675:
70:
826:, as well as the development of calculation algorithms in the field of "additive physicochemical properties" (practically all physicochemical properties, such as boiling point, critical point, surface tension, vapor pressure, etc.—more than 20 in all—can be precisely calculated from chemical structure alone, even if the chemical molecule remains unsynthesized), and herein lies the practical importance of contemporary physical chemistry.
259:
42:
2353:
272:
2377:
2389:
2365:
651:
The fact that how fast reactions occur can often be specified with just a few concentrations and a temperature, instead of needing to know all the positions and speeds of every molecule in a mixture, is a special case of another key concept in physical chemistry, which is that to the extent an
537:
can be described as the making and breaking of those bonds. Predicting the properties of chemical compounds from a description of atoms and how they bond is one of the major goals of physical chemistry. To describe the atoms and bonds precisely, it is necessary to know both where the
660:, a specialty within physical chemistry which is also shared with physics. Statistical mechanics also provides ways to predict the properties we see in everyday life from molecular properties without relying on empirical correlations based on chemical similarities.
698:. In the preamble to these lectures he gives the definition: "Physical chemistry is the science that must explain under provisions of physical experiments the reason for what is happening in complex bodies through chemical operations".
378:, is predominantly (but not always) a supra-molecular science, as the majority of the principles on which it was founded relate to the bulk rather than the molecular or atomic structure alone (for example, chemical equilibrium and
639:
than either the reactants or the products and serve as a barrier to reaction. In general, the higher the barrier, the slower the reaction. A second is that most chemical reactions occur as a sequence of
568:
Another set of important questions in chemistry concerns what kind of reactions can happen spontaneously and which properties are possible for a given chemical mixture. This is studied in
557:
to chemical problems, provides tools to determine how strong and what shape bonds are, how nuclei move, and how light can be absorbed or emitted by a chemical compound.
846:
1448:
656:, 6 x 10) of particles can often be described by just a few variables like pressure, temperature, and concentration. The precise reasons for this are described in
644:, each with its own transition state. Key questions in kinetics include how the rate of reaction depends on temperature and on the concentrations of reactants and
2657:
1300:
719:
2427:
1549:
795:
was one of the leading names. Theoretical developments have gone hand in hand with developments in experimental methods, where the use of different forms of
303:
2746:
1554:
1054:
600:. It can frequently be used to assess whether a reactor or engine design is feasible, or to check the validity of experimental data. To a limited extent,
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242:
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613:
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1336:
1284:
1239:
1218:
1197:
1173:
1152:
1131:
1100:
760:, these were the leading figures in physical chemistry in the late 19th century and early 20th century. All three were awarded the
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in the reaction mixture, as well as how catalysts and reaction conditions can be engineered to optimize the reaction rate.
478:
Number of phases, number of components and degree of freedom (or variance) can be correlated with one another with help of
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232:
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1958:
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1123:
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engineer needs to know, everything going on in a mixture of very large numbers (perhaps of the order of the
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is the related sub-discipline of physical chemistry which is specifically concerned with the interaction of
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451:
151:
2731:
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2118:
2106:
1997:
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can describe irreversible changes. However, classical thermodynamics is mostly concerned with systems in
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2012:
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1977:
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1522:
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728:
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276:
822:, especially in isotope separation (before and during World War II), more recent discoveries in
385:
Some of the relationships that physical chemistry strives to understand include the effects of:
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1953:
1812:
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1316:
1001:
687:
686:
in 1752, when he presented a lecture course entitled "A Course in True
Physical Chemistry" (
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375:
263:
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69:
35:
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1982:
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41:
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792:
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1410:
723:. This paper introduced several of the cornerstones of physical chemistry, such as
623:, another branch of physical chemistry. A key idea in chemical kinetics is that for
2665:
2205:
2055:
1970:
1946:
1936:
1928:
1829:
1764:
1663:
1512:
1021:
941:
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572:, which sets limits on quantities like how far a reaction can proceed, or how much
558:
189:
166:
31:
1420:
1404:
1398:
457:
Transfer of heat between a chemical system and its surroundings during change of
1603:
706:
553:, a subfield of physical chemistry especially concerned with the application of
1421:
The
Cambridge History of Science: The modern physical and mathematical sciences
17:
2685:
2675:
2229:
818:
Further development in physical chemistry may be attributed to discoveries in
479:
2536:
2405:
2291:
1593:
1458:
645:
328:
61:
1381:
961:(from 2010, combined letters previously published in the separate journals)
971:(started in 1789, published under the name given here from 1815 to 1914).
2313:
589:
1426:
742:
specifically in the field of physical chemistry was the German journal,
701:
Modern physical chemistry originated in the 1860s to 1880s with work on
2333:
783:
made many contributions. Another important step was the development of
772:
624:
616:
and not what actually does happen, or how fast, away from equilibrium.
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516:
379:
332:
222:
46:
1373:
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597:
573:
405:
340:
336:
126:
965:
Historical journals that covered both chemistry and physics include
1352:
Herbst, Eric (May 12, 2005). "Chemistry of Star-Forming
Regions".
1060:
List of unsolved problems in chemistry#Physical chemistry problems
673:
527:
515:
The key concepts of physical chemistry are the ways in which pure
344:
156:
40:
767:
Developments in the following decades include the application of
713:
and other subjects. One milestone was the publication in 1876 by
678:
Fragment of M. Lomonosov's manuscript 'Physical
Chemistry' (1752)
542:
of the atoms are, and how electrons are distributed around them.
2308:
443:
348:
2409:
1430:
1417:, Würzburg, Königshausen & Neumann, 1998, pp. 135–148)
442:
Interaction of one body with another in terms of quantities of
331:
systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of
49:, whose synthesis has been aided greatly by physical chemistry.
2318:
1055:
List of important publications in chemistry#Physical chemistry
593:
146:
1168:, 3rd Ed. p. 52. Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, New York.
815:, is probably the most important 20th century development.
522:
One of the key concepts in classical chemistry is that all
1234:, 2nd Ed. pp. 25, 32. Oxford University Press, New York.
862:
Some journals that deal with physical chemistry include
619:
Which reactions do occur and how fast is the subject of
580:, and which provides links between properties like the
1213:, 2nd Ed. p. 30. Oxford University Press, New York.
392:
that act upon the physical properties of materials (
2719:
2656:
2584:
2500:
2472:
2444:
2250:
2011:
1927:
1848:
1798:
1674:
1617:
1493:
1305:
1092:
Surface chemistry and electrochemistry of membranes
1320:
1301:On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances
720:On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances
504:Calculation of the energy of electron movement
2421:
1442:
1147:, p. 342. Oxford University Press, New York.
297:
8:
1327:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
1255:, p. 54. Oxford University Press, New York.
1253:Introduction to Modern Statistical Mechanics
847:quantitative structure–activity relationship
682:The term "physical chemistry" was coined by
1143:Atkins, Peter and Friedman, Ronald (2005).
1118:Atkins, Peter and Friedman, Ronald (2005).
1114:
1112:
2428:
2414:
2406:
1449:
1435:
1427:
1411:Physical Chemistry: neither Fish nor Fowl?
1405:Physical Chemistry from Ostwald to Pauling
1279:. Stanford University Press. p. 388.
1190:Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics
304:
290:
52:
475:of number of species present in solution.
1164:Landau, L.D. and Lifshitz, E.M. (1980).
631:, most chemical species must go through
1184:
1182:
1081:
813:nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
492:Behaviour of microscopic systems using
60:
2626:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
1192:, p. 1. Dover Publications, New York.
1232:The Engineering of Chemical Reactions
1211:The Engineering of Chemical Reactions
958:Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
926:Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry
7:
2364:
902:Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics
868:Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie
745:Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie
45:Between the flame and the flower is
2388:
910:Annual Review of Physical Chemistry
897:with a history dating back to 1905)
888:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
374:Physical chemistry, in contrast to
27:Physics applied to chemical systems
25:
576:can be converted into work in an
519:is applied to chemical problems.
506:in molecules and metal complexes.
2387:
2375:
2363:
2352:
2351:
968:Annales de chimie et de physique
771:to chemical systems and work on
271:
270:
257:
68:
2747:Timeline of physics discoveries
1399:The World of Physical Chemistry
1354:Journal of Physical Chemistry A
1323:The World of Physical Chemistry
950:Journal of Physical Chemistry C
934:Journal of Physical Chemistry B
876:Journal of Physical Chemistry A
809:electron paramagnetic resonance
1089:Torben Smith Sørensen (1999).
692:Курс истинной физической химии
606:non-equilibrium thermodynamics
526:can be described as groups of
496:and macroscopic systems using
1:
1716:Interface and colloid science
1470:Glossary of chemical formulae
1299:Josiah Willard Gibbs, 1876, "
881:Journal of Physical Chemistry
843:Benson group increment theory
582:thermal expansion coefficient
421:The identity of ions and the
1273:Vucinich, Alexander (1963).
754:Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
2711:Quantum information science
1993:Bioorganometallic chemistry
1480:List of inorganic compounds
1145:Molecular Quantum Mechanics
1120:Molecular Quantum Mechanics
975:Branches and related topics
858:Physical chemistry journals
2784:
2542:Classical electromagnetism
1919:Dynamic covalent chemistry
1890:Enantioselective synthesis
1870:Physical organic chemistry
1823:Organolanthanide chemistry
1276:Science in Russian culture
1230:Schmidt, Lanny D. (2005).
1209:Schmidt, Lanny D. (2005).
1095:. CRC Press. p. 134.
1070:Category:Physical chemists
1037:Physical organic chemistry
855:
667:
578:internal combustion engine
498:statistical thermodynamics
29:
2347:
1508:Electroanalytical methods
1465:
1415:The Autonomy of Chemistry
1188:Hill, Terrell L. (1986).
831:Group contribution method
694:) before the students of
691:
563:electromagnetic radiation
243:List of unsolved problems
2648:Condensed matter physics
2263:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2179:Supramolecular chemistry
1818:Organometallic chemistry
1401:(Keith J. Laidler, 1993)
1251:Chandler, David (1987).
762:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
233:List of chemistry awards
30:Not to be confused with
2201:Combinatorial chemistry
2112:Food physical chemistry
2075:Environmental chemistry
1959:Bioorthogonal chemistry
1885:Retrosynthetic analysis
1706:Chemical thermodynamics
1689:Spectroelectrochemistry
1632:Computational chemistry
1124:Oxford University Press
982:Chemical thermodynamics
764:between 1901 and 1909.
758:Svante August Arrhenius
703:chemical thermodynamics
570:chemical thermodynamics
423:electrical conductivity
32:Physiological chemistry
2732:Nobel Prize in Physics
2594:Relativistic mechanics
2273:of element discoveries
2119:Agricultural chemistry
2107:Carbohydrate chemistry
1998:Bioinorganic chemistry
1863:Alkane stereochemistry
1808:Coordination chemistry
1637:Mathematical chemistry
1503:Instrumental chemistry
1407:(John W. Servos, 1996)
805:microwave spectroscopy
791:from the 1930s, where
679:
584:and rate of change of
473:colligative properties
50:
2737:Philosophy of physics
2268:Timeline of chemistry
2165:Post-mortem chemistry
2150:Clandestine chemistry
2080:Atmospheric chemistry
2003:Biophysical chemistry
1835:Solid-state chemistry
1785:Equilibrium chemistry
1694:Photoelectrochemistry
1065:Physical biochemistry
1027:Biophysical chemistry
1017:Solid-state chemistry
992:Statistical mechanics
891:(from 1999, formerly
801:infrared spectroscopy
769:statistical mechanics
748:, founded in 1887 by
696:Petersburg University
677:
658:statistical mechanics
487:electrochemical cells
390:Intermolecular forces
361:statistical mechanics
44:
2696:Mathematical physics
2258:History of chemistry
2213:Chemical engineering
1988:Bioorganic chemistry
1738:Structural chemistry
1475:List of biomolecules
894:Faraday Transactions
715:Josiah Willard Gibbs
670:History of chemistry
642:elementary reactions
635:which are higher in
465:taking place called
264:Chemistry portal
185:Analytical chemistry
162:Chemical equilibrium
2671:Atmospheric physics
2510:Classical mechanics
2438:branches of physics
2281:The central science
2235:Ceramic engineering
2160:Forensic toxicology
2133:Chemistry education
2031:Radiation chemistry
2013:Interdisciplinarity
1966:Medicinal chemistry
1904:Fullerene chemistry
1780:Microwave chemistry
1649:Molecular mechanics
1644:Molecular modelling
1423:(Mary Jo Nye, 2003)
1413:(Joachim Schummer,
1366:2005JPCA..109.4017H
1166:Statistical Physics
729:chemical potentials
369:chemical equilibria
365:analytical dynamics
200:Inorganic chemistry
56:Part of a series on
2768:Physical chemistry
2727:History of physics
2324:Chemical substance
2186:Chemical synthesis
2155:Forensic chemistry
2036:Actinide chemistry
1978:Clinical chemistry
1659:Molecular geometry
1654:Molecular dynamics
1609:Elemental analysis
1562:Separation process
883:, renamed in 1997)
740:scientific journal
680:
627:to react and form
614:reversible changes
535:chemical reactions
524:chemical compounds
416:rate of a reaction
317:Physical chemistry
205:Physical chemistry
152:Acid–base reaction
51:
2755:
2754:
2742:Physics education
2691:Materials science
2658:Interdisciplinary
2616:Quantum mechanics
2403:
2402:
2339:Quantum mechanics
2304:Chemical compound
2287:Chemical reaction
2225:Materials science
2143:General chemistry
2138:Amateur chemistry
2066:Photogeochemistry
2051:Stellar chemistry
2021:Nuclear chemistry
1942:Molecular biology
1909:Polymer chemistry
1880:Organic synthesis
1875:Organic reactions
1840:Ceramic chemistry
1830:Cluster chemistry
1760:Chemical kinetics
1748:Molecular physics
1627:Quantum chemistry
1540:Mass spectrometry
1374:10.1021/jp050461c
1360:(18): 4017–4029.
1261:978-0-19-504277-1
1032:Materials science
1012:Surface chemistry
997:Quantum chemistry
987:Chemical kinetics
918:Molecular Physics
820:nuclear chemistry
789:quantum chemistry
785:quantum mechanics
777:surface chemistry
733:Gibbs' phase rule
711:chemical kinetics
684:Mikhail Lomonosov
654:Avogadro constant
633:transition states
621:chemical kinetics
602:quasi-equilibrium
555:quantum mechanics
551:Quantum chemistry
494:quantum mechanics
463:chemical reaction
412:Reaction kinetics
357:quantum chemistry
314:
313:
195:Organic chemistry
142:Chemical reaction
75:Science of matter
16:(Redirected from
2775:
2681:Chemical physics
2621:Particle physics
2547:Classical optics
2430:
2423:
2416:
2407:
2391:
2390:
2379:
2367:
2366:
2355:
2354:
2299:Chemical element
1954:Chemical biology
1813:Magnetochemistry
1790:Mechanochemistry
1743:Chemical physics
1684:Electrochemistry
1589:Characterization
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1086:
1002:Electrochemistry
756:. Together with
693:
433:electrochemistry
398:tensile strength
376:chemical physics
319:is the study of
306:
299:
292:
279:
274:
273:
266:
262:
261:
260:
238:List of journals
72:
53:
36:Chemical physics
21:
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2774:
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2772:
2758:
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2701:Medical physics
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2611:Nuclear physics
2580:
2574:Non-equilibrium
2496:
2468:
2440:
2434:
2404:
2399:
2343:
2246:
2240:Polymer science
2196:Click chemistry
2191:Green chemistry
2085:Ocean chemistry
2061:Biogeochemistry
2007:
1923:
1895:Total synthesis
1858:Stereochemistry
1844:
1794:
1711:Surface science
1701:Thermochemistry
1670:
1613:
1584:Crystallography
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1103:
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1046:
977:
860:
856:Main category:
854:
835:Lydersen method
781:Irving Langmuir
750:Wilhelm Ostwald
672:
666:
548:
513:
467:thermochemistry
429:Surface science
402:surface tension
310:
269:
258:
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218:
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18:Physiochemistry
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2564:Thermodynamics
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2124:Soil chemistry
2116:
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2109:
2102:Food chemistry
2099:
2097:Carbochemistry
2094:
2092:Clay chemistry
2089:
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2017:
2015:
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1007:Photochemistry
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879:(from 1896 as
872:
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824:astrochemistry
717:of his paper,
709:in solutions,
665:
662:
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512:
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2218:Stoichiometry
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2174:Nanochemistry
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2019:
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1996:
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1733:Sonochemistry
1731:
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1728:Cryochemistry
1726:
1722:
1721:Micromeritics
1719:
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1599:Wet chemistry
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1359:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1338:0-19-855919-4
1334:
1330:
1325:
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1318:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1286:0-8047-0738-3
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1278:
1277:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1240:0-19-516925-5
1237:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1219:0-19-516925-5
1216:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1198:0-486-65242-4
1195:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:0-7506-3372-7
1171:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:0-19-927498-3
1150:
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1140:
1137:
1133:
1132:0-19-927498-3
1129:
1125:
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1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:0-8247-1922-0
1098:
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1042:Micromeritics
1040:
1038:
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840:
839:Joback method
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
793:Linus Pauling
790:
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583:
579:
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566:
565:with matter.
564:
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541:
536:
533:together and
532:
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495:
491:
488:
485:Reactions of
484:
481:
477:
474:
470:
468:
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456:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:
434:
430:
427:
425:of materials.
424:
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395:
391:
388:
387:
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383:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
327:phenomena in
326:
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295:
293:
288:
287:
285:
284:
278:
268:
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176:
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97:
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71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
55:
54:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
2666:Astrophysics
2480:Experimental
2392:
2380:
2368:
2356:
2206:Biosynthesis
2056:Geochemistry
1971:Pharmacology
1947:Cell biology
1937:Biochemistry
1765:Spectroscopy
1675:
1664:VSEPR theory
1513:Spectroscopy
1457:Branches of
1414:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1322:
1311:
1304:
1295:
1275:
1268:
1252:
1247:
1231:
1226:
1210:
1205:
1189:
1165:
1160:
1144:
1139:
1126:, New York.
1119:
1091:
1084:
1022:Spectroscopy
966:
964:
956:
948:
942:ChemPhysChem
940:
932:
924:
916:
908:
900:
892:
886:
880:
874:
866:
861:
828:
817:
797:spectroscopy
766:
743:
737:
725:Gibbs energy
718:
707:electrolytes
700:
681:
650:
618:
567:
559:Spectroscopy
549:
521:
514:
511:Key concepts
384:
373:
316:
315:
204:
190:Biochemistry
167:Chemical law
74:
2569:Statistical
2485:Theoretical
2462:Engineering
2394:WikiProject
1619:Theoretical
1604:Calorimetry
610:equilibrium
546:Disciplines
325:microscopic
321:macroscopic
2686:Geophysics
2676:Biophysics
2520:Analytical
2473:Approaches
2230:Metallurgy
1929:Biological
1495:Analytical
1122:, p. 249.
1076:References
799:, such as
738:The first
668:See also:
480:phase rule
394:plasticity
2636:Molecular
2537:Acoustics
2530:Continuum
2525:Celestial
2515:Newtonian
2502:Classical
2445:Divisions
2292:Catalysis
1800:Inorganic
1594:Titration
1459:chemistry
646:catalysts
625:reactants
471:Study of
62:Chemistry
2762:Category
2358:Category
2314:Molecule
2251:See also
1676:Physical
1382:16833724
1319:(1993).
1049:See also
852:Journals
779:, where
773:colloids
629:products
590:pressure
380:colloids
335:such as
329:chemical
277:Category
217:Research
179:Branches
109:timeline
96:Glossary
2720:Related
2604:General
2599:Special
2457:Applied
2370:Commons
2334:Alchemy
1850:Organic
1362:Bibcode
688:Russian
664:History
586:entropy
517:physics
450:called
414:on the
406:liquids
333:physics
223:Chemist
105:History
91:Outline
47:aerogel
2631:Atomic
2586:Modern
2436:Major
2382:Portal
1528:UV-Vis
1380:
1335:
1283:
1259:
1238:
1217:
1196:
1172:
1151:
1130:
1099:
953:(2007)
945:(2000)
937:(1997)
929:(1988)
921:(1957)
913:(1950)
905:(1947)
871:(1887)
731:, and
637:energy
598:liquid
592:for a
574:energy
540:nuclei
531:bonded
341:energy
337:motion
275:
127:Matter
1555:MALDI
1523:Raman
787:into
596:or a
588:with
528:atoms
459:phase
345:force
157:Redox
132:Phase
86:Index
2557:Wave
2452:Pure
2309:Atom
1577:HPLC
1378:PMID
1333:ISBN
1281:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1236:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1128:ISBN
1097:ISBN
829:See
811:and
775:and
752:and
612:and
604:and
448:work
446:and
444:heat
431:and
367:and
349:time
323:and
227:list
137:Bond
2552:Ray
2319:Ion
1550:ICP
1533:NMR
1370:doi
1358:109
1303:",
594:gas
461:or
435:of
404:in
382:).
147:Ion
34:or
2764::
2049:/
2045:/
1897:/
1572:GC
1545:EI
1518:IR
1376:.
1368:.
1356:.
1331:.
1329:48
1181:^
1111:^
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489:.
482:.
454:.
439:.
418:.
305:e
298:t
291:v
229:)
225:(
111:)
107:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
