, form: Viewing the Tree of Life".
1674:
in the case of rooted networks. They are used to overcome some of the
1151:
For bifurcating labeled trees, the total number of unrooted trees is:
705:
phylogenetic tree, each node with descendants represents the inferred
3337:
2929:(1992). "Progress with methods for constructing evolutionary trees".
1997:
909:
838:
826:
3307:
A Multiple
Alignment of 139 Myosin Sequences and a Phylogenetic Tree
2580:
3295:
2314:
1291:
Among labeled bifurcating trees, the number of unrooted trees with
873:
tree with a unique node — the root — corresponding to the (usually
3603:
3531:
2110:
1769:
1721:
1685:
1654:
is a diagram representing a cross section of a phylogenetic tree.
1632:
1596:
976:
903:
855:
674:
3826:
2233:
Kinene, T.; Wainaina, J.; Maina, S.; Boykin, L. (21 April 2016).
34:
Branching diagram of evolutionary relationships between organisms
3391:
3236:
2047:
2029:
1993:
749:
3830:
3395:
3290:
1992:
Although phylogenetic trees produced on the basis of sequenced
1706:. It represents taxonomic diversity (horizontal width) against
730:
and do not require the ancestral root to be known or inferred.
3237:
Phylogenetic Tree of Artificial Organisms Evolved on Computers
3174:
Biological Systematics: principles and applications (2nd edn.)
1933:
1846:
1666:
is not strictly speaking a tree, but rather a more general
969:
internal nodes labeled with inferred ancestral haplotypes.
3316:
792:
because such diagrams effectively convey the concept that
677:
during a specific time. In other words, it is a branching
3311:
1914:
import into existing software. Commonly used formats are
1675:
1254:{\displaystyle (2n-5)!!={\frac {(2n-5)!}{2^{n-3}(n-3)!}}}
1094:{\displaystyle (2n-3)!!={\frac {(2n-3)!}{2^{n-2}(n-2)!}}}
951:), and an unrooted bifurcating tree takes the form of an
877:) most recent common ancestor of all the entities at the
2461:
W. Ford Doolittle (2002). "Uprooting the Tree of Life".
3231:
2058:) would be unlikely to result from natural selection.
696:
Computational phylogenetics (also phylogeny inference)
4026:
3249:
Miyamoto and Goodman's Phylogram of Eutherian Mammals
3209:
The New Foundations of Evolution: On the Tree of Life
2687:"Treevolution: visual analysis of phylogenetic trees"
1346:
1317:
1297:
1267:
1160:
1133:
1107:
1000:
3190:
The Book of Trees: Visualizing Branches of Knowledge
4003:
3981:
3926:
3895:
3864:
3756:
3730:
3682:
3624:
3561:
3490:
3429:
1311:leaves is equal to the number of rooted trees with
701:Phylogenetic trees may be rooted or unrooted. In a
2558:
2556:
2554:
1365:
1329:
1303:
1279:
1253:
1139:
1119:
1093:
3192:, 2014, Princeton Architectural Press, New York.
2153:, a biological database covering protein domains
2146:List of phylogenetic tree visualization software
1690:A spindle diagram, showing the evolution of the
2732:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2197:Finding Structure in the Phylogeny Search Space
3329:ETE: A Python Environment for Tree Exploration
1601:Dendrogram of the phylogeny of some dog breeds
665:is a graphical representation which shows the
3842:
3407:
3198:, a free software to draw phylogenetic trees.
2846:
2844:
2842:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
939:Both rooted and unrooted trees can be either
726:trees illustrate only the relatedness of the
634:
8:
2797:"Evolutionary systematics: Spindle Diagrams"
2437:""Tree" Facts: Rooted versus Unrooted Trees"
31:, the fondness, love or admiration of women.
1881:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3849:
3835:
3827:
3414:
3400:
3392:
3317:Phylogenetic inferring on the T-REX server
3211:, 2009, Oxford University Press, New York.
2791:
2789:
2509:van Oven, Mannis; Kayser, Manfred (2009).
641:
627:
36:
3374:
3227:Human Y-Chromosome 2002 Phylogenetic Tree
3103:
3093:
3044:
2886:
2876:
2769:
2751:
2702:
2685:Santamaria, R.; Theron, R. (2009-05-26).
2526:
2369:
2264:
1980:Learn how and when to remove this message
1901:Learn how and when to remove this message
1764:methods. Distance-matrix methods such as
1734:may be a more suitable metaphor than the
1357:
1345:
1316:
1296:
1266:
1218:
1188:
1159:
1132:
1106:
1058:
1028:
999:
3338:A daily-updated tree of (sequenced) life
3172:Schuh, R. T. and A. V. Z. Brower. 2009.
1375:
4033:
2425:from the original on 30 September 2007.
2183:
44:
2622:from the original on 28 September 2017
2061:When extinct species are included as
7:
3809:
2282:Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français
2239:Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology
2189:
2187:
2009:; the analysis can be confounded by
1962:adding citations to reliable sources
1930:Limitations of phylogenetic analysis
1879:adding citations to reliable sources
1147:represents the number of leaf nodes.
3913:Formamide-based prebiotic chemistry
2325:from the original on April 21, 2014
2223:Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.
2565:"The Number of Evolutionary Trees"
2563:Felsenstein, Joseph (1978-03-01).
2393:Hodge T, Cope M (1 October 2000).
2247:10.1016/B978-0-12-800049-6.00215-8
908:An unrooted phylogenetic tree for
25:
3918:Alternative abiogenesis scenarios
3264:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2483:10.1038/scientificamerican0200-90
935:Bifurcating versus multifurcating
4036:
3808:
3797:
3796:
3649:Phylogenetic comparative methods
3473:
2652:Expert Systems with Applications
2315:"Greek-french dictionary online"
2157:Phylogenetic comparative methods
2094:
1938:
1851:
831:), meaning "race, lineage", and
608:
607:
594:
52:
3654:Phylogenetic niche conservatism
2931:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
2443:from the original on 2014-04-14
1949:needs additional citations for
1730:Darwin also mentioned that the
1366:{\displaystyle 34\times 10^{6}}
869:(see two graphics at top) is a
601:Evolutionary biology portal
3994:Last universal common ancestor
3232:iTOL: Interactive Tree Of Life
2280:Bailly, Anatole (1981-01-01).
2141:List of phylogenetics software
1242:
1230:
1206:
1191:
1176:
1161:
1082:
1070:
1046:
1031:
1016:
1001:
560:Creation–evolution controversy
314:History of evolutionary theory
1:
2704:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp333
843:), meaning "origin, source".
2943:10.1016/0169-5347(92)90244-6
2851:Podani, János (2019-06-01).
2822:"Trees, Bubbles, and Hooves"
2235:"Rooting Trees, Methods for"
2001:result, they are subject to
1778:multiple sequence alignments
545:Evolution as fact and theory
3574:Phylogenetic reconciliation
3481:Evolutionary biology portal
3437:Computational phylogenetics
3070:"On the evolution of cells"
3037:10.1534/genetics.109.113423
3019:Arenas M, Posada D (2010).
2162:Phylogenetic reconciliation
2121:Computational phylogenetics
2102:Evolutionary biology portal
1762:computational phylogenetics
1756:Computational phylogenetics
707:most recent common ancestor
4085:
3276:10.1016/j.tree.2011.12.002
3141:10.1016/j.gene.2019.143967
2878:10.1007/s11692-019-09474-w
2664:10.1016/j.eswa.2017.02.012
2194:Khalafvand, Tyler (2015).
2136:Generalized tree alignment
1753:
832:
820:
737:
580:Nature-nurture controversy
26:
3989:Earliest known life forms
3792:
3764:Phylogenetic nomenclature
3468:
2925:Penny, D.; Hendy, M. D.;
669:history between a set of
467:Evolutionary neuroscience
442:Evolutionary epistemology
422:Evolutionary anthropology
402:Applications of evolution
3322:NCBI's Taxonomy Database
3312:Tree of Life Web Project
2910:Darwin, Charles (1837).
2753:10.1073/pnas.91.25.12278
2015:horizontal gene transfer
964:Labeled versus unlabeled
780:. Over a century later,
777:On the Origin of Species
770:featured a diagrammatic
457:Evolutionary linguistics
452:Evolutionary game theory
427:Evolutionary computation
27:Not to be confused with
4069:Trees (data structures)
3644:Molecular phylogenetics
3594:Distance-matrix methods
3442:Molecular phylogenetics
2411:10.1242/jcs.113.19.3353
2219:Felsenstein J. (2004).
2200:. Dalhousie University.
1280:{\displaystyle n\geq 3}
1120:{\displaystyle n\geq 2}
815:, derives from the two
804:splitting of lineages.
782:evolutionary biologists
764:(first edition: 1840).
570:Objections to evolution
477:Evolutionary psychology
472:Evolutionary physiology
417:Evolutionary aesthetics
396:Fields and applications
378:History of paleontology
4064:Tree of life (biology)
3908:Miller–Urey experiment
3880:Spontaneous generation
3664:Phylogenetics software
3578:Probabilistic methods
3527:Long branch attraction
3095:10.1073/pnas.132266999
3074:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2395:"A myosin family tree"
2362:10.1093/sysbio/syac007
1727:
1699:
1672:directed acyclic graph
1642:
1602:
1367:
1331:
1305:
1281:
1255:
1141:
1121:
1095:
987:
920:
865:A rooted phylogenetic
862:
740:Tree of life (biology)
502:Speciation experiments
482:Experimental evolution
437:Evolutionary economics
259:Recent human evolution
117:Processes and outcomes
3457:Evolutionary taxonomy
2998:10.1093/sysbio/sys036
2969:Documenta Mathematica
2496:No abstract available
2221:Inferring Phylogenies
2131:Evolutionary taxonomy
2082:Phylogenetic networks
2011:genetic recombination
1725:
1696:evolutionary taxonomy
1689:
1636:
1600:
1368:
1332:
1306:
1282:
1256:
1142:
1122:
1096:
980:
947:(that is, it forms a
907:
859:
738:Further information:
462:Evolutionary medicine
407:Biosocial criminology
373:History of speciation
286:Evolutionary taxonomy
249:Timeline of evolution
4043:Evolutionary biology
3616:Three-taxon analysis
3522:Phylogenetic network
2857:Evolutionary Biology
2126:Evolutionary biology
1958:improve this article
1875:improve this section
1790:optimality criterion
1664:phylogenetic network
1658:Phylogenetic network
1344:
1315:
1295:
1265:
1158:
1131:
1105:
998:
953:unrooted binary tree
754:Great Chain of Being
432:Evolutionary ecology
46:Evolutionary biology
3951:Primordial sandwich
3896:Prebiotic synthesis
3866:History of research
3659:Phylogenetic signal
3359:2013NatSR...3E2015F
3086:2002PNAS...99.8742W
2869:2019EvBio..46..123P
2853:"The Coral of Life"
2744:1994PNAS...9112278L
2738:(25): 12278–12282.
2475:2000SciAm.282b..90D
2463:Scientific American
2284:. Paris: Hachette.
2023:conserved sequences
1740:phylogenetic corals
1678:inherent to trees.
1378:
1330:{\displaystyle n-1}
796:occurs through the
772:evolutionary "tree"
534:Social implications
522:Universal Darwinism
512:Island biogeography
447:Evolutionary ethics
412:Ecological genetics
358:Molecular evolution
296:Transitional fossil
124:Population genetics
40:Part of a series on
3982:Earliest organisms
3968:Quasispecies model
3936:GADV-protein world
3587:Bayesian inference
3582:Maximum likelihood
3347:Scientific Reports
3242:2016-02-22 at the
2569:Systematic Biology
2528:10.1002/humu.20921
2350:Systematic Biology
2041:, where different
1798:Bayesian framework
1794:maximum likelihood
1772:, which calculate
1728:
1700:
1643:
1603:
1581:Special tree types
1376:
1363:
1327:
1301:
1277:
1251:
1137:
1117:
1091:
988:
921:
894:substitution model
863:
758:Elementary Geology
565:Theistic evolution
497:Selective breeding
209:Parallel evolution
174:Adaptive radiation
4024:
4023:
3963:Peptide-RNA world
3946:Iron–sulfur world
3903:Pseudo-panspermia
3824:
3823:
3569:Maximum parsimony
3562:Inference methods
3510:Phylogenetic tree
3367:10.1038/srep02015
3181:978-0-8014-4799-0
2697:(15): 1970–1971.
2319:www.tabularium.be
2313:Bailly, Anatole.
1990:
1989:
1982:
1919:Nexus file format
1911:
1910:
1903:
1796:, often within a
1786:Maximum parsimony
1726:The Coral of Life
1578:
1577:
1304:{\displaystyle n}
1249:
1140:{\displaystyle n}
1089:
973:Enumerating trees
774:in his 1859 book
663:evolutionary tree
655:phylogenetic tree
651:
650:
342:Origin of Species
144:Natural selection
16:(Redirected from
4076:
4041:
4040:
4032:
3882:(4th century BC)
3876:(5th century BC)
3851:
3844:
3837:
3828:
3812:
3811:
3800:
3799:
3599:Neighbor-joining
3553:Ghost population
3483:
3478:
3477:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3393:
3388:
3378:
3287:
3161:
3160:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3107:
3097:
3068:Woese C (2002).
3065:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3031:(4): 1133–1139.
3016:
3010:
3009:
2981:
2975:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2890:
2880:
2848:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2773:
2755:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2612:"The dendrogram"
2607:
2601:
2600:
2560:
2549:
2548:
2530:
2521:(2): E386–E394.
2506:
2500:
2499:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2373:
2356:(5): 1110–1123.
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2230:
2224:
2217:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2104:
2099:
2098:
1985:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1942:
1934:
1906:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1855:
1847:
1774:genetic distance
1766:neighbor-joining
1746:allowed, etc.).
1637:A chronogram of
1379:
1377:Counting trees.
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1229:
1228:
1212:
1189:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1069:
1068:
1052:
1029:
842:
836:
830:
824:
762:Edward Hitchcock
752:(such as in the
643:
636:
629:
616:
611:
610:
603:
599:
598:
575:Level of support
368:Current research
353:Modern synthesis
348:Before synthesis
301:Extinction event
59:Darwin's finches
56:
37:
21:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4035:
4027:
4025:
4020:
3999:
3977:
3941:Clay hypothesis
3922:
3891:
3886:Primordial soup
3860:
3855:
3825:
3820:
3788:
3752:
3726:
3700:Symplesiomorphy
3678:
3620:
3557:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3466:
3430:Relevant fields
3425:
3420:
3340:
3261:
3257:
3244:Wayback Machine
3223:
3218:
3169:
3167:Further reading
3164:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3018:
3017:
3013:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2962:
2958:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2850:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2806:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2581:10.2307/2412810
2562:
2561:
2552:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2446:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2292:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2257:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2218:
2205:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2100:
2093:
2090:
1986:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1955:
1943:
1932:
1907:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1872:
1856:
1845:
1758:
1752:
1720:
1708:geological time
1684:
1682:Spindle diagram
1660:
1648:
1628:
1620:
1608:
1588:
1583:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1353:
1342:
1341:
1313:
1312:
1293:
1292:
1263:
1262:
1214:
1213:
1190:
1156:
1155:
1129:
1128:
1103:
1102:
1054:
1053:
1030:
996:
995:
975:
966:
937:
926:molecular clock
902:
854:
849:
742:
736:
688:common ancestry
647:
606:
593:
592:
585:
584:
535:
527:
526:
397:
389:
388:
387:
315:
307:
306:
305:
254:Human evolution
244:History of life
228:
227:Natural history
220:
219:
218:
118:
110:
65:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4082:
4080:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4007:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3888:(19th century)
3883:
3877:
3870:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3858:Origin of life
3856:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3831:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3806:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3674:Phylogeography
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3628:
3626:
3625:Current topics
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3538:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3494:
3492:
3491:Basic concepts
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3335:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3288:
3270:(2): 113–120.
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3234:
3229:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3216:External links
3214:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3199:
3193:
3183:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3119:
3080:(13): 8742–7.
3060:
3011:
2992:(5): 835–849.
2976:
2956:
2917:
2902:
2863:(2): 123–144.
2838:
2813:
2785:
2718:
2691:Bioinformatics
2677:
2642:
2633:
2602:
2550:
2515:Human Mutation
2501:
2453:
2428:
2405:(19): 3353–4.
2385:
2336:
2305:
2291:978-2010035289
2290:
2272:
2255:
2225:
2203:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2167:Taxonomic rank
2164:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2089:
2086:
2063:terminal nodes
1988:
1987:
1946:
1944:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1909:
1908:
1859:
1857:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1754:Main article:
1751:
1748:
1719:
1716:
1683:
1680:
1659:
1656:
1647:
1644:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1607:
1604:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1397:Multifurcating
1395:
1390:
1389:unrooted trees
1385:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1300:
1289:
1288:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1149:
1148:
1136:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
974:
971:
965:
962:
936:
933:
901:
898:
853:
850:
848:
845:
768:Charles Darwin
744:The idea of a
735:
732:
712:bioinformatics
649:
648:
646:
645:
638:
631:
623:
620:
619:
618:
617:
604:
587:
586:
583:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
555:Social effects
552:
547:
542:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:
386:
385:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
338:
333:
328:
323:
317:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
304:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
281:Classification
278:
273:
268:
263:
262:
261:
251:
246:
241:
239:Common descent
236:
234:Origin of life
230:
229:
226:
225:
222:
221:
217:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
109:
108:
103:
98:
92:
91:
86:
81:
76:
70:
67:
66:
57:
49:
48:
42:
41:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4081:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4059:Phylogenetics
4057:
4056:
4054:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3847:
3845:
3840:
3838:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3817:
3816:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3669:Phylogenomics
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:DNA barcoding
3637:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3609:Least squares
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3546:Ghost lineage
3544:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3476:
3471:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3423:Phylogenetics
3417:
3412:
3410:
3405:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3296:Discover Life
3294:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2918:
2914:. p. 25.
2913:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2454:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2337:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2256:9780128004265
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2039:recombination
2035:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:hybridisation
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:falsification
1999:
1995:
1984:
1981:
1973:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1947:This section
1945:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1924:Newick format
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1902:
1894:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1860:This section
1858:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1718:Coral of life
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1652:Dahlgrenogram
1646:Dahlgrenogram
1645:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1585:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1404:rooted trees
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1338:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1298:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1134:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
994:
993:
992:
985:
979:
972:
970:
963:
961:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:interior node
942:
934:
932:
930:
927:
919:
915:
911:
906:
900:Unrooted tree
899:
897:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
858:
851:
846:
844:
841:
835:
829:
823:
818:
817:ancient greek
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:tree diagrams
783:
779:
778:
773:
769:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
741:
733:
731:
729:
725:
721:
720:phylogenetics
717:
713:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
692:Phylogenetics
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
644:
639:
637:
632:
630:
625:
624:
622:
621:
615:
605:
602:
597:
591:
590:
589:
588:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
531:
530:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
487:Phylogenetics
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
393:
392:
383:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
343:
339:
337:
334:
332:
331:Before Darwin
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
311:
310:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
260:
257:
256:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
224:
223:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
159:Genetic drift
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
114:
113:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
71:
69:
68:
64:
60:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
39:
38:
30:
19:
4016:Paleobiology
4011:Astrobiology
3813:
3801:
3774:Sister group
3757:Nomenclature
3720:Autapomorphy
3715:Synapomorphy
3695:Plesiomorphy
3683:Group traits
3631:
3509:
3503:Cladogenesis
3498:Phylogenesis
3350:
3346:
3267:
3263:
3208:
3189:
3173:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3028:
3024:
3014:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2971:
2968:
2959:
2937:(3): 73–79.
2934:
2930:
2927:Steel, M. A.
2920:
2911:
2905:
2860:
2856:
2830:. Retrieved
2828:. 2007-11-21
2825:
2816:
2805:. Retrieved
2803:. 2014-11-10
2800:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2636:
2626:28 September
2624:. Retrieved
2615:
2610:Fox, Emily.
2605:
2575:(1): 27–33.
2572:
2568:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2469:(2): 90–95.
2466:
2462:
2456:
2445:. Retrieved
2431:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2327:. Retrieved
2318:
2308:
2281:
2275:
2238:
2228:
2220:
2196:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2060:
2027:
1991:
1976:
1970:October 2012
1967:
1956:Please help
1951:verification
1948:
1912:
1897:
1888:
1873:Please help
1861:
1843:File formats
1834:
1814:
1810:optimization
1759:
1750:Construction
1735:
1731:
1729:
1704:Alfred Romer
1701:
1661:
1649:
1629:
1621:
1609:
1589:
1574:282,137,824
1402:All possible
1399:rooted trees
1394:rooted trees
1339:
1290:
1150:
989:
967:
938:
922:
887:
864:
839:
827:
812:
809:phylogenetic
808:
806:
775:
766:
757:
746:tree of life
743:
723:
702:
700:
667:evolutionary
662:
658:
654:
652:
507:Sociobiology
492:Paleontology
340:
276:Biogeography
271:Biodiversity
265:
189:Coextinction
179:Co-operation
154:Polymorphism
79:Introduction
3769:Crown group
3731:Group types
3462:Systematics
3186:Manuel Lima
2965:K. T. Huber
2888:10831/46308
2801:Palaeos.com
2241:: 489–493.
1808:search and
1744:anastomoses
1692:vertebrates
1676:limitations
1639:Lepidoptera
1571:247,678,399
1557:12,818,912
984:logarithmic
949:binary tree
941:bifurcating
914:superfamily
852:Rooted tree
716:systematics
517:Systematics
326:Renaissance
204:Convergence
194:Contingency
184:Coevolution
4053:Categories
3928:Protocells
3874:Panspermia
3447:Cladistics
3135:: 143967.
2963:A. Dress,
2912:Notebook B
2832:2019-11-07
2807:2019-11-07
2447:2014-05-26
2399:J Cell Sci
2179:References
2116:Cladistics
1738:. Indeed,
1626:Chronogram
1592:dendrogram
1586:Dendrogram
1568:34,459,425
1554:10,791,887
929:hypothesis
847:Properties
802:semirandom
794:speciation
788:to depict
784:still use
728:leaf nodes
291:Cladistics
214:Extinction
199:Divergence
169:Speciation
149:Adaptation
63:John Gould
3973:RNA world
3958:PAH world
3784:Supertree
3748:Polyphyly
3743:Paraphyly
3738:Monophyly
3710:Apomorphy
3690:Primitive
3633:PhyloCode
3515:Cladogram
3302:PhyloCode
3157:195828782
2974:: 121-139
2897:1934-2845
2762:0027-8424
2672:0957-4174
2658:: 32–50.
2589:1063-5157
2300:461974285
2052:homoplasy
2043:haplotype
1891:June 2020
1862:does not
1806:heuristic
1712:paraphyly
1618:Phylogram
1612:cladogram
1606:Cladogram
1565:2,027,025
1551:2,027,025
1351:×
1322:−
1272:≥
1237:−
1223:−
1201:−
1171:−
1112:≥
1077:−
1063:−
1041:−
1011:−
957:free tree
813:phylogeny
807:The term
790:evolution
659:phylogeny
550:Dysgenics
266:Phylogeny
164:Gene flow
134:Diversity
129:Variation
29:Philogyny
18:Phylogram
4004:Research
3803:Category
3706:Derived
3452:Taxonomy
3385:23778980
3353:: 2015.
3284:22209094
3240:Archived
3205:Jan Sapp
3149:31279710
3114:12077305
3055:20124027
3025:Genetics
3006:22389443
2986:Genetics
2972:LSU 2001
2951:21235960
2780:11607501
2713:19470585
2620:Archived
2545:27566749
2537:18853457
2491:10710791
2441:Archived
2423:Archived
2419:10984423
2380:35139203
2329:March 2,
2323:Archived
2172:Tokogeny
2088:See also
2056:homology
1837:T-theory
1782:ClustalW
1540:660,032
1337:leaves.
918:proteins
890:outgroup
871:directed
798:adaptive
724:Unrooted
614:Category
540:Eugenics
382:timeline
363:Evo-devo
321:Overview
139:Mutation
101:Evidence
96:Glossary
3815:Commons
3541:Lineage
3376:6504836
3355:Bibcode
3255:General
3082:Bibcode
3046:2865913
2865:Bibcode
2740:Bibcode
2616:coursea
2597:2412810
2471:Bibcode
2371:9366462
2266:7149615
2054:(false
2034:protein
1998:genomic
1883:removed
1868:sources
1802:NP-hard
1670:, or a
1548:135,135
1537:524,897
1534:135,135
1523:39,208
1382:Labeled
875:imputed
840:génesis
834:γένεσις
734:History
679:diagram
671:species
106:History
89:Outline
4029:Portal
3996:(LUCA)
3383:
3373:
3282:
3221:Images
3179:
3155:
3147:
3112:
3105:124369
3102:
3053:
3043:
3004:
2949:
2895:
2778:
2768:
2760:
2711:
2670:
2595:
2587:
2543:
2535:
2489:
2417:
2378:
2368:
2298:
2288:
2263:
2253:
2151:PANDIT
1531:10,395
1520:28,813
1517:10,395
1506:2,752
1392:Binary
1387:Binary
1384:leaves
910:myosin
883:degree
879:leaves
828:phûlon
819:words
718:, and
703:rooted
612:
336:Darwin
3779:Basal
3604:UPGMA
3536:Grade
3532:Clade
3153:S2CID
2771:45420
2593:JSTOR
2541:S2CID
2111:Clade
2007:noisy
1994:genes
1804:, so
1776:from
1770:UPGMA
1732:coral
1668:graph
1503:1,807
822:φῦλον
811:, or
760:, by
681:or a
74:Index
3381:PMID
3333:Ref.
3280:PMID
3196:MEGA
3177:ISBN
3145:PMID
3129:Gene
3110:PMID
3051:PMID
3002:PMID
2947:PMID
2893:ISSN
2776:PMID
2758:ISSN
2709:PMID
2668:ISSN
2628:2017
2585:ISSN
2533:PMID
2487:PMID
2415:PMID
2376:PMID
2331:2018
2296:OCLC
2286:ISBN
2251:ISBN
2048:taxa
2037:and
2030:gene
1866:any
1864:cite
1736:tree
1489:236
1261:for
1101:for
955:, a
912:, a
867:tree
800:and
750:life
683:tree
675:taxa
84:Main
3534:vs
3371:PMC
3363:doi
3272:doi
3137:doi
3133:713
3100:PMC
3090:doi
3041:PMC
3033:doi
3029:184
2994:doi
2939:doi
2883:hdl
2873:doi
2766:PMC
2748:doi
2699:doi
2660:doi
2577:doi
2523:doi
2479:doi
2467:282
2407:doi
2403:113
2366:PMC
2358:doi
2261:PMC
2243:doi
2068:DNA
2032:or
1996:or
1960:by
1877:by
1792:of
1768:or
1514:945
1500:945
1497:105
1486:131
1483:105
1472:26
916:of
673:or
661:or
61:by
4055::
3379:.
3369:.
3361:.
3349:.
3345:.
3278:.
3268:27
3266:.
3207:,
3188:,
3151:.
3143:.
3131:.
3108:.
3098:.
3088:.
3078:99
3076:.
3072:.
3049:.
3039:.
3027:.
3023:.
3000:.
2990:61
2988:.
2945:.
2933:.
2891:.
2881:.
2871:.
2861:46
2859:.
2855:.
2841:^
2824:.
2799:.
2788:^
2774:.
2764:.
2756:.
2746:.
2736:91
2734:.
2730:.
2707:.
2695:25
2693:.
2689:.
2666:.
2656:78
2654:.
2618:.
2614:.
2591:.
2583:.
2573:27
2571:.
2567:.
2553:^
2539:.
2531:.
2519:30
2517:.
2513:.
2493:.
2485:.
2477:.
2465:.
2439:.
2421:.
2413:.
2401:.
2397:.
2374:.
2364:.
2354:71
2352:.
2348:.
2321:.
2317:.
2294:.
2259:.
2249:.
2237:.
2206:^
2186:^
2070:.
2025:.
2017:,
2013:,
1839:.
1662:A
1650:A
1610:A
1590:A
1562:10
1480:15
1469:11
1466:15
1455:4
1438:1
1421:1
1355:10
1348:34
1127:,
931:.
896:.
722:.
714:,
690:.
657:,
653:A
4031::
3850:e
3843:t
3836:v
3415:e
3408:t
3401:v
3387:.
3365::
3357::
3351:3
3286:.
3274::
3159:.
3139::
3116:.
3092::
3084::
3057:.
3035::
3008:.
2996::
2953:.
2941::
2935:7
2899:.
2885::
2875::
2867::
2835:.
2810:.
2782:.
2750::
2742::
2715:.
2701::
2674:.
2662::
2630:.
2599:.
2579::
2547:.
2525::
2481::
2473::
2450:.
2409::
2382:.
2360::
2333:.
2302:.
2269:.
2245::
1983:)
1977:(
1972:)
1968:(
1954:.
1904:)
1898:(
1893:)
1889:(
1885:.
1871:.
1698:.
1545:9
1528:8
1511:7
1494:6
1477:5
1463:3
1460:4
1452:1
1449:3
1446:1
1443:3
1435:0
1432:1
1429:1
1426:2
1418:0
1415:1
1412:1
1409:1
1359:6
1325:1
1319:n
1299:n
1287:.
1275:3
1269:n
1246:!
1243:)
1240:3
1234:n
1231:(
1226:3
1220:n
1216:2
1210:!
1207:)
1204:5
1198:n
1195:2
1192:(
1186:=
1183:!
1180:!
1177:)
1174:5
1168:n
1165:2
1162:(
1135:n
1115:2
1109:n
1086:!
1083:)
1080:2
1074:n
1071:(
1066:2
1060:n
1056:2
1050:!
1047:)
1044:3
1038:n
1035:2
1032:(
1026:=
1023:!
1020:!
1017:)
1014:3
1008:n
1005:2
1002:(
986:.
837:(
825:(
642:e
635:t
628:v
384:)
380:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
