697:
the situation has changed and the patient should be removed from restraints. However, in practice, Japanese psychiatric hospitals use restraints fairly often and for long periods. Despite being required to certify every 12 hours whether a patient still needs restraints, Japanese psychiatric hospitals keep patients in restraints for a much longer time than hospitals in other countries. According to a survey conducted on 689 patients in 11 psychiatric hospitals in Japan, the average time spent in physical restraints is 96 days. Meanwhile, the average time in most other developed countries is at most several hours to tens of hours.
753:
restraint when alternatives would work. Sacks-Jones maintains women her group speak to repeatedly describe face down restraint as a traumatic experience. On occasions male nurses have used it when a woman did not want her medication. "If you are a woman who has been sexually or physically abused, and mental health problems in women often have close links to violence and abuse, then a safer environment has to be just that: safe and not a re-traumatising experience. (...) Face-down restraint hurts, it is dangerous, and there are some big questions around why it is used more on women than men".
287:
216:
157:
688:
occurred in the prone position. In the UK restraint related deaths would appear to be reported less often. The evidence for effective staff training in the use of medical restraints is at best crude, with evaluation of training programmes being the exception rather than the rule. Vast numbers of care staff are trained in 'physical interventions' including physical restraint, although they rarely employ them in practice. It is accepted that staff training in physical interventions can increase carer confidence.
375:
302:
36:
251:
262:
239:
394:
745:
suffered abuse, restraint can cause physical harm, can frighten and humiliate the victim. Restraint, specially face down restraint can re-traumatise patients who previously suffered violence and abuse. "Mental health units are meant to be caring, therapeutic environments, for people feeling at their most vulnerable, not places where physical force is routine".
752:
Some trusts hardly use restraints, others use them routinely. A woman patient was in several hospitals and units at times for a decade with mental health issues, she said in some units she suffered restraints two or three times daily. Katharine Sacks-Jones director of Agenda, maintains trusts use
748:
Government guidelines state that face down restraint should not be used at all and other types of physical restraint are only for last resort. Research by Agenda found one fifth of women and girl patients in mental health units had suffered physical restraint. Some trusts averaged over twelve face
672:
and being unable to clear the airway. In practice, simple gags do not restrict communication much; however, this means that gags that are effective enough to prevent communication are generally also potentially effective at restricting breathing. Gags that prevent communication may also prevent the
696:
Japanese law states that psychiatric hospitals may use restraints on patients only if there is a danger that the patients will harm themselves. The law also states that a designated psychiatrist must approve the use of restraints and examine the patient at least every 12 hours to determine whether
687:
A survey in the US in 1998 reported an estimated 150 restraint related deaths in care environments (Weiss, 1998). Low frequency fatalities occur with some degree of regularity. An investigation of 45 restraint related deaths in US childcare settings showed 28 of these deaths were reported to have
727:
which promotes an end to the teaching to frontline healthcare staff of all prone (face down) restraint holds. Despite a UK government statement in 2013 that it was minded to impose a ban on such techniques in mental health facilities, by 2017 the use of restraints in UK psychiatric facilities had
700:
The number of people who are physically restrained in
Japanese psychiatric hospitals continues to increase. In 2014 more than 10,000 people were restrained-the highest ever recorded, and more than double the number a decade earlier. It is thought that some of that increase includes older patients
744:
showing evidence from 'Agenda, the alliance for women and girls at risk', revealing that patients are routinely restrained in some mental health units while others use non-physical ways to calm patients or stop self-harm. According to the letter over half of women with psychiatric problems have
491:
has stated that "Restraints may not be used as an alternative to adequate staff" (McAfee, Schwilk & Miltruski, 2006, p. 713). Also, "restraint may be used only when aggressive behavior interferes with an individual's own ability to benefit from programming or poses physical threat to others"
484:
many educators believe restraints are used to maintain the safety and order of the classroom and students, while those who oppose their use believe they are dangerous to the physical and mental health of children and may result in death (McAfee, Schwilk & Miltruski, 2006) and (Kutz,
894:
740:. YoungMinds and Agenda claim restraints are "frightening and humiliating" and "re-traumatises" patients especially women and girls who have previously been victims of physical and/or sexual abuse. The charities sent an open letter to health secretary,
428:
dictate that restraints are only to be used on subjects who are violent while being transported, restraining the use of their arms and legs, minimising the risk of punching and kicking. Pouches carrying restraints are usually carried on the
80:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
731:
Face down restraints are used more often on women and girls than on men. 51 out of 58 mental health trusts use restraints unnecessarily when other techniques would work. Organisations opposed to restraints include
90:
875:
969:
Beech, B & Leather, P. (2006). Workplace violence in the healthcare sector: A review of staff training and integration of training models. Aggression and
Violent Behavior, 11, 27-43.
66:
1081:
1045:
749:
down restraints per female patient. Over 6% of women, close to 2,000 were restrained face-down in total more than 4,000 times. The figures vary widely between regions.
1256:
1233:
705:
has revised its guidelines for elderly people in nursing homes to have more restrictions against body restraints. The changes will take effect on 1 April 2018.
488:
922:
Nunno, Michael A.; Holden, Martha J.; Tollar, Amanda (December 2006). "Learning from tragedy: A survey of child and adolescent restraint fatalities".
100:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
590:
The misuse of physical restraint has resulted in many deaths. Physical restraint can be dangerous, sometimes in unexpected ways. Examples include:
474:
approximately 70% of teachers who work with students with behavioral disabilities use a type of physical restraint (Goldstein & Brooks, 2007)
1033:"介護施設、拘束の要件厳格化" [Tough changes in requirements for physical restraints in nursing homes] (in Japanese). Reuters Japan. 4 December 2017.
702:
992:
418:
979:
425:
108:
200:
178:
572:
Restraining someone against their will is generally a crime in most jurisdictions, unless it is explicitly sanctioned by law. (See
1193:
1282:
Testimony Before the
Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, United States Government Accountability Office
1099:
793:
587:
settings resulting in severe injury and trauma of students and lack of education from spending school hours restrained.
286:
1298:
448:) by impeding motions of the target (usually prisoner), as is still practiced in penal functions of several countries
513:
to restrain people who are suffering from involuntary physical spasms, to prevent them from hurting themselves (see
121:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing German
Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
1220:
424:
are authorised to use leg and arm restraints, if they have been instructed in their use. Guidelines set out by the
315:
refers to means of purposely limiting or obstructing the freedom of a person's or an animal's bodily movement.
215:
778:
171:
165:
116:
387:
130:
956:
Allen, D. (2000b). Training carers in physical interventions: Research towards evidence based practice.
853:
737:
182:
85:
137:
374:
721:
643:
535:
521:
363:
1217:
Understanding and managing children's classroom behavior: Creating sustainable, resilient classrooms
773:
441:
301:
1250:
1227:
833:
647:
577:
514:
456:
48:
939:
682:
654:
For these and many other reasons, extreme caution is needed in the use of physical restraint.
628:
cutting of blood vessels by struggling against restraints, resulting in death by loss of blood
594:
584:
464:
112:
895:"Kids locked away, held down: Investigating 'seclusion & restraint' practices at schools"
1046:"Family blames prolonged use of restraints at Kanagawa hospital for English teacher's death"
1019:
931:
876:""Culture of violence" in Colorado Youth Corrections includes physical restraints, solitary"
430:
306:
250:
838:
803:
508:
1275:"Selected Cases of Death and Abuse at Public and Private Schools and Treatment Centers"
1009:長谷川利夫. (2016). 精神科医療における隔離・ 身体拘束実態調査 ～その急増の背景要因を探り縮減への道筋を考える～. 病院・地域精神医学, 59(1), 18–21.
978:
Cullen, C. (1992). Staff training and management for intellectual disability services.
828:
818:
763:
733:
561:
531:
421:
351:
238:
1292:
957:
600:
478:
459:
to restrain children and teenagers with severe behavioral problems or disorders like
1243:
Public policy on physical restraint of children with disabilities in public schools
783:
709:
636:
573:
500:
445:
355:
344:
261:
227:
17:
1107:
935:
741:
632:
504:
1174:
434:
788:
550:
383:
324:
219:
1274:
1129:
943:
393:
660:
a restrained person is highly risky, as it involves a substantial risk of
1147:
993:"Number of patients physically restrained at psychiatric hospitals soars"
823:
798:
768:
669:
661:
610:
414:
366:. This less commonly also extends to joint locks and pinning techniques.
328:
255:
808:
724:
665:
616:
death due to inability to escape in the event of fire or other disaster
606:
452:
358:
are used to restrain a person, which are predominantly used by trained
274:
270:
119:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
1082:"Kiwi mum's fight to end restraints in Japan's psychiatric hospitals"
813:
619:
death due to dehydration or starvation due to the inability to escape
546:
460:
410:
406:
379:
359:
223:
1148:"'Excessive' use of face-down restraint in mental health hospitals"
848:
392:
373:
340:
336:
300:
285:
266:
260:
249:
243:
237:
231:
214:
1194:"End humiliating restraint of mentally ill people, say charities"
843:
332:
77:
673:
communication of distress that might otherwise prevent injury.
1063:
657:
554:
150:
29:
893:
STERMAN, JOCE; BRAUER, ALEX; NEJMAN, ANDREA (21 March 2022).
708:
Deaths have been reported from their use, including that of
1241:
McAfee, Schwilk, & Mitruski, J., C., & M. (2006).
712:, an Assisted Language Teacher from New Zealand, in 2017.
89:
to this template: there are already 1,886 articles in the
350:
Alternatively different kinds of arm locks deriving from
980:
International Review of
Research in Mental Retardation
73:
69:
a machine-translated version of the German article.
1284:. United States Government Accountability Office.
917:
915:
492:(McAfee, Schwilk & Miltruski, 2006, p. 713).
1130:"Millfields Charter - against abusive practice"
622:cutting off of blood circulation by restraints
530:restraints were developed during the 1700s by
115:accompanying your translation by providing an
60:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
1022:(in Japanese). Yomiuri Online. February 2017.
960:: British Institute of learning Disabilities.
8:
1255:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1232:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
489:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
290:Wooden restraints in a women's prison, US (
1175:"Rise in mental health patient restraints"
701:with dementia. As a result, the Japanese
664:, both from the gag itself, and also from
477:often used in emergency situations or for
1264:Ryan & Peterson, J. & R. (2004).
467:, to prevent hurting others or themselves
201:Learn how and when to remove this message
1215:Goldstein & Brooks, S., R.B (2007).
413:authorities to obstruct delinquents and
242:Modern chain handcuffs made of hardened
164:This article includes a list of general
866:
1248:
1245:. Education and Treatment of Children.
1225:
1173:Greenwood, George (16 November 2017).
703:Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
127:{{Translated|de|Fesselung (physisch)}}
94:
7:
613:and being unable to clear the airway
481:purposes (Ryan & Peterson, 2004)
426:Association of Chief Police Officers
534:and performed with his assistant,
170:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
323:Usually, binding objects such as
155:
34:
27:Obstruction of physical movement
1192:McVeigh, Tracy (4 March 2017).
874:Kelley, Debbie (2 March 2017).
433:, and in some cases carried in
397:A full Medical Restraint System
234:, 19th century (museum exhibit)
230:as formerly used on prisoners;
1044:Otake, Tomoko (18 July 2017).
583:Restraint has been misused in
549:(stereotypically with rope or
401:Physical restraints are used:
125:You may also add the template
1:
720:The Millfields Charter is an
291:
277:
1266:Physical restraint in school
1100:"施設「頭打ちそうで拘束」 入所の障害者男性死亡 青梅"
936:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.02.015
794:Judicial corporal punishment
1221:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
417:from escaping or resisting
382:restraints including steel
347:are used for this purpose.
97:will aid in categorization.
1315:
680:
625:nerve damage by restraints
72:Machine translation, like
924:Child Abuse & Neglect
269:shackles with chains and
49:the corresponding article
1268:. Behavioral Disorders.
1064:"日本の 精神科医療を 考える シンポジウム"
650:due to lack of movement
639:whilst unable to escape
185:more precise citations.
136:For more guidance, see
1050:The Japan Times Online
997:The Japan Times Online
854:Strapping (punishment)
738:Rethink Mental Illness
538:in hospitals in France
398:
390:
309:
298:
283:
258:
247:
235:
1134:millsfieldcharter.com
522:psychiatric hospitals
451:by specially-trained
444:(typically a form of
396:
377:
364:correctional officers
304:
289:
264:
253:
241:
218:
138:Knowledge:Translation
109:copyright attribution
644:deep vein thrombosis
536:Jean-Baptiste Pussin
520:controversially, in
1110:on 26 December 2017
774:Corporal punishment
557:) or other material
457:teaching assistants
442:corporal punishment
281: 17th century
18:Physical restraints
1299:Physical restraint
834:Public humiliation
677:Medical restraints
648:pulmonary embolism
578:false imprisonment
515:medical restraints
399:
391:
313:Physical restraint
310:
299:
284:
259:
248:
236:
117:interlanguage link
1086:Radio New Zealand
930:(12): 1333–1342.
683:Medical restraint
595:postural asphyxia
585:special education
465:Tourette syndrome
370:Purpose in humans
211:
210:
203:
149:
148:
61:
57:
16:(Redirected from
1306:
1285:
1279:
1269:
1260:
1254:
1246:
1237:
1231:
1223:
1202:
1201:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1106:. Archived from
1096:
1090:
1089:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1001:
1000:
989:
983:
976:
970:
967:
961:
954:
948:
947:
919:
910:
909:
907:
905:
890:
884:
883:
871:
809:Pin-down scandal
568:Misuse and risks
509:stunt performers
307:Hiatt speedcuffs
296:
293:
282:
279:
206:
199:
195:
192:
186:
181:this article by
172:inline citations
159:
158:
151:
128:
122:
96:
95:|topic=
93:, and specifying
78:Google Translate
59:
55:
38:
37:
30:
21:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1289:
1288:
1277:
1273:Kutz, Gregory.
1272:
1263:
1247:
1240:
1224:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1068:norestraint.org
1062:
1061:
1057:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1020:"身体拘束と隔離がまた増えた"
1018:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
991:
990:
986:
977:
973:
968:
964:
955:
951:
921:
920:
913:
903:
901:
892:
891:
887:
873:
872:
868:
863:
858:
839:Restraint chair
804:Pain compliance
759:
718:
694:
685:
679:
570:
372:
321:
294:
280:
207:
196:
190:
187:
177:Please help to
176:
160:
156:
145:
144:
143:
126:
120:
62:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1270:
1261:
1238:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1184:
1165:
1154:. 18 June 2013
1139:
1121:
1091:
1088:. 14 May 2018.
1073:
1070:(in Japanese).
1055:
1036:
1025:
1011:
1002:
984:
982:. 18, 225-245.
971:
962:
949:
911:
885:
865:
864:
862:
859:
857:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
829:Prisoner abuse
826:
821:
819:Prison uniform
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
764:Badge of shame
760:
758:
755:
717:
716:United Kingdom
714:
693:
690:
681:Main article:
678:
675:
652:
651:
640:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
603:
597:
569:
566:
565:
564:
558:
542:
541:
540:
539:
532:Philippe Pinel
525:
524:
518:
511:
496:
495:
494:
493:
486:
482:
475:
469:
468:
449:
438:
419:British Police
371:
368:
352:unarmed combat
320:
317:
209:
208:
163:
161:
154:
147:
146:
142:
141:
134:
123:
101:
98:
86:adding a topic
81:
70:
63:
44:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1311:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1109:
1105:
1104:Asahi Shimbun
1101:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1003:
999:. 9 May 2016.
998:
994:
988:
985:
981:
975:
972:
966:
963:
959:
958:Kidderminster
953:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
918:
916:
912:
900:
896:
889:
886:
881:
877:
870:
867:
860:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
743:
739:
735:
729:
726:
723:
715:
713:
711:
706:
704:
698:
691:
689:
684:
676:
674:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
649:
645:
641:
638:
634:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
608:
605:death due to
604:
602:
601:strangulation
598:
596:
593:
592:
591:
588:
586:
581:
579:
575:
567:
563:
559:
556:
552:
548:
544:
543:
537:
533:
529:
528:
527:
526:
523:
519:
516:
512:
510:
506:
502:
501:escapologists
498:
497:
490:
487:
483:
480:
479:de-escalation
476:
473:
472:
471:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
447:
443:
439:
436:
432:
427:
423:
420:
416:
412:
408:
405:primarily by
404:
403:
402:
395:
389:
385:
381:
376:
369:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
345:straitjackets
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
319:Basic methods
318:
316:
314:
308:
303:
288:
276:
272:
268:
263:
257:
254:Modern steel
252:
245:
240:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
205:
202:
194:
184:
180:
174:
173:
167:
162:
153:
152:
139:
135:
132:
124:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
92:
91:main category
88:
87:
82:
79:
75:
71:
68:
65:
64:
58:
52:
50:
45:You can help
41:
32:
31:
19:
1281:
1265:
1242:
1216:
1198:The Guardian
1197:
1187:
1178:
1168:
1156:. Retrieved
1151:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1112:. Retrieved
1108:the original
1103:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1039:
1028:
1014:
1005:
996:
987:
974:
965:
952:
927:
923:
902:. Retrieved
898:
888:
879:
869:
784:Flagellation
751:
747:
730:
719:
710:Kelly Savage
707:
699:
695:
686:
656:
653:
637:hyperthermia
589:
582:
574:false arrest
571:
505:illusionists
446:flagellation
400:
388:belly chains
356:martial arts
349:
322:
312:
311:
246:; Hiatt 2010
228:wrought iron
212:
197:
191:October 2018
188:
169:
113:edit summary
104:
84:
54:
46:
1114:26 December
880:The Gazette
742:Jeremy Hunt
728:increased.
642:death from
633:hypothermia
599:unintended
440:to enforce
435:police vans
354:methods or
295: 1890
183:introducing
56:(July 2014)
861:References
722:electronic
166:references
1251:cite book
1228:cite book
789:Handcuffs
779:Detention
631:death by
562:eroticism
551:duct tape
547:kidnapper
431:duty belt
415:prisoners
384:handcuffs
325:handcuffs
220:Handcuffs
131:talk page
83:Consider
51:in German
1293:Category
1179:BBC News
944:17109958
824:Prisoner
799:Legcuffs
769:Barefoot
757:See also
670:vomiting
662:asphyxia
611:vomiting
453:teachers
422:officers
329:legcuffs
256:legcuffs
107:provide
1209:Sources
1158:19 June
904:2 April
725:charter
666:choking
658:Gagging
607:choking
378:Modern
305:Modern
275:Germany
271:padlock
179:improve
129:to the
111:in the
53:.
942:
814:Prison
553:and a
485:2009).
461:autism
411:prison
407:police
380:prison
360:police
341:straps
337:chains
224:chains
168:, but
1278:(PDF)
849:Strap
692:Japan
545:by a
333:ropes
267:wrist
265:Iron
244:steel
232:Wales
226:from
74:DeepL
1257:link
1234:link
1160:2013
1116:2017
940:PMID
906:2024
899:WZTV
844:Rope
736:and
734:Mind
646:and
560:for
507:and
409:and
386:and
222:and
105:must
103:You
67:View
1152:BBC
932:doi
668:or
635:or
609:or
580:).
555:gag
499:by
463:or
455:or
362:or
343:or
76:or
1295::
1280:.
1253:}}
1249:{{
1230:}}
1226:{{
1219:.
1196:.
1177:.
1150:.
1132:.
1102:.
1084:.
1066:.
1048:.
995:.
938:.
928:30
926:.
914:^
897:.
878:.
576:,
503:,
339:,
335:,
331:,
327:,
292:c.
278:c.
273:;
1259:)
1236:)
1200:.
1181:.
1162:.
1136:.
1118:.
1052:.
946:.
934::
908:.
882:.
517:)
437:.
297:)
204:)
198:(
193:)
189:(
175:.
140:.
133:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
