554:, reaching its northernmost (and present) limit in southern Idaho about 4000 BCE. Early Native Americans undoubtedly collected the edible seeds, but, at least in some areas, evidence of large quantities of pinyon nut harvesting does not appear until about 600 CE. Increased use of pinyon nuts was possibly related to a population increase of humans and a decline in the number of game animals, thereby forcing the Great Basin inhabitants to seek additional sources of food.
362:
354:
68:
346:
42:
370:
1196:
575:
sticky resin coating the cones and loosened the seeds. The cones were then dried in the sun until the seeds could be easily extracted. Muir said the
Indians closely watched the pinyon trees year-round and could predict the scarcity or abundance of the crop months before harvest time. In 1891, B. H. Dutcher observed the harvesting of pinyon seeds by the Panamint Indians (
616:
590:
Both the above accounts described a method of extracting the seeds from the green cones. Another method is to leave the cones on the trees until they are dry and brown, then beat the cones with a stick, knocking the cones loose or the seeds loose from the cones which then fall to the ground where
606:
Each pinyon cone produces 10 to 30 seeds and a productive stand of pinyon trees in a good year can produce 250 pounds (110 kg) on 1 acre (0.40 ha) of land. An average worker can collect about 22 pounds (10.0 kg) of unshelled pinyon seed in a day's work. Production per worker of 22
574:
described the Indian method of harvesting pinyon seeds in Nevada. In
September and October, the harvesters knocked the cones off the pinyon trees with poles, stacked the cones into a pile, put brushwood on top, lit it, and lightly scorched the pinyon cones with fire. The scorching burned off the
636:) takes its name from the tree, and pinyon nuts form an important part of its diet. It is very important for regeneration of pinyon woods, as it stores large numbers of the seeds in the ground for later use, and excess seeds not used are in an ideal position to grow into new trees. The
607:
pounds of unshelled pinyon seeds—more than one-half that in shelled seeds—amounts to nearly 30,000 calories of nutrition. That is a high yield for the effort expended by hunter-gatherers. Moreover, the pinyon seeds are high in fat, often in short supply for hunter-gatherers.
274:. Harvesting techniques of the prehistoric American Indians are still used today to collect the pinyon seeds for personal use or for commercialization. The pinyon nut or seed is high in fats and calories. In the western United States, pinyon pines are often found in
561:
is reduced because of the unreliability of the harvest. Abundant crops of cones and seeds occur only every two to seven years, averaging a good crop every four years. Years of high production of seed tend to be the same over wide areas of the pinyon range.
861:
Mopper, Susan; Mitton, Jeffry B.; Whitham, Thomas G.; Cobb, Neil S.; Christensen, Kerry M. (June 1991). "Genetic
Differentiation and Heterozygosity in Pinyon Pine Associated with Resistance to Herbivory and Environmental Stress".
652:, known as the pinyon ips, is a bark beetle that kills weak or damaged pinyon pine trees. The beetles feed on the xylem and phloem of the trees. As a defense, the trees flood the holes produced by the beetles with sap.
587:, California. The harvesting method was similar to that observed by Muir in Nevada, except that the pinyon seeds were extracted immediately after the cones had been scorched in the brushwood fire.
1352:
711:
1342:
976:
528:
1327:
905:
Bentancourt, Julio L.; Schuster, William S.; Mitton, Jeffry B.; Anderson, R. Scott (October 1991). "Fossil and
Genetic History of a Pinyon Pine (Pinus Edulis) Isolate".
591:
they can be collected. The nomadic hunter-gathering people of the Great Basin usually consumed their pinyon seeds during the winter following harvest; the agricultural
1332:
1322:
1357:
1347:
377:
Genetic differentiation in the pinyon pine has been observed associated to insect herbivory and environmental stress. There are eight species of true pinyon (
285:. Pinyon pine trees are also known to influence the soil in which they grow by increasing concentrations of both macronutrients and micronutrients.
1387:
715:
1317:
1312:
1367:
1302:
67:
1382:
524:
1377:
1337:
251:
1362:
312:
810:
Whitham, Thomas G.; Mopper, Susan (1985-05-31). "Chronic
Herbivory: Impacts on Architecture and Sex Expression of Pinyon Pine".
1392:
1307:
1265:
1200:
550:). In the Great Basin, archaeological evidence indicates that the range of the pinyon pine expanded northward after the
275:
1402:
1166:
1397:
535:
produce edible seeds, but in North
America only pinyon produces seeds large enough to be a major source of food.
365:
A single-leaf pinyon from Mono County, California. The short stature and rounded crown are typical of the pinyon.
1223:
948:
340:
271:
775:
Malusa, J. (March 1992). "Phylogeny and biogeography of the pinyon pines (Pinus subsect. Cembroides)".
641:
914:
819:
742:
487:
281:
Pinyon wood, especially when burned, has a distinctive fragrance, making it a common wood to burn in
551:
259:
167:
1035:
730:
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1073:
1016:
985:
930:
879:
843:
792:
693:
183:
62:
361:
353:
887:
835:
454:
422:
400:
1005:"Prehistoric Pinyon Exploitation in the Southwestern Great Basin: A View from the Coso Range"
1100:
922:
871:
827:
784:
754:
750:
685:
504:
471:
446:
392:
328:
1152:
972:"Pine Nut Use in Three Great Basin Cases: Data, Theory, and a Fragmentary Material Record"
345:
624:
trapped in a glob of sap formed by a pitch tube as a defense mechanism by the pinyon pine
349:
Range of the two-needle piñon, one of the two most important species in the United States
1139:
918:
823:
746:
1372:
580:
508:
495:
479:
414:
408:
92:
1296:
1126:
592:
847:
41:
1206:
648:
640:
is also important for the dispersal of some pinyon species, as, less often, is the
620:
584:
547:
438:
430:
369:
1211:
831:
1104:
1259:
637:
558:
543:
1250:
1195:
669:
644:. Many other species of animal also eat pinyon nuts, without dispersing them.
629:
600:
596:
466:
These additional
Mexican species are also related, and mostly called pinyons:
316:
267:
243:
105:
1279:
1091:
Dutcher, B.H. (October 1893). "Piñon
Gathering among the Panamint Indians".
571:
1061:
1004:
971:
891:
839:
1167:"Cool Bug Facts: The Pinyon and The Engraver (U.S. National Park Service)"
17:
1274:
1244:
731:"Influence of Pinyon Pine Trees on Soil Chemical and Physical Properties"
576:
520:
507:
species of the high mountains of the southwestern United States, and the
282:
247:
145:
1077:
1020:
989:
697:
288:
Some of the species are known to hybridize, the most notable ones being
934:
883:
796:
210:
135:
125:
115:
1112:
615:
1062:"Two Nineteenth-Century Reports of Great Basin Subsistence Practices"
689:
1217:
926:
875:
788:
373:
A forest of two-needle piñons in Grand Canyon
National Park, Arizona
327:
The evolutionary origins of the piñons appear to coincide with the
614:
379:
368:
360:
352:
344:
255:
79:
668:
Gernandt, D. S.; López, G. G.; García, S. O.; Liston, A. (2005).
538:
The pinyon has likely been a source of food since the arrival of
532:
239:
155:
1221:
270:
common in Spain, which also produces edible nuts typical of
242:
group grows in southwestern North
America, especially in
1153:
http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/ethnic-foods/10473/2
1214:
Images of the cones of all the pinyons and allied pines
357:
Range of the three subspecies of the single-leaf pinyon
1151:
Jeffers, pp. 195–196; "Piñon nuts, roasted (Navajo)",
266:, a name used for both the American varieties and the
246:, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah. The trees yield edible
1140:
http://mojavedesert.net/plant-use/pinyon-juniper.html
1036:"Piñon PIne Seed Production, Collection, and Storage"
1230:
1353:Crops originating from Pre-Columbian North America
1066:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology
1009:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology
977:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology
712:"Chiminea Woods: Pinon, Apple, and Hickory—Oh My!"
1127:http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pimo.pdf
603:could store them for two or three years in pits.
511:of Asia are closely related to the pinyon pines.
1003:Hildebrandt, William R.; Ruby, Allika (2006).
8:
1343:Crops originating from indigenous Americans
1218:
40:
31:
1138:"Indian Use of Pinyon-Juniper Woodlands"
523:" or "piñóns", are an important food for
1328:Flora of the South-Central United States
949:"Piñon Nuts: The Manna of the Mountains"
519:The seeds of the pinyon pine, known as "
1333:Flora of the Southwestern United States
1323:Flora of the Northwestern United States
755:10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400010023x
735:Soil Science Society of America Journal
660:
1358:Plants used in Native American cuisine
515:Piñon seeds in Native American cuisine
557:The suitability of pinyon seeds as a
442:– two-needle piñon or Colorado pinyon
7:
1348:Crops originating from North America
434:– Texas pinyon or papershell pinyon
262:. The name comes from the Spanish
25:
670:"Phylogeny and classification of
1194:
1125:"Singleleaf Pinyon", USDA/NRCS,
566:Traditional method of harvesting
66:
527:living in the mountains of the
1388:Garden plants of North America
1041:. United States Forest Service
1:
832:10.1126/science.228.4703.1089
250:, which are a staple food of
1318:Flora of Northwestern Mexico
1313:Flora of Northeastern Mexico
1105:10.1525/aa.1893.6.4.02a00040
729:Barth, R.C. (January 1980).
412:– Johann's pinyon (includes
1419:
1368:Non-timber forest products
1303:Pinus taxa by common names
1212:Arboretum de Villardebelle
611:Relationship with wildlife
338:
1383:Trees of Northern America
1266:Pinus subsect. Cembroides
1201:Pinus subsect. Cembroides
970:Simms, Steven R. (1985).
634:Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus
458:– Parry pinyon (includes
222:
217:
63:Scientific classification
61:
48:
39:
34:
1378:Trees of the Great Basin
1338:Flora of the Great Basin
546:and American Southwest (
529:North American Southwest
276:pinyon–juniper woodlands
258:and as an ingredient in
254:, and widely eaten as a
1363:Native American culture
1173:. National Park Service
1155:, accessed 30 July 2015
1093:American Anthropologist
1393:Drought-tolerant trees
1142:, accessed 30 Jul 2015
1129:, accessed 30 Jul 2015
625:
374:
366:
358:
350:
307:The two-needle piñon (
1308:Edible nuts and seeds
1060:Rhode, David (1988).
618:
372:
364:
356:
348:
341:List of Pinus species
272:Mediterranean cuisine
1034:Jeffers, Richard M.
570:In 1878, naturalist
488:Pinus maximartinezii
450:– single-leaf pinyon
323:Evolutionary history
49:Single-leaf pinyon (
1207:Pine classification
951:. Mother Earth News
919:1991Ecol...72.1685B
824:1985Sci...228.1089W
818:(4703): 1089–1091.
747:1980SSASJ..44..112B
260:New Mexican cuisine
642:Clark's nutcracker
626:
475:– Rzedowski's pine
375:
367:
359:
351:
311:) is the official
1403:Plant subsections
1290:
1289:
1224:Taxon identifiers
777:Systematic Botany
531:. All species of
499:– Nelson's pinyon
491:– big-cone pinyon
455:Pinus quadrifolia
423:Pinus culminicola
401:Pinus orizabensis
229:
228:
213:
27:Group of conifers
16:(Redirected from
1410:
1398:Ornamental trees
1283:
1282:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1235:
1219:
1199:Data related to
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993:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
945:
939:
938:
913:(5): 1685–1697.
902:
896:
895:
858:
852:
851:
807:
801:
800:
772:
766:
765:
763:
761:
726:
720:
719:
714:. Archived from
708:
702:
701:
690:10.2307/25065300
665:
525:American Indians
505:bristlecone pine
483:– weeping pinyon
472:Pinus rzedowskii
447:Pinus monophylla
418:– border pinyon)
404:– Orizaba pinyon
396:– Mexican pinyon
393:Pinus cembroides
329:Laramide Orogeny
252:Native Americans
209:
188:
71:
70:
51:Pinus monophylla
44:
32:
21:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1411:
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1233:
1226:
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1176:
1174:
1165:Greene, David.
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1146:
1137:
1133:
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1120:
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1001:
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927:10.2307/1940968
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876:10.2307/2409704
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789:10.2307/2419064
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723:
710:
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705:
667:
666:
662:
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613:
579:people) in the
568:
517:
426:– Potosi pinyon
343:
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208:
186:
65:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1203:at Wikispecies
1190:
1189:External links
1187:
1185:
1184:
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1118:
1099:(4): 377–380.
1083:
1072:(2): 156–157.
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1026:
995:
984:(2): 166–167.
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940:
897:
870:(4): 989–999.
853:
802:
767:
741:(1): 112–114.
721:
718:on 2014-02-24.
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659:
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612:
609:
581:Panamint Range
567:
564:
516:
513:
509:lacebark pines
501:
500:
496:Pinus nelsonii
492:
484:
480:Pinus pinceana
476:
464:
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460:P. juarezensis
451:
443:
435:
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419:
409:Pinus johannis
405:
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290:P. quadrifolia
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593:Pueblo people
588:
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545:
541:
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363:
355:
347:
342:
334:
332:
330:
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305:
303:
302:P. monophylla
299:
295:
294:P. monophylla
291:
286:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:pino piñonero
261:
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117:
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107:
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98:
97:
94:
93:Tracheophytes
91:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
69:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
35:Pinyon pines
33:
30:
19:
1231:
1175:. Retrieved
1170:
1160:
1147:
1134:
1121:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1043:. Retrieved
1029:
1015:(1): 11–32.
1012:
1008:
998:
981:
975:
965:
953:. Retrieved
943:
910:
906:
900:
867:
863:
856:
815:
811:
805:
783:(1): 42–66.
780:
776:
770:
758:. Retrieved
738:
734:
724:
716:the original
706:
681:
677:
671:
663:
649:Ips confusus
647:
646:
633:
627:
621:Ips confusus
619:
605:
589:
585:Death Valley
583:overlooking
569:
556:
548:Oasisamerica
540:Homo sapiens
539:
537:
518:
502:
494:
486:
478:
470:
465:
459:
453:
445:
439:Pinus edulis
437:
431:Pinus remota
429:
421:
413:
407:
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391:
384:
378:
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326:
309:Pinus edulis
308:
306:
301:
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293:
289:
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280:
263:
236:
232:
230:
223:
204:
200:
199:
196:Subsection:
184:
172:
168:
156:
106:Gymnospermae
99:
86:
54:
50:
29:
1260:Wikispecies
1177:18 February
1171:www.nps.gov
638:Mexican jay
559:staple food
544:Great Basin
415:P. discolor
383:subsection
1297:Categories
1236:Cembroides
656:References
630:pinyon jay
601:New Mexico
599:valley of
597:Rio Grande
503:The three
385:Cembroides
339:See also:
317:New Mexico
313:state tree
268:stone pine
244:New Mexico
224:See text.
205:Cembroides
164:Subgenus:
112:Division:
55:monophylla
18:Piñon pine
1280:100351745
864:Evolution
684:(1): 42.
572:John Muir
521:pine nuts
298:P. edulis
283:chimeneas
203:subsect.
180:Section:
126:Pinopsida
116:Pinophyta
76:Kingdom:
1275:Tropicos
1251:Q1476258
1245:Wikidata
1234:subsect.
1078:27825342
1021:27825820
990:27825234
892:28564059
848:19048182
840:17737904
760:6 August
698:25065300
577:Timbisha
218:Species
146:Pinaceae
142:Family:
1045:30 July
955:29 July
935:1940968
915:Bibcode
907:Ecology
884:2409704
820:Bibcode
812:Science
797:2419064
743:Bibcode
595:of the
552:Ice Age
542:in the
335:Species
211:Engelm.
173:Strobus
152:Genus:
136:Pinales
132:Order:
122:Class:
80:Plantae
53:subsp.
1232:Pinus
1113:658889
1111:
1076:
1019:
988:
933:
890:
882:
846:
838:
795:
696:
296:, and
233:pinyon
189:Parrya
171:subg.
1373:Pinus
1109:JSTOR
1074:JSTOR
1039:(PDF)
1017:JSTOR
986:JSTOR
931:JSTOR
880:JSTOR
844:S2CID
793:JSTOR
694:JSTOR
678:Taxon
672:Pinus
380:Pinus
300:with
292:with
256:snack
237:piñon
187:sect.
157:Pinus
100:Clade
87:Clade
1179:2024
1047:2015
957:2015
888:PMID
836:PMID
762:2012
628:The
533:pine
248:nuts
240:pine
231:The
1101:doi
923:doi
872:doi
828:doi
816:228
785:doi
751:doi
686:doi
387:):
315:of
235:or
185:P.
1299::
1277::
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1107:.
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1070:10
1068:.
1064:.
1013:26
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462:).
331:.
319:.
304:.
278:.
201:P.
169:P.
102::
89::
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1103::
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