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The Sonata unfolds in approximately 30 minutes of unbroken music. While its distinct movements are rolled into one, the entire work is encompassed within an overarching sonata form — exposition, development, and recapitulation. Liszt effectively composed a sonata within a sonata, which is part of the
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of contrapuntal skill which leads to the compressed return of the opening material. Calling upon every intellectual resource and fully exploiting the pianist's technical arsenal, it is at this point where a performer's concentration might wane. Each of the sections are examples of
Classical forms,
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referred to it as "an invitation to hissing and stomping". It took a long time for the Sonata to become commonplace in concert repertoire, because of its technical difficulty and negative initial reception due to its status as "new" music. However by the early stages of the twentieth century, the
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Some analyses suggest that the Sonata has four movements although there is no gap between them. Superimposed upon the four movements is a large sonata form structure, although the precise beginnings and endings of the traditional development and recapitulation sections have long been a topic of
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No other work of Liszt's has attracted anywhere near the amount of scholarly attention paid to the Sonata in B minor. It has provoked a wide range of divergent theories from those of its admirers who feel compelled to search for hidden meanings. Possibilities include:
417:, a musical piece which has two classical forms happening at the same time; one containing others. Already in 1851 Liszt experimented with a non-programmatic "four-movements-in-one" form in an extended work for piano solo called
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motif in the left hand. A dialogue ensues, with mounting energy, until reaching the noble
Grandioso material in D major. Liszt transforms the "marcato" motif into a lyrical melody later. The slow movement, an
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work's uniqueness, and he was economical with his thematic material. The first page contains three motive ideas that provide the basis for nearly all that follows, with the ideas being transformed throughout.
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Walker claims the quiet ending of the Sonata was an afterthought; the original manuscript contains a crossed-out ending section which would have ended the work in a loud flourish instead.
395:; full of ominous undertow. It reappears at crucial points in the work's structure. This leads immediately to a jagged, forceful motif in octaves. This is quickly followed by a hammering
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Liszt noted on the sonata's manuscript that it was completed on 2 February 1853, but he had composed an earlier version by 1849. At this point in his life, Liszt's career as a traveling
554:, a close friend of Liszt, made a two-piano arrangement of the Sonata in 1914, but it was never published in his lifetime because of rights issues. It was first published in 2004 by
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Gerard Carter, Martin Adler: Liszt Piano Sonata
Monographs. Franz Liszt's Precursor Sonata of 1849: a trial run in the Master's inner circle. Wensleydale Press, Sydney, 2011,
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63:
404:, is the centerpiece of the Sonata. This fully-fledged movement, in compound ternary form, features, in quick succession, a number of themes heard earlier in the Sonata in a
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made an orchestral arrangement of the Sonata in 1955. The arrangement has not been published and exists only in manuscript form. It was recorded in 2006 by the orchestra of
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Szasz, Tibor. “Liszt’s
Symbols for the Divine and Diabolical: Their Revelation of a Program in the B Minor Sonata.” Journal of the American Liszt Society, 15 (1984): 39–95.
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Saffle, Michael. “Liszt's Sonata in B minor: another look at the 'double function' question.” JALS: The journal of the
American Liszt Society, 11 (June 1982): 28–39.
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debate. Others claim a three-movement form, a one-movement structure, and a rotational three-movement work with a double exposition and recapitulation.
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piece had become established as a pinnacle of Liszt's repertoire and has been a popularly performed and extensively analyzed piece ever since.
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The Sonata is a musical portrait of the Faust legend, with "Faust," "Gretchen," and "Mephistopheles" themes symbolizing the main characters.
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Leipzig: Friedrich
Hofmeister Verlag, FH 2487, Sonate in h-moll, 2014, (Editor/Arranger – Johann Sebastian Paetsch), ISMN: 9790203424871
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Ott, Bertrand. “An interpretation of Liszt's Sonata in B minor.” JALS: The journal of the
American Liszt Society, 10 (Dec 1981): 30–38.
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1012:"J'ai envie de faire aussi un arrangement de la Sonate de Liszt pour deux pianos, arrangement annoncé et jamais réalisé par l'auteur."
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958:, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989, p. 156. This is in the middle of an extensive analysis of the sonata, pp. 149–57.)
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and he was living a comfortable lifestyle, composing, and occasionally performing, entirely by choice rather than necessity.
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had almost entirely subsided, as he had been influenced towards leading the life of a composer rather than a performer by
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An orchestrated version of the lyrical parts of the Sonata appears in the 1960 Hollywood film of Liszt's life called
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reputedly fell asleep when Liszt performed the work in 1853, and it was also criticized by the pianist and composer
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The Sonata is autobiographical; its musical contrasts spring from the conflicts within Liszt's own personality.
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The Sonata was published by
Breitkopf & Härtel in 1854 and first performed on 27 January 1857 in Berlin by
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273:(published 1839) to Liszt. A copy of the work arrived at Schumann's house in May 1854, after he had entered
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The Sonata has no programmatic allusions; it is a piece of "expressive form" with no meaning beyond itself.
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Page 25 of the manuscript. The large section crossed out in red contains the original loud ending.
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1182:"The Power of Performance as an Alternative Analytical Discourse: The Liszt Sonata in B Minor"
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did not perform the Sonata despite her marriage to Robert
Schumann; according to scholar
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Heinz
Roemheld orchestrated the Sonata which is heard on some 1930s movies, including
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The Sonata is a standard of the piano repertoire. Recordings include performances by
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in Paris, edited by Sabrina Teller Ratner. According to a letter from Saint-Saëns to
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The Sonata is about the divine and the diabolical; it is based on the Bible and on
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Longyear, R.M. “Liszt's B minor Sonata: Precedents for a structural analysis.”
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of thematic economy. The final recapitulatory section is launched by a driving
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682:. The original performances used an orchestral transcription of the Sonata by
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697:. Other transcriptions for organ exist also, including one by Nathan Laube.
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There is also a transcription of the Sonata for solo cello made by cellist
1156:. A history of the sonata idea / William S. Newman. New York, NY: Norton.
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who said "anyone who has heard it and finds it beautiful is beyond help".
1238:
Franz Liszt's Piano Sonata in B Minor: Context, Analysis and Hermeneutics
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There is an orchestrated excerpt version of the Sonata in the 1952 film
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Franz Liszt's Sonata Narratives: Large-Scale Forms at the Weimar Court
227:. It was completed in 1853 and published in 1854 with a dedication to
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1045:, Royal Opera House performance database. Retrieved 16 January 2021
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429:, shows a thematic relationship to both the Sonata and the later
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686:. In 1968 the Royal Ballet commissioned a new arrangement, by
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which means that this piece is one of the first instances of
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Longyear, R.M. “The Text of Liszt’s B Minor Piano Sonata.”
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almost five years earlier. Liszt's life was established in
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An organ transcription of the Sonata was made in 1984 by
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on April 5, 1855. Otto Gumprecht of the German newspaper
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Fantasy on Themes from Mozart's Figaro and Don Giovanni
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Franz Liszt International Piano Competition (Budapest)
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An arrangement for string quartet was made in 2021 by
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Paris: Édition Durand, 2004. Plate D.& F.15316.
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1078:"The B Minor Sonata Revisited: Deciphering Liszt"
313:following a private performance of the piece by
1258:(Thesis). Belfast: Queen's University Belfast.
1241:(Thesis). Belfast: Queen's University Belfast.
1152:Newman, William S.; Newman, William S. (1983).
1148:, Vol. 60, No. 3 (Jul., 1974), pp. 435–50.
766:Klaviersonate h-moll. Faksimile der Handschrift
1022:Cologne: Avi-Service, 2008. LC 15080 (booklet)
1312:
391:The first theme is a descending scale marked
269:, in return for Schumann's dedication of his
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2081:International Franz Liszt Piano Competition
880:Grove Music Online (Subscriber only access)
309:. However, the Sonata drew enthusiasm from
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1115:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
35:
18:
1292:Attempts to decipher the symbolic content
1282:International Music Score Library Project
876:"Liszt, Franz, §17: B minor Piano Sonata"
721:International Music Score Library Project
1287:Recording of this Sonata by Alberto Cobo
1220:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
1218:Franz Liszt: The Weimar years, 1848-1861
956:Franz Liszt: The Weimar Years, 1848–1861
704:in 2013. This has been published by the
570:Hochschule fĂĽr Musik Franz Liszt, Weimar
2149:
859:Liszt, Franz, §17: B minor Piano Sonata
782:Oxford Music Online; Grove Music Online
776:
774:
768:. Henle, MĂĽnchen, revised edition 2015.
731:
2104:University of Music Franz Liszt Weimar
2071:Liszthaus Raiding (Liszt's birthplace)
1141:, 34, no. 3–4 (Aug–Nov 1973): 198–209.
654:" is danced near the end of the film.
591:for the label Hungaroton (HCD 32634).
187:
1410:The Bells of the Strasbourg Cathedral
356:The Sonata is an allegory set in the
285:she found it "merely a blind noise".
7:
999:
988:
780:Walker, Alan et al. "Liszt, Franz."
660:used the Sonata for his 1963 ballet
16:Composition for piano by Franz Liszt
1693:Harmonies poétiques et religieuses
578:North Hungarian Symphony Orchestra
41:Part of page 11 from the original
14:
277:sanatorium. Pianist and composer
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2117:
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1650:Variation on a Waltz by Diabelli
1109:Hamilton, Kenneth (1996-08-28).
840:Hamilton (1996), p. ix (preface)
618:serials (1936) (Chapters 6–13),
188:Problems playing this file? See
167:
1890:Hans Bronsart von Schellendorff
1449:Ce qu'on entend sur la montagne
576:conducting, and in 2009 by the
1054:Audite, label No. Audite20.009
1032:Nureyev: Marguerite and Armand
715:. It is available on the page
1:
256:Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein
2076:Franz Liszt Academy of Music
650:where the ballet scene for "
265:The Sonata was dedicated to
2175:Compositions by Franz Liszt
1180:Tanner, Mark (2000-10-01).
967:
900:Ott (1981); Whitelaw (2017)
764:Mária Eckhardt, preface to
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1631:Morceau de salon, Ab Irato
1625:Grandes Ă©tudes de Paganini
1154:The sonata since Beethoven
927:
271:Fantasie in C major, Op.17
2112:
1833:RĂ©miniscences de Don Juan
1334:
882:. Oxford University Press
804:Walker (1989), pp. 156–57
676:The Lady of the Camellias
100:27 January 1857
34:
26:
1456:Tasso: lamento e trionfo
1416:Slavimo slavno, Slaveni!
1254:Whitelaw, Bryan (2021).
1235:Whitelaw, Bryan (2017).
1121:10.1017/cbo9780511620133
1112:Liszt: Sonata in B Minor
702:Johann Sebastian Paetsch
2190:Compositions in B minor
2025:Agnes Street-Klindworth
1773:Grand galop chromatique
1759:Bagatelle sans tonalité
1278:Piano Sonata in B minor
1043:"Marguerite and Armand"
863:(subscription required)
861:at Oxford Music Online
785:(subscription required)
717:Piano Sonata in B minor
643:Hans Christian Andersen
614:(1935), as well as the
219:, is a single movement
2195:Music with dedications
1711:Sarabande and Chaconne
1536:Other orchestral works
849:Walker (1989), p. 229
822:Walker (1989), p. 157
813:Hamilton (1996), p. 58
706:Hofmeister Musikverlag
626:Mars Attacks the World
375:
247:
210:
156:
2015:William Hall Sherwood
1910:Élie-Miriam Delaborde
1618:Transcendental Études
1146:The Musical Quarterly
1076:Brown, David (2003).
831:Walker (1989), p. 413
795:Walker (1989), p. 156
738:Walker (1989), p. 150
680:Alexandre Dumas, fils
663:Marguerite and Armand
373:
297:. It was attacked by
242:
155:
1970:José Vianna da Motta
1965:Sebastian Bach Mills
1787:Hungarian Rhapsodies
1724:Dem Andenken Petőfis
1656:Années de pèlerinage
1637:Three Concert Études
1594:Piano Concerto No. 3
1589:Piano Concerto No. 2
1584:Piano Concerto No. 1
1337:List of compositions
465:Khatia Buniatishvili
439:Notable performances
420:Grosses Concert-Solo
415:Double-function form
212:Klaviersonate h-moll
1808:Rhapsodie espagnole
1801:Rondeau fantastique
1794:Glanes de Woronince
1570:Piano and orchestra
552:Camille Saint-Saëns
426:Concerto pathétique
2099:Lisztomania (song)
1738:La lugubre gondola
1644:Two Concert Études
1429:Les quatre élémens
1186:19th-Century Music
652:The Little Mermaid
621:Werewolf of London
529:Benjamin Grosvenor
493:Sviatoslav Richter
376:
248:
157:
2185:1853 compositions
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2010:Giovanni Sgambati
1825:Opera paraphrases
1706:Sonata in B minor
1578:Hungarian Fantasy
1163:978-0-393-95290-2
1130:978-0-521-46963-0
1082:The Musical Times
942:Winklhofer (1980)
753:978-3-8442-0842-9
600:(1934), starring
525:Krystian Zimerman
497:Arthur Rubinstein
481:Vladimir Horowitz
445:Nicholas Angelich
402:Andante sostenuto
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163:Sonata in B Minor
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1920:Arthur Friedheim
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1670:Feuilles d'album
1560:Mephisto Waltzes
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634:Song Without End
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489:Maurizio Pollini
307:Anton Rubinstein
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315:Karl Klindworth
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668:Margot Fonteyn
666:, created for
560:Jacques Durand
556:Édition Durand
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533:Hung-Kuan Chen
477:Hélène Grimaud
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432:Faust Symphony
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1402:Choral works
1390:
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1214:Walker, Alan
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1070:Bibliography
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1027:
1018:
1006:
995:
984:
975:
963:
955:
947:
928:Brown (2003)
923:
918:Szász (1984)
914:
909:Raabe (1931)
905:
896:
884:. Retrieved
879:
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734:
713:Louis Sauter
710:
708:in Leipzig.
699:
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688:Gordon Jacob
674:, based on "
661:
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632:
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625:
624:(1936), and
619:
616:Flash Gordon
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547:Arrangements
513:Tamás Vásáry
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221:piano sonata
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199:Piano Sonata
198:
196:
22:Piano Sonata
2094:(1975 film)
2092:Lisztomania
2030:Karl Tausig
1731:Nuages gris
1392:Sardanapalo
1368:Lisztomania
1328:Franz Liszt
952:Alan Walker
606:Bela Lugosi
585: [
521:André Watts
501:Van Cliburn
473:Emil Gilels
461:Jorge Bolet
345:John Milton
283:Alan Walker
244:Franz Liszt
225:Franz Liszt
179:Jorge Bolet
29:Franz Liszt
2169:Categories
2055:GĂ©za Zichy
1865:(daughter)
1857:Adam Liszt
1610:Solo piano
1526:Die Ideale
1491:Festklänge
1477:Prometheus
1422:Via crucis
1385:Don Sanche
1356:Late works
1264:1295151678
1247:1179460949
727:References
648:Danny Kaye
566:LeĂł Weiner
541:Igor Levit
485:Paul Lewis
457:Emanuel Ax
393:sotto voce
190:media help
104:1857-01-27
86:Dedication
1600:Totentanz
1206:0148-2076
1102:0027-4666
646:starring
611:The Raven
517:Yuja Wang
289:Reception
140:Movements
117:Published
96:Performed
60:Catalogue
2122:Category
1859:(father)
1554:Symphony
1546:Symphony
1505:Hungaria
1216:(1989).
970:, p. 375
628:(1938).
505:Yundi Li
379:Analysis
275:Endenich
252:virtuoso
132:Duration
70:Composed
2064:Related
1915:Amy Fay
1780:Csárdás
1484:Mazeppa
1470:Orpheus
886:22 July
397:marcato
235:History
203:B minor
135:30 min.
122: (
102: (
75: (
54:B minor
2145:Portal
1873:Pupils
1850:Family
1665:Sonata
1512:Hamlet
1377:Operas
1262:
1245:
1224:
1204:
1160:
1127:
1100:
930:, p. 6
751:
580:under
410:fugato
260:Weimar
207:German
110:Berlin
2132:Audio
1663:Dante
1552:Dante
1544:Faust
1344:Music
678:" by
589:]
572:with
328:Music
217:S.178
81:–1853
64:S.178
1260:OCLC
1243:OCLC
1222:ISBN
1202:ISSN
1158:ISBN
1125:ISBN
1098:ISSN
888:2017
749:ISBN
670:and
604:and
539:and
197:The
124:1854
120:1854
77:1842
73:1842
1194:doi
1117:doi
1090:doi
1086:144
447:,
347:'s
223:by
215:),
201:in
50:Key
27:by
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1080:.
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535:,
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1196::
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205:(
192:.
143:1
126:)
106:)
79:)
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