Knowledge (XXG)

Physautotype

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When exposed to the sun, the exposed areas seem to polymerize becoming insoluble, while the unexposed areas are still soluble. The plate is developed over a tray with petroleum-derived spirits like kerosene and turpentine, which washes away the unexposed areas. The process lasts 5 to 10 minutes and
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The resin is melted and a little portion of it is dissolved on alcohol. Then a silver plate, a glass plate or a mirror is coated with the solution and allowed to dry on a tray. Once it's completely dry, the alcohol evaporation leaves a residue of tiny dispersed resin particles that give the plate a
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On his way to England, Niépce met in Paris with Louis Daguerre, who had a reputation as camera obscura specialist. Hoping to shorten the exposure time of his bitumen process, Niépce decided in 1829, to associate Daguerre to his research. This association did not bring any noticeable progress to the
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The process gives directly positive images, since the white deposit remains on the plate, at places that were touched by light, while the kerosene fumes render transparent the zones that were not illuminated. However, with the effect of reflections on the metal appearing at places where the white
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Niépce and Daguerre obtained this residue evaporating lavender oil by heating it until they got a dry product. After evaporation, only a dark brown tar desiccated by heat is left, becoming hard and brittle. Nowadays the lavender oil and the evaporation process is usually replaced with the use of
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Niépce and Daguerre would then dissolve a small amount of this tar in alcohol, then pour the solution on a well polished silver plate. Modern photographers interested in the process found out that the solution has to be about 1%. Any dirt or grease on the plate will show on the final
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bitumen process, however, the two partners discovered new photographic processes using as photosensitive agents tree resins and the residue of lavender oil distillation. With those, the exposure time went down to about 8 hours in the sun.
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residue dissolved in alcohol as the photographic agent. The solution was coated onto a silver or glass plate and allowed to dry, after which it had a powdery white appearance. The plate was then exposed in a
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for about 8 hours and developed with petroleum-based spirit vapors, which caused the least strongly exposed areas to become proportionally more transparent, creating a photographic image that was
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the solvent must never touch the plate. If left over the vapors for longer, the plate continues developing itself, with the final product of a clear plate with nothing on it.
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After the alcohol evaporation, a uniform white deposit remained on the plate. The thus prepared plate was exposed to light in the
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The photosensitive agent of this process fine-tuned by Niépce and Daguerre in 1832 was the residue of lavender oil distillation.
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After exposure, the plate was put upside down above a tray holding oil of white petroleum (something like
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believed to be a circa 1832 Niépce physautotype (glass original accidentally destroyed circa 1900)
122:). The fumes of this kerosene were sufficient to develop the image without any further treatment. 261: 215: 145: 207: 237:"Disactis - Photographie par les Procédés Anciens: Physautotype ou l'avant Daguerreotype" 167: 108: 54: 45: 304: 49: 37: 119: 21: 36:) was a photographic process, invented in the course of his investigation of 212:
Capturing the Light: A Story of Genius, Rivalry and the Birth of Photography
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deposit has become transparent, images can be seen as positive or negative.
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in 1832, in which images were produced by the use of
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Photographic processes dating from the 19th century
241:Disactis - Photographie par les Procédés Anciens 8: 100:that's melted without any further treatment. 61:when viewed against a darker background. 179: 177: 136: 20:19th century printed reproduction of a 260:AlternativePhotography (2012-06-14). 7: 321:Alternative photographic processes 14: 311:Audiovisual introductions in 1832 288: 1: 235:Turban, Lionel (2011-11-10). 46:Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre 337: 266:AlternativePhotography.com 262:"The physautotype process" 79:white, blurry appearance. 111:for about 7 to 8 hours. 42:Joseph Nicéphore Niépce 148:. Université Paris-Sud 144:Jean-Louis Marignier. 25: 19: 297:at Wikimedia Commons 170:. Photo-museum.org. 74:Chemical principle 26: 293:Media related to 221:978-0-230-77151-2 214:. Pan Macmillan. 328: 292: 276: 275: 273: 272: 257: 251: 250: 248: 247: 232: 226: 225: 203: 197: 196: 194: 192: 181: 172: 171: 164: 158: 157: 155: 153: 141: 336: 335: 331: 330: 329: 327: 326: 325: 301: 300: 285: 280: 279: 270: 268: 259: 258: 254: 245: 243: 234: 233: 229: 222: 208:Helen Rappaport 205: 204: 200: 190: 188: 183: 182: 175: 166: 165: 161: 151: 149: 143: 142: 138: 133: 89: 76: 67: 12: 11: 5: 334: 332: 324: 323: 318: 313: 303: 302: 299: 298: 284: 283:External links 281: 278: 277: 252: 227: 220: 206:Roger Watson; 198: 173: 159: 135: 134: 132: 129: 124: 123: 112: 109:camera obscura 105: 101: 88: 85: 75: 72: 66: 63: 55:camera obscura 32:(from French, 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 333: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 308: 306: 296: 291: 287: 286: 282: 267: 263: 256: 253: 242: 238: 231: 228: 223: 217: 213: 209: 202: 199: 186: 180: 178: 174: 169: 163: 160: 147: 140: 137: 130: 128: 121: 117: 113: 110: 106: 102: 99: 94: 93: 92: 86: 84: 80: 73: 71: 65:Brief history 64: 62: 60: 56: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 31: 23: 18: 295:Physautotype 269:. Retrieved 265: 255: 244:. Retrieved 240: 230: 211: 201: 189:. Retrieved 162: 150:. Retrieved 139: 125: 98:violin rosin 90: 81: 77: 68: 50:lavender oil 34:physautotype 33: 30:physautotype 29: 27: 191:10 December 187:. Getty.edu 38:heliography 305:Categories 271:2019-02-14 246:2019-02-14 131:References 120:turpentine 22:still life 210:(2013). 116:kerosene 59:positive 87:Process 218:  152:20 May 104:image. 40:, by 216:ISBN 193:2007 154:2016 44:and 28:The 118:or 307:: 264:. 239:. 176:^ 274:. 249:. 224:. 195:. 156:.

Index


still life
heliography
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre
lavender oil
camera obscura
positive
violin rosin
camera obscura
kerosene
turpentine
"Identification of the image called "La Table Servie" as a physautotype made by Niepce in 1832 - 1833"
"Daguerre and the Invention of Photography (Physautotype)"


"Art & Architecture Thesaurus, s.v. "physautotypes""
Helen Rappaport
ISBN
978-0-230-77151-2
"Disactis - Photographie par les Procédés Anciens: Physautotype ou l'avant Daguerreotype"
"The physautotype process"

Physautotype
Categories
Audiovisual introductions in 1832
Photographic processes dating from the 19th century
Alternative photographic processes

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