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39:(Kauffman 1991). Physical knot theory is used to study how geometric and topological characteristics of filamentary structures, such as magnetic flux tubes, vortex filaments, polymers, DNAs, influence their physical properties and functions. It has applications in various fields of science, including
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Most of the work discussed in this article and in the references below is not concerned with knots tied in physical pieces of rope. For the more specific physics of such knots, see
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