35:
468:
summer, the zoospores will begin to develop into an endobiotic polycentric thallus. This thallus is often extensive, infecting many host cells, with highly branched, fine rhizoids. These rhizoids can bear intercalary cells, which many be once or twice septate (and what
Schroeter saw as evidence of sexual reproduction). The endobiotic thallus gives rise to large, thick-walled, dark-colored resting spores that take the shape of the host cell. It appears the resting spores are formed from the intercalary cells. These resting spores will over winter and germinate in the spring.
63:
467:
appear to be inoperculate.) The liberated zoospores infect new host cells, and in this fashion, an infection can go through several generations. As well, the sporangia are internally proliferous; that is, they can produce a second round of zoospores after releasing the first one. In late spring and
444:
species are characterized as having a both a monocentric thallus and an endobiotic polycentric thallus. Resting spores germinate in the spring to produce zoospores that will infect the host. The initial infection gives rise to monocentric, epibiotic zoosporangium anchored with endobiotic rhizoids
480:
infect marsh plants, and several are confined to the submerged portion of hosts. Infections are usually confined to the leaves and stems, or, less commonly, the petioles of the host plants; however, there are some species that also or specifically infect parts of the flower. A notable example is
321:
added an additional 4 species to the genus and noted, for the first time, epibiotic, ephemeral zoosporangia. He also claimed that sexual reproduction was through the fusion of two cells and resulted in the resting spores. In 1889, Schroeter created the genus
394:
to its own family, the
Physodermataceae. Sparrow, in 1962, decided the genera were distinct based on morphology and host reaction. However, at this time, the two genera are considered synonymous. Typically, it was thought that
530:
requires at least an inch of standing water to initiate the infection of a host plant. Once the plant is infected, however, high humidity, dew, or rain is sufficient to keep the infection going through the growing season.
495:
live longer than non-infected flowers. There is at least one known species that infects the roots of the host plant rather than the above-ground parts. Infections can cause discoloration, warts, or galls.
518:: one infects only the submerged portion of the plant, the other only infects the emergent portion of the plant, but they can be found growing on the same plant. Due to their reliance on
1617:
1489:
301:
The genus was erected in 1833 on the basis of resting spore development. and included 6 species. Unfortunately, his original diagnosis was very similar to that of
1541:
384:, in numerous publications, expressed concerns over the characters used to distinguish the two genera. In 1943, Sparrow suggested that the genus be merged with
1385:
350:. In 1897, Schroeter separated them once more. Magnus, in 1901, used characteristics of the resting spore and host plant reaction to distinguish between
1463:
1502:
1134:
328:
for those species with epibiotic, ephemeral zoosporangia and sexually derived resting spores. He placed both in the same subfamily as
1224:
Porter TM, W Martin, TY James, JE Longcore, FH Gleason, PH Adler, PM Letcher, & R Vilgalys. 2011. Molecular phylogeny of the
1622:
228:
1579:
1507:
287:. There are approximately 80 species within this genus (depending on whether one includes those traditionally belonging to
1528:
34:
633:
1612:
1398:
62:
1546:
640:
1032:
570:
969:
794:
787:
710:
1039:
619:
598:
542:
381:
997:
906:
752:
745:
738:
661:
577:
1018:
934:
927:
899:
843:
815:
654:
626:
605:
563:
1053:
1011:
1004:
962:
885:
773:
759:
724:
696:
675:
1338:
1025:
948:
864:
822:
717:
703:
612:
591:
584:
510:
1403:
990:
983:
941:
920:
892:
878:
857:
780:
731:
689:
682:
247:, causative agents of crown wart of alfalfa and brown spot of corn, respectively. Of the chytrid genera,
158:
43:
976:
955:
829:
808:
801:
556:
1060:
913:
850:
668:
766:
647:
1556:
1424:
1097:
836:
453:
1455:
1321:
1046:
549:
237:
1164:
Sparrow FK. 1960. Aquatic phycomycetes. 2nd ed. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of
Michigan Press.
1182:
Karling, J.S. 1977. Chytridiomycetarum
Iconographia. Monticello, New York: Lubrecht & Cramer.
505:
429:
420:
376:
174:
94:
57:
318:
303:
263:
447:
1564:
1494:
1411:
1267:
1130:
1124:
871:
307:, which led others to place species in the wrong genus. In 1877, Nowakowski erected the genus
243:
1589:
1569:
1259:
124:
114:
104:
1376:
191:
416:
1239:
500:
species can be highly specific in both host choice and area of infection. An example is
1450:
1327:
407:
334:. In 1891, Fischer refuted Schroeter's observations on sexual reproduction and merged
1606:
1390:
401:
346:
330:
309:
1207:
280:
150:
1416:
1300:
Sparrow FK. 1979. Observations on chytridiaceous parasites of phanerograms XXVIII
457:
like; it usually has discharge papilla through which the zoospores are released. (
202:
1361:
1533:
1476:
1370:
463:
386:
366:
356:
340:
324:
289:
284:
257:
49:
1263:
515:
268:
252:
232:
317:
to the
Chytridiales as well by Schroeter in 1883. Just prior to that (1882),
1437:
519:
445:
confined to a single host cell. The zoosporangium has been characterized as
74:
1271:
1086:(in German). Vol. 2. NĂĽrnberg, Germany: J.L. Schrag. p. 192.
1515:
1355:
276:
1468:
487:
224:
1481:
165:
141:
84:
1520:
1332:
1228:(Fungi) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA. Fungal Biology 115: 381–392.
1442:
411:
Based on the ultrastructure of the zoospore, it was realized that
220:
187:
1336:
1429:
374:
species cause discoloration and slight malformation, while
251:
is the oldest. However, species were confused with the
1287:
Johns RM. 1966. Morphological and ecological study of
461:
is considered operculate, though some species once in
1102:
Wallr., Fl. crypt. Germ. (Norimbergae) 2: 192 (1833)"
1345:
390:, which was done by Karling in 1950. He also moved
313:in the Chytridiales, which led to the transfer of
231:in 1833, the genus contains some species that are
1240:"A molecular phylogeny of the flagellated fungi (
380:cause significant malformation and hypertrophy.
491:. A curious side effect, flowers infected with
514:. Another example are two species that infect
1618:Taxa named by Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
423:. Recent phylogenetic analyses indicate that
364:were globose and ellipsoidal, and those from
8:
1283:
1281:
526:species require free water. As an example,
1333:
485:; it infects the flower of two species of
33:
22:
1291:. American Journal of Botany 53(1):34–45.
1220:
1218:
1216:
1074:
399:was related to the polycentric genera
360:. He claimed that resting spores from
1104:. Species Fungorum. CAB International
7:
1557:85a5ca27-481a-4de5-95d4-21de912fd3a0
227:fungi. Described by German botanist
1244:) and description of a new phylum (
634:Physoderma brachiariae-eruciformis
14:
1238:James, T.Y.; et al. (2006).
61:
1129:. Academic Press. p. 116.
504:, which only infects the upper
229:Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth
1202:Karling, J.S. 1950. The genus
235:on vascular plants, including
1:
1084:Flora Cryptogamica Germaniae
370:were flattened on one side.
641:Physoderma chrysopogonicola
437:Morphology & life cycle
1639:
1264:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.860
1033:Physoderma thirumalacharii
571:Physoderma aponogetonicola
433:might be separate genera.
1308:. Mycologia 72(2):423–433
970:Physoderma pluriannulatum
795:Physoderma hydrocotylidis
788:Physoderma hemisphaericum
711:Physoderma dichanthiicola
508:cells on young leaves of
419:, which later became the
180:
173:
156:
149:
58:Scientific classification
56:
41:
32:
25:
1040:Physoderma trachoniticum
620:Physoderma bothriochloae
599:Physoderma australasicum
543:Physoderma aeschynomenes
998:Physoderma ruebsaamenii
907:Physoderma narasimhanii
753:Physoderma eragrostidis
746:Physoderma eleocharidis
739:Physoderma echinochloae
662:Physoderma claytonianum
578:Physoderma aponogetonis
1623:Taxa described in 1883
1210:). Llyodia. 13(1): 29.
1123:Schaechter M. (2011).
1082:Wallroth KFW. (1833).
1019:Physoderma setariicola
935:Physoderma ornithogali
928:Physoderma notosciadii
900:Physoderma myriophylli
844:Physoderma limnanthemi
816:Physoderma kriegeriana
655:Physoderma claytoniana
627:Physoderma brachiariae
606:Physoderma beckmanniae
564:Physoderma aneilematis
511:Dulichium arundinaceum
1054:Physoderma vagabundum
1012:Physoderma scirpicola
1005:Physoderma schroeteri
963:Physoderma paspalidii
886:Physoderma menyanthis
774:Physoderma gerhardtii
760:Physoderma eriochloae
725:Physoderma digitariae
697:Physoderma cynodontis
676:Physoderma commelinae
1026:Physoderma sparrovii
949:Physoderma pancratii
865:Physoderma marsileae
837:Physoderma leproides
823:Physoderma kyllingae
718:Physoderma dicksonii
704:Physoderma debeauxii
613:Physoderma bohemicum
592:Physoderma astomatis
585:Physoderma asphodeli
483:Physoderma deformans
1289:Physoderma dulichii
1126:Eukaryotic Microbes
1047:Physoderma trifolii
991:Physoderma rayssiae
984:Physoderma pulposum
942:Physoderma palustre
921:Physoderma nelumbii
893:Physoderma mouretii
879:Physoderma meliloti
858:Physoderma maculare
781:Physoderma graminis
732:Physoderma dulichii
690:Physoderma crepidis
683:Physoderma corchori
550:Physoderma alfalfae
159:Physoderma maculare
105:Physodermatomycetes
44:Physoderma pulposum
1613:Blastocladiomycota
1246:Blastocladiomycota
1226:Blastocladiomycota
977:Physoderma potteri
956:Physoderma paspali
830:Physoderma lathyri
809:Physoderma johnsii
802:Physoderma indicum
557:Physoderma alpinum
421:Blastocladiomycota
277:obligate parasites
95:Blastocladiomycota
1600:
1599:
1565:Open Tree of Life
1339:Taxon identifiers
1136:978-0-12-383877-3
1061:Physoderma vagans
914:Physoderma negeri
872:Physoderma maydis
851:Physoderma lycopi
669:Physoderma comari
297:Taxonomic history
212:
211:
206:
195:
145:
1630:
1593:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1560:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1537:
1536:
1534:BMSSYS0000014430
1524:
1523:
1511:
1510:
1498:
1497:
1485:
1484:
1472:
1471:
1459:
1458:
1446:
1445:
1433:
1432:
1420:
1419:
1407:
1406:
1394:
1393:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1334:
1309:
1298:
1292:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1235:
1229:
1222:
1211:
1200:
1183:
1180:
1165:
1162:
1141:
1140:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1079:
767:Physoderma fabae
648:Physoderma citri
476:Many species of
261:, and the genus
238:P. alfalfae
201:
186:
140:
125:Physodermataceae
66:
65:
37:
23:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1588:
1586:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1563:
1555:
1553:
1545:
1540:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1514:
1506:
1501:
1493:
1488:
1480:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1454:
1449:
1441:
1436:
1428:
1423:
1415:
1410:
1402:
1397:
1389:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1341:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1279:
1242:Chytridiomycota
1237:
1236:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1201:
1186:
1181:
1168:
1163:
1144:
1137:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1066:
537:
474:
454:Phlyctochytrium
439:
417:Blastocladiales
415:belongs to the
299:
169:
163:
139:
115:Physodermatales
60:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1636:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1574:
1561:
1551:
1538:
1525:
1512:
1499:
1486:
1473:
1460:
1447:
1434:
1421:
1408:
1395:
1382:
1367:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1328:Index Fungorum
1317:
1316:External links
1314:
1311:
1310:
1293:
1277:
1258:(6): 860–871.
1230:
1212:
1184:
1166:
1142:
1135:
1115:
1089:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1001:
994:
987:
980:
973:
966:
959:
952:
945:
938:
931:
924:
917:
910:
903:
896:
889:
882:
875:
868:
861:
854:
847:
840:
833:
826:
819:
812:
805:
798:
791:
784:
777:
770:
763:
756:
749:
742:
735:
728:
721:
714:
707:
700:
693:
686:
679:
672:
665:
658:
651:
644:
637:
630:
623:
616:
609:
602:
595:
588:
581:
574:
567:
560:
553:
546:
538:
536:
533:
473:
470:
438:
435:
408:Nowakowskiella
298:
295:
244:P. maydis
210:
209:
208:
207:
196:
178:
177:
171:
170:
164:
154:
153:
147:
146:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
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112:
108:
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102:
98:
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92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
54:
53:
39:
38:
30:
29:
18:Genus of fungi
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1635:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1116:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1000:
999:
995:
993:
992:
988:
986:
985:
981:
979:
978:
974:
972:
971:
967:
965:
964:
960:
958:
957:
953:
951:
950:
946:
944:
943:
939:
937:
936:
932:
930:
929:
925:
923:
922:
918:
916:
915:
911:
909:
908:
904:
902:
901:
897:
895:
894:
890:
888:
887:
883:
881:
880:
876:
874:
873:
869:
867:
866:
862:
860:
859:
855:
853:
852:
848:
846:
845:
841:
839:
838:
834:
832:
831:
827:
825:
824:
820:
818:
817:
813:
811:
810:
806:
804:
803:
799:
797:
796:
792:
790:
789:
785:
783:
782:
778:
776:
775:
771:
769:
768:
764:
762:
761:
757:
755:
754:
750:
748:
747:
743:
741:
740:
736:
734:
733:
729:
727:
726:
722:
720:
719:
715:
713:
712:
708:
706:
705:
701:
699:
698:
694:
692:
691:
687:
685:
684:
680:
678:
677:
673:
671:
670:
666:
664:
663:
659:
657:
656:
652:
650:
649:
645:
643:
642:
638:
636:
635:
631:
629:
628:
624:
622:
621:
617:
615:
614:
610:
608:
607:
603:
601:
600:
596:
594:
593:
589:
587:
586:
582:
580:
579:
575:
573:
572:
568:
566:
565:
561:
559:
558:
554:
552:
551:
547:
545:
544:
540:
539:
534:
532:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:
507:
503:
499:
494:
490:
489:
484:
479:
471:
469:
466:
465:
460:
456:
455:
450:
449:
443:
436:
434:
432:
431:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:
404:
403:
402:Cladochytrium
398:
393:
389:
388:
383:
379:
378:
373:
369:
368:
363:
359:
358:
353:
349:
348:
347:Cladochytrium
343:
342:
337:
333:
332:
331:Cladochytrium
327:
326:
320:
316:
312:
311:
310:Cladochytrium
306:
305:
296:
294:
292:
291:
286:
282:
281:pteridophytes
278:
274:
271:. Members of
270:
266:
265:
260:
259:
254:
250:
246:
245:
240:
239:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:
181:
179:
176:
172:
167:
161:
160:
155:
152:
148:
143:
138:
137:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
64:
59:
55:
52:
51:
46:
45:
40:
36:
31:
28:
24:
21:
16:
1346:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1288:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1208:Chytridiales
1203:
1125:
1118:
1106:. Retrieved
1099:
1092:
1083:
1077:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1003:
996:
989:
982:
975:
968:
961:
954:
947:
940:
933:
926:
919:
912:
905:
898:
891:
884:
877:
870:
863:
856:
849:
842:
835:
828:
821:
814:
807:
800:
793:
786:
779:
772:
765:
758:
751:
744:
737:
730:
723:
716:
709:
702:
695:
688:
681:
674:
667:
660:
653:
646:
639:
632:
625:
618:
611:
604:
597:
590:
583:
576:
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:
527:
523:
509:
501:
497:
493:P. deformans
492:
486:
482:
477:
475:
462:
458:
452:
446:
441:
440:
428:
424:
412:
406:
400:
396:
391:
385:
375:
371:
365:
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351:
345:
339:
335:
329:
323:
314:
308:
302:
300:
288:
272:
262:
256:
255:, the genus
248:
242:
236:
215:
214:
213:
198:
183:
157:
151:Type species
135:
134:
48:
42:
26:
20:
15:
1477:iNaturalist
1371:Wikispecies
1098:"Synonymy:
528:P. dulichii
502:P. dulichii
464:Urophlyctis
430:Urophlycits
387:Urophlyctis
377:Urophlycits
367:Urophlyctis
357:Urophlyctis
341:Urophlyctis
325:Urophlyctis
290:Urophlyctis
285:angiosperms
258:Synchytrium
199:Urophlyctis
50:Chenopodium
1607:Categories
1580:physoderma
1377:Physoderma
1347:Physoderma
1322:Physoderma
1306:Sium suave
1302:Physoderma
1204:Physoderma
1100:Physoderma
1069:References
524:Physoderma
516:Sium suave
498:Physoderma
478:Physoderma
459:Physoderma
442:Physoderma
425:Physoderma
413:Physoderma
397:Physoderma
392:Physoderma
372:Physoderma
362:Physoderma
352:Physoderma
336:Physoderma
315:Physoderma
304:Protomyces
273:Physoderma
269:Ascomycota
264:Protomyces
253:rust fungi
249:Physoderma
216:Physoderma
136:Physoderma
91:Division:
27:Physoderma
1362:Q10631025
1252:Mycologia
520:zoospores
506:epidermal
448:Rhizidium
319:Schroeter
233:parasitic
203:J.Schröt.
184:Oedomyces
81:Kingdom:
75:Eukaryota
1516:MycoBank
1451:Fungorum
1391:60015701
1386:AusFungi
1356:Wikidata
1272:17486963
1108:27 March
175:Synonyms
121:Family:
71:Domain:
1495:1298880
1469:2513100
535:Species
488:Anemone
472:Ecology
382:Sparrow
225:chytrid
131:Genus:
111:Order:
101:Class:
1590:239662
1587:uBio:
1570:173320
1554:NZOR:
1547:109874
1508:181401
1482:375049
1443:1PHYDG
1404:587537
1270:
1133:
205:(1886)
194:(1894)
168:(1833)
166:Wallr.
162:(1833)
144:(1833)
142:Wallr.
1577:PPE:
1521:20415
1490:IRMNG
1456:20415
1430:16341
1304:s on
344:with
221:genus
219:is a
192:Trab.
188:Sacc.
85:Fungi
1542:NCBI
1503:ITIS
1464:GBIF
1438:EPPO
1417:6PZ4
1399:BOLD
1268:PMID
1131:ISBN
1110:2014
427:and
405:and
354:and
338:and
283:and
275:are
241:and
1529:NBN
1425:EoL
1412:CoL
1325:in
1260:doi
451:or
293:).
279:of
267:of
223:of
190:ex
47:on
1609::
1567::
1544::
1531::
1518::
1505::
1492::
1479::
1466::
1453::
1440::
1427::
1414::
1401::
1388::
1373::
1358::
1280:^
1266:.
1256:98
1254:.
1250:.
1248:)"
1215:^
1187:^
1169:^
1145:^
522:,
1274:.
1262::
1206:(
1139:.
1112:.
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