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agrarian. This may be why they viewed agriculture as the primary source of a nation's wealth. This is an idea which
Quesnay purported to demonstrate with data, comparing a workshop to a farm. He analyzed "how money flowed between the three classes of farmers, proprietors, and artisans, in the same mechanical way that blood flows between different organs" and claimed only the farm produced a surplus that added to the nation's wealth. Physiocrats viewed the production of
1465:." Rather, they had to discover the laws of the natural order that would allow individuals to live in society without losing significant freedoms. This concept of natural order had originated in China. The Chinese had believed that there can be good government only when a perfect harmony exists between the "Way of Man" (governmental institutions) and the "Way of Nature" (Quesnay's natural order).
25:
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benefit of others, they will work harder for their own benefit; however, each person's needs are being supplied by many other people. The system works best when there is a complementary relationship between one person's needs and another person's desires, and so trade restrictions place an unnatural barrier to achieving one's goals. Laissez-faire was popularized by physiocrat
1405:
1500:
None of the theories concerning the value of land could work without strong legal support for the ownership of private property. Combined with the strong sense of individualism, private property becomes a critical component of the
Tableau's functioning. The physiocrats believed in the institution of
1133:
Quesnay was likely influenced by his medical training, particularly by the work of
William Harvey who explained how blood flow and the circulatory system is vital to the human body; Quesnay held that the circulation of wealth was vital to the economy. Societies at the time were also overwhelmingly
1515:
Turgot was one of the first to recognize that "successive applications of the variable input will cause the product to grow, first at an increasing rate, later at a diminishing rate until it reaches a maximum." This was a recognition that the productivity gains required to increase national wealth
1483:
The physiocrats, especially Turgot, believed that self-interest was the motivation for each segment of the economy to play its role. Each individual is best suited to determine what goods they want and what work would provide them with what they want out of life. While a person might labor for the
1241:
necessitated centralized, systematic information on the nation. A major innovation was the collection, use and interpretation of numerical and statistical data, ranging from trade statistics, harvest reports, and death notices to population censuses. Starting in the 1760s, officials in France and
1264:
and markets were connected by money flows (i.e. an expense for the buyer is revenue for the producer). Thus he realized that lowering prices in times of shortage – common at the time – was dangerous economically as it acted as a disincentive to production. Generally, Le Pesant advocated less
1385:
The model
Quesnay created consisted of three economic agents: the "proprietary" class consisted only of landowners; the "productive" class consisted of agricultural laborers; the "sterile" class was made up of artisans and merchants. The flow of production and cash between the three classes
1242:
Germany began increasingly to rely on quantitative data for systematic planning, especially regarding long-term economic growth. It combined the utilitarian agenda of "enlightened absolutism" with the new ideas being developed in economics. In
Germany the trend was especially strong in
1528:
recognized that capital was needed by farmers to start the production process, and both were proponents of using some of each year's profits to increase productivity. Capital was also needed to sustain the laborers while they produced their product. Turgot recognizes that there is
1125:. Whereas the mercantilist school of economics held that value in the products of society was created at the point of sale, by the seller exchanging his products for more money than the products had "previously" been worth, the physiocratic school of economics was the first to see
1501:
private property. They saw property as a tree and its branches, as social institutions. They actually stated that landlords must enjoy 2/5 on the land surpluses. They also advocated that landlords should be given dues, otherwise they would take the land away from the cultivators.
1268:
For instance, if the government bought corn abroad, some people would speculate that there was likely to be a shortage and would buy more corn, leading to higher prices and more of a shortage. This was an early example of advocacy of free trade. In anonymously published tracts,
1086:" and that agricultural products should be highly priced. Their theories originated in France and were most popular during the second half of the 18th century. Physiocracy became one of the first well-developed theories of economics.
1129:
as the sole source of value. However, for the physiocrats, only agricultural labor created this value in the products of society. All "industrial" and non-agricultural labors were "unproductive appendages" to agricultural labor.
1142:
of the agricultural surplus, since human or animal muscle provided the main source of power and all energy derived from the surplus from agricultural production. Profit in capitalist production was really only the
1382:
in 1759, which laid the foundation of the physiocrats’ economic theories. It also contains the origins of modern ideas on the circulation of wealth and the nature of interrelationships in the economy.
1307:
between France and
England (1756–63), the physiocracy movement grew. Several journals appeared, signaling an increasing audience in France for new economic ideas. Among the most important were the
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The physiocrats made a significant contribution in their emphasis on productive work as the source of national wealth. This contrasted with earlier schools, in particular
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and risk involved in using capital for something other than land ownership, and he promotes interest as serving a "strategic function in the economy."
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government interference in the grain market, as any such interference would generate "anticipations" which would prevent the policy from working.
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1205:) at the top and merchants at the bottom (because they did not produce but only distributed goods made by others). Leading physiocrats like
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1339:
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1160:, but are generally referred to as "physiocrats" to distinguish their beliefs from the many schools of economic thought that followed.
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philosophy which developed in the context of the predominantly rural, pre-industrial
European society of the time. In the late
33:, a physician who is considered the founding father of physiocracy, published the "Tableau Ă©conomique" (Economic Table) in 1758
1728:
2516:
1186:, large plantations, for income. They circumvented this rule through freedmen proxies who sold surplus agricultural goods.
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1988:
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1932:
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492:
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1296:, which he had in his possession as early as 1740. He elaborated a commentary of this text that gradually became his
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French economists who believed that the wealth of nations derived solely from the value of "land agriculture" or "
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1256:'s local administration of Paris, and wrote pamphlets and booklets on subjects related to his work: taxation,
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originated with the proprietary class because they owned the land and bought from both of the other classes.
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on property and trade. Vauban's use of statistics contrasted with earlier empirical methods in economics.
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p.6, Reprinted with permission in China: A Teaching
Workbook, Asia for Educators, Columbia University
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who advocated China's agrarian policies. Some scholars have advocated connections with the school of
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1461:" that allowed human beings to live together. Men did not come together via a somewhat arbitrary "
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1229:. The concept natural order of physiocracy originated from "Way of Nature" of Chinese Taoism.
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408:
2029:
1865:
Maverick, Lewis A. (1938). "Chinese
Influences Upon the Physiocrats". Economic History 3.
1277:: this involved major simplification of the French tax code by switching to a relatively
1100:(1727–1781) dominated the movement, which immediately preceded the first modern school,
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854:
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350:
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115:
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1829:, George Bannock, R. E. Baxter and Evan Davis. 5th Edition. Penguin Books 1992 p. 329.
2900:
2815:
2770:
2733:
2521:
2411:
2168:
2129:"Theories of Surplus Value" from the Economic Manuscripts of 1861–1863" contained in
1974:
1546:
1478:
1474:
1218:
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967:
839:
799:
671:
335:
235:
215:
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A history of economic doctrines from the time of the physiocrats to the present day
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to devote himself to political economy was undoubtedly his work on a manuscript of
1221:, was adopted from Quesnay's writings on China, being a translation of the Chinese
1210:
1177:
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obtained by the owner of the land on which the agricultural production took place.
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1118:
889:
829:
756:
540:
315:
225:
2145:
A History of
Economic doctrine from the time of the Physiocrats to the present day
1966:
1880:
Orientalism in Early Modern France: Eurasian Trade Exoticism and the Ancien Regime
2172:
2531:
1611:
1591:
1565:). The Single Tax is a proposal for the use of the annual rental value of land (
1257:
1217:, which promoted utopian communalism. One of the integral parts of physiocracy,
1169:
972:
874:
794:
283:
245:
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1358:(1694–1774), was among those writing prolifically in contemporaneous journals.
24:
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1542:
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952:
661:
482:
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71:
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1007:
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751:
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1996:
1121:, which often focused on the ruler's wealth, accumulation of gold, or the
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1626:
1576:
1562:
1312:
1278:
819:
726:
180:
90:
2156:, Oxford Economic Papers, New Series, Vol. 30, No. 1., pp. 150–156.
1150:"The physiocrats damned cities for their artificiality and praised more
2151:
2116:
1905:
Oriental Enlightenment: The Encounter Between Asian and Western Thought
1193:, then the largest in the world. Chinese society broadly distinguished
1151:
120:
2018:, Revised and Expanded Edition, Duke University Press. pp. 189, 195–96
1516:
had an ultimate limit, and, therefore, wealth could not be infinite.
1270:
1226:
1222:
1180:
was not allowed to engage in banking or commerce but relied on their
1953:
Bertholet, Auguste (2020). "The intellectual origins of Mirabeau".
1154:
styles of living. They celebrated farmers." They called themselves
205:
1237:
The growing power of the centralized state control in the era of
2360:
2267:
2263:
1927:
Lars Behrisch, "Statistics and Politics in the 18th Century."
1398:
2131:
Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 30,
2117:"The Political Failure of an Economic Theory: Physiocracy"
1346:, brought together a group of young researchers including
1246:
while in France it was an important theme in physiocracy.
2213:, Chapter 5. in eds. Biddle, Jeff E, Davis, Jon B, &
2123:, Vol. 57, No. 6. (Nov. – Dec., 2002), pp. 855–883,
1799:
Karl Marx and Frederick Engels (1988), pp. 348, 355, 358.
2211:"Physiocracy and French Pre-Classical Political Economy"
1350:(1722–1800) and one of the two most famous physiocrats,
1323:(1759–62), which was heavily influenced by the Irishman
1929:
Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung
1260:, and money. Le Pesant asserted that wealth came from
2010:
2008:
2006:
1569:) as the principal or sole source of public revenue.
1425:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
1329:
Journal de l'agriculture, du commerce et des finances
2828:
2572:
2460:
2427:
2420:
2394:
1685:
Pierre-Paul Lemercier de La Rivière de Saint-Médard
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1541:The ideas of the Physiocrats had an influence on
1989:"Correspondance Mirabeau – Sacconay (1731–1787)"
1327:(1680–1734), both dominated by physiocrats; the
1582:which seeks to revive elements of physiocracy.
52:, du Pont advocated low tariffs and free trade.
2219:A Companion to the History of Economic Thought
2372:
2279:
1873:
1871:
1044:
8:
2069:"Economic Reform Platform | New Physiocrats"
2424:
2379:
2365:
2357:
2286:
2272:
2264:
1750:Bertholet, Auguste; Kapossy, BĂ©la (2023).
1526:Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune
1488:who is said to have adopted the term from
1294:Essai sur la nature du commerce en général
1051:
1037:
58:
2133:New York: International Publishers, 1988.
2125:Institut National d'Études Démographiques
1727:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
1675:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
1445:Learn how and when to remove this message
1421:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1378:is an economic model first described by
2316:Jacques Claude Marie Vincent de Gournay
2245:Economics as if Soil and Health Matters
2229:The History of Economic Thought Website
1712:
1250:Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de Boisguilbert
70:
1670:Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau
1104:, which began with the publication of
48:, a prominent physiocrat. In his book
2542:Marxian critique of political economy
2153:Quesnay's Theory of Growth: A Comment
2028:Rist, Charles; Gide, Charles (1915).
1882:. Berg Publishers. pp. 271–272.
1457:The physiocrats thought there was a "
1348:François Véron Duverger de Forbonnais
1078:developed by a group of 18th-century
7:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1822:
1820:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1665:Jean Claude Marie Vincent de Gournay
1827:The Penguin Dictionary of Economics
2174:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
2047:"Constant, Sismondi et la Pologne"
1561:movement (not to be confused with
1074:for "government of nature") is an
14:
2260:– In Our Time – BBC Radio 4, 2013
2233:The New School of Social Research
2846:History of macroeconomic thought
2671:Neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
2336:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
2239:Tableau Économique – Modern view
2203:, Revised and Expanded Edition,
2101:The Senate of the Roman Republic
1680:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
1403:
1018:
1006:
46:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
38:
23:
2199:Spiegel, Henry William (1983),
1878:Baghdiantz McCabe, Ina (2008).
1756:(in French). Geneva: Slatkine.
1469:Individualism and laissez-faire
2201:The Growth of Economic Thought
2016:The Growth of Economic Thought
1809:Why Americans Value Rural Life
16:School of thought in economics
1:
2836:Critique of political economy
2105:US Government Printing Office
2014:Henry William Spiegel (1983)
1967:10.1080/01916599.2020.1763745
810:Critique of political economy
468:Critique of political economy
2744:Rational expectations theory
1753:La Physiocratie et la Suisse
1189:Other inspiration came from
860:Periodizations of capitalism
2937:Schools of economic thought
2841:History of economic thought
2388:Schools of economic thought
2247:(Nisus Publications, 2017)
2045:Bertholet, Auguste (2021).
1573:The New Physiocratic League
1273:proposed a system known as
556:Simple commodity production
2953:
2761:New neoclassical synthesis
2749:Real business-cycle theory
2306:Anne Robert Jacques Turgot
2209:Steiner, Phillippe (2003)
1660:Anne Robert Jacques Turgot
1508:
1472:
1352:Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot
1311:(1721–72), which promoted
1098:Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot
865:Perspectives on capitalism
2301:
2243:Vinje, Victor Condorcet:
2051:Annales Benjamin Constant
2034:. D.C. Heath and Company.
1955:History of European Ideas
1907:. Routledge. p. 50.
1854:Chinese Ideas in the West
1783:Steiner (2003), pp. 61–62
1354:(1727–1781). The other,
136:Economic interventionism
2871:Post-autistic economics
2107:Senate Document 103–23.
1537:Subsequent developments
1335:(1767–72 and 1774–76).
1303:Around the time of the
1191:China's economic system
1094:the marquis de Mirabeau
805:Criticism of capitalism
2917:Preclassical economics
2609:Modern Monetary Theory
1931:(2016) 41#2: 238–257.
1632:Jeffersonian democracy
1492:'s writings on China.
1333:Ephémérides du citoyen
1252:served as a member of
1239:enlightened absolutism
1067:
835:Exploitation of labour
546:Primitive accumulation
2693:Keynes–Marx synthesis
2205:Duke University Press
2177:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
2150:Muller, A. L. (1978)
1943:Steiner (2003), p. 61
1903:Clarke, J.J. (1997).
1617:French Liberal School
1344:Intendant du commerce
1138:as equivalent to the
1111:The Wealth of Nations
1013:Capitalism portal
825:Culture of capitalism
780:Capitalist propaganda
536:Industrial Revolution
526:Commercial Revolution
2912:Classical liberalism
2881:World-systems theory
2861:Mainstream economics
2801:Technocracy movement
2781:Saltwater/freshwater
2223:Blackwell Publishing
2185:. pp. 378–379.
1602:Classical liberalism
1414:factual accuracy is
1080:Age of Enlightenment
988:Right-libertarianism
918:Classical liberalism
885:Venture philanthropy
521:Capitalism and Islam
516:Age of Enlightenment
111:Capital accumulation
2927:Land value taxation
2866:Heterodox economics
2594:Capability approach
2470:American (National)
2452:School of Salamanca
1852:Derk Bodde (2005),
1725:Oxford Dictionaries
1597:Classical economics
1567:land value taxation
1511:Diminishing returns
1505:Diminishing returns
1321:Journal du commerce
1284:The event that led
1199:scholar-bureaucrats
1102:classical economics
1025:Business portal
141:Economic liberalism
131:Competitive markets
2502:English historical
2215:Samuels, Warren J.
1580:political movement
1520:Investment capital
1486:Vincent de Gournay
1371:Tableau Ă©conomique
1363:Tableau Ă©conomique
1340:Vincent de Gournay
1331:(1765–74) and the
1309:Journal Ĺ’conomique
1203:agrarian landlords
1168:Physiocracy is an
1136:goods and services
785:Capitalist realism
176:Goods and services
156:Fictitious capital
2894:
2893:
2856:Political economy
2824:
2823:
2756:New institutional
2729:Neo-Schumpeterian
2537:Marxist economics
2517:German historical
2354:
2353:
2346:Victor de Riqueti
2341:Richard Cantillon
2113:Arundhati Virmani
1993:Lumières.Lausanne
1650:Richard Cantillon
1622:Geolibertarianism
1524:Both Quesnay and
1455:
1454:
1447:
1342:(1712–1759), the
1325:Richard Cantillon
1290:Richard Cantillon
1061:
1060:
880:Spontaneous order
850:History of theory
493:New institutional
463:Market monetarism
398:Economic theories
231:Supply and demand
166:Free price system
2944:
2886:Economic systems
2425:
2407:Medieval Islamic
2381:
2374:
2367:
2358:
2331:Pierre le Pesant
2311:François Quesnay
2288:
2281:
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2265:
2196:
2161:Smith, George H.
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2082:
2080:
2079:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2025:
2019:
2012:
2001:
2000:
1995:. Archived from
1985:
1979:
1978:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1875:
1866:
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1857:
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1839:
1836:
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1797:
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1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1717:
1655:François Quesnay
1553:, and above all
1551:John Stuart Mill
1531:opportunity cost
1496:Private property
1490:François Quesnay
1450:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1427:reliably sourced
1407:
1406:
1399:
1380:François Quesnay
1356:François Quesnay
1305:Seven Years' War
1207:François Quesnay
1195:four occupations
1178:senatorial class
1123:balance of trade
1096:(1715–1789) and
1090:François Quesnay
1084:land development
1053:
1046:
1039:
1023:
1022:
1011:
1010:
815:Critique of work
790:Capitalist state
473:Critique of work
356:Regulated market
258:Economic systems
211:Private property
161:Financial market
151:Entrepreneurship
146:Economic surplus
59:
42:
31:François Quesnay
27:
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2806:Thermoeconomics
2577:21st centuries)
2576:
2574:
2568:
2456:
2416:
2402:Ancient schools
2390:
2385:
2355:
2350:
2326:Nicolas Baudeau
2297:
2292:
2258:The Physiocrats
2254:
2193:
2159:
2111:Charbit, Yves;
2095:
2092:
2087:
2086:
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2075:
2073:New Physiocrats
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2066:
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2043:
2039:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1952:
1951:
1947:
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1915:
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1901:
1897:
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1877:
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1869:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1838:Byrd (1995), 34
1837:
1833:
1825:
1818:
1813:David B. Danbom
1807:
1803:
1798:
1787:
1782:
1771:
1764:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1731:on July 4, 2014
1719:
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1709:
1704:
1690:Nicolas Baudeau
1645:
1588:
1539:
1522:
1513:
1507:
1498:
1481:
1473:Main articles:
1471:
1463:social contract
1451:
1440:
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1431:
1420:
1412:This article's
1408:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1390:Characteristics
1366:
1235:
1215:agriculturalism
1201:(who were also
1176:, the dominant
1166:
1157:les Économistes
1076:economic theory
1057:
1017:
1005:
998:
997:
903:
895:
894:
870:Post-capitalism
775:Anti-capitalism
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399:
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116:Capital markets
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50:La Physiocratie
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2714:Neo-Malthusian
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2631:Disequilibrium
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2621:Constitutional
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2250:
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2226:
2207:
2197:
2192:978-1412965804
2191:
2183:Cato Institute
2169:Hamowy, Ronald
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1999:on 2020-05-31.
1980:
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1700:Mykola Rudenko
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1376:Economic Table
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1298:Ami des hommes
1275:La dîme royale
1234:
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1174:Roman Republic
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2791:Structuralist
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2771:Public choice
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2740:
2739:New classical
2737:
2735:
2734:Neoliberalism
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:Neo-Ricardian
2722:
2720:
2717:
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2712:
2708:
2705:
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2235:. 6 Feb. 2006
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2170:
2166:
2165:"Physiocracy"
2162:
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2142:
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2137:Gide, Charles
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1763:9782051029391
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1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
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1589:
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1583:
1581:
1578:
1575:is a current
1574:
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1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1547:David Ricardo
1544:
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1532:
1527:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1504:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1479:Laissez-faire
1476:
1475:Individualism
1468:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1459:natural order
1449:
1446:
1438:
1435:November 2019
1428:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1395:Natural order
1394:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
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1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
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1326:
1322:
1318:
1315:and rational
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1301:
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1259:
1255:
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1224:
1220:
1219:laissez-faire
1216:
1212:
1211:Confucianists
1208:
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1200:
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1187:
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1184:
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1131:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1092:(1694–1774),
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1001:
994:
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969:
968:Neoliberalism
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956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
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924:
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919:
916:
914:
913:Authoritarian
911:
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871:
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848:
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843:
841:
840:Globalization
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831:
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821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
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806:
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800:Crisis theory
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436:Institutional
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2641:Evolutionary
2573:Contemporary
2552:Neoclassical
2497:Distributist
2446:
2442:Mercantilism
2429:Early modern
2294:
2244:
2228:
2218:
2200:
2173:
2152:
2141:Charles Rist
2130:
2120:
2100:
2097:Byrd, Robert
2076:. Retrieved
2072:
2063:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2030:
2023:
2015:
1997:the original
1992:
1983:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1939:
1928:
1923:
1904:
1898:
1879:
1861:
1834:
1826:
1808:
1804:
1752:
1745:
1733:. Retrieved
1729:the original
1724:
1721:"physiocrat"
1715:
1695:Henry George
1572:
1571:
1555:Henry George
1540:
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1302:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1274:
1267:
1248:
1236:
1188:
1181:
1167:
1156:
1149:
1132:
1119:mercantilism
1116:
1109:
1088:
1068:physiocratie
1063:
1062:
890:Wage slavery
830:Evergreening
550:
541:Mercantilism
488:Neoclassical
316:Mercantilist
293:
226:Rent seeking
191:Visible hand
49:
2922:Agrarianism
2907:Physiocrats
2796:Supply-side
2719:Neo-Marxian
2532:Marginalism
2462:Late modern
2447:Physiocrats
2295:Physiocrats
1612:Free market
1592:Agrarianism
1258:grain trade
1170:agrarianist
1140:consumption
1070:; from the
1064:Physiocracy
973:Objectivism
958:Libertarian
875:Speculation
795:Consumerism
629:Progressive
568:Development
551:Physiocracy
498:Supply-side
306:Libertarian
284:Free-market
264:Anglo-Saxon
246:Wage labour
201:Marginalism
171:Free market
126:Corporation
2901:Categories
2776:Regulation
2702:Monetarism
2688:Circuitism
2636:Ecological
2604:Chartalism
2584:Behavioral
2527:Manchester
2522:Malthusian
2480:Birmingham
2437:Cameralism
2421:Modern era
2395:Pre-modern
2121:Population
2090:References
2078:2018-03-05
1735:27 October
1559:Single Tax
1543:Adam Smith
1244:Cameralism
1209:were avid
1183:latifundia
1164:Precursors
1106:Adam Smith
953:Liberalism
938:Humanistic
923:Democratic
902:Ideologies
737:Schumpeter
483:Monetarist
414:Chartalism
361:Regulatory
336:Neoliberal
289:Humanistic
72:Capitalism
2851:Economics
2786:Stockholm
2661:Keynesian
2626:Cracovian
2575:(20th and
2564:Socialist
2547:Mutualism
2490:Ricardian
2485:Classical
1975:219747599
1961:: 91–96.
1607:Flour War
1423:talk page
1317:husbandry
1254:Louis XIV
1114:in 1776.
1066:(French:
993:Third Way
983:Privatism
943:Inclusive
928:Dirigisme
722:von Mises
609:Illiberal
589:Corporate
584:Community
531:Feudalism
441:Keynesian
431:Classical
274:Corporate
86:Austerity
2932:Georgism
2876:Degrowth
2811:Virginia
2651:Freiburg
2646:Feminist
2599:Carnegie
2589:Buddhist
2557:Lausanne
2512:Georgism
2475:Austrian
2321:John Law
2163:(2008).
2099:(1995).
2057:: 78–81.
1627:Georgism
1586:See also
1577:Georgist
1563:Flat Tax
1416:disputed
1319:and the
1313:agronomy
1286:Mirabeau
1279:flat tax
820:Cronyism
732:Rothbard
707:Marshall
692:Friedman
624:Merchant
579:Consumer
574:Advanced
409:Austrian
404:American
331:National
326:Monopoly
279:Dirigist
181:Investor
91:Business
80:Concepts
64:a series
62:Part of
2829:Related
2616:Chicago
2225:, 2003.
2171:(ed.).
2115:(2002)
1233:History
1197:, with
1152:natural
948:Liberal
908:Anarcho
845:History
677:Malthus
672:Ricardo
634:Rentier
619:Marxist
599:Finance
510:Origins
478:Marxist
426:Chicago
386:Welfare
346:Private
301:Liberal
121:Company
106:Capital
2707:Market
2189:
2147:. 1915
1973:
1933:online
1911:
1886:
1760:
1643:People
1338:Also,
1271:Vauban
1227:wu wei
1223:Taoism
1145:"rent"
747:Weaver
742:Veblen
717:Walras
712:Pareto
702:Keynes
604:Global
371:Social
341:Nordic
311:Market
221:Profit
2683:Post-
2167:. In
1971:S2CID
1707:Notes
1225:term
1127:labor
1072:Greek
757:Coase
752:Weber
697:Hayek
662:Smith
594:Crony
456:Post-
376:State
366:Rhine
321:Mixed
241:Value
206:Money
2666:Neo-
2187:ISBN
2179:Sage
2139:and
1909:ISBN
1884:ISBN
1758:ISBN
1737:2013
1477:and
1368:The
727:Rand
687:Marx
667:Mill
614:Late
446:Neo-
2678:New
1963:doi
1811:by
1374:or
1292:'s
1108:'s
963:Neo
933:Eco
682:Say
451:New
419:MMT
351:Raw
2903::
2231:,
2221:.
2217::
2181:;
2119:,
2103:.
2071:.
2055:46
2053:.
2049:.
2005:^
1991:.
1969:.
1959:47
1957:.
1870:^
1843:^
1819:^
1788:^
1772:^
1723:.
1549:,
1545:,
1300:.
66:on
2380:e
2373:t
2366:v
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2280:t
2273:v
2195:.
2143:,
2081:.
1977:.
1965::
1917:.
1892:.
1766:.
1739:.
1448:)
1442:(
1437:)
1433:(
1429:.
1419:.
1052:e
1045:t
1038:v
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