1737:. A massive plate is advantageous. Since the strings vibrate from the plate at both ends, an insufficiently massive plate would absorb too much of the vibrational energy that should go through the bridge to the soundboard. While some manufacturers use cast steel in their plates, most prefer cast iron. Cast iron is easy to cast and machine, has flexibility sufficient for piano use, is much more resistant to deformation than steel, and is especially tolerant of compression. Plate casting is an art, since dimensions are crucial and the iron shrinks about one percent during cooling. Including an extremely large piece of metal in a piano is potentially an aesthetic handicap. Piano makers overcome this by polishing, painting, and decorating the plate. Plates often include the manufacturer's ornamental medallion.
1650:. Some electronic feature-equipped pianos such as the Yamaha Disklavier electronic player piano, introduced in 1987, are outfitted with electronic sensors for recording and electromechanical solenoids for player piano-style playback. Sensors record the movements of the keys, hammers, and pedals during a performance, and the system saves the performance data as a Standard MIDI File (SMF). On playback, the solenoids move the keys and pedals and thus reproduce the original performance. Modern Disklaviers typically include an array of electronic features, such as a built-in tone generator for playing back MIDI accompaniment tracks, speakers, MIDI connectivity that supports communication with computing devices and external MIDI instruments, additional ports for audio and
2194:). The hammer roller then lifts the lever carrying the hammer. The key also raises the damper; and immediately after the hammer strikes the wire it falls back, allowing the wire to resonate and thus produce sound. When the key is released the damper falls back onto the strings, stopping the wire from vibrating, and thus stopping the sound. The vibrating piano strings themselves are not very loud, but their vibrations are transmitted to a large soundboard that moves air and thus converts the energy to sound. The irregular shape and off-center placement of the bridge ensure that the soundboard vibrates strongly at all frequencies. The raised damper allows the note to sound until the key (or sustain pedal) is released.
1719:), which must endure years of extreme tension and hard blows, are made of high carbon steel. They are manufactured to vary as little as possible in diameter, since all deviations from uniformity introduce tonal distortion. The bass strings of a piano are made of a steel core wrapped with copper wire, to increase their mass whilst retaining flexibility. If all strings throughout the piano's compass were individual (monochord), the massive bass strings would overpower the upper ranges. Makers compensate for this with the use of double (bichord) strings in the tenor and triple (trichord) strings throughout the treble.
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tremolo feel by bouncing a set of small beads dangling against the strings, enabling the piano to mimic a mandolin, guitar, banjo, zither and harp, thus the name
Orchestral. The Mandolin pedal used a similar approach, lowering a set of felt strips with metal rings in between the hammers and the strings (aka rinky-tink effect). This extended the life of the hammers when the Orch pedal was used, a good idea for practicing, and created an echo-like sound that mimicked playing in an orchestral hall.
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2159:. There are two types of pedal piano. On one, the pedal board is an integral part of the instrument, using the same strings and mechanism as the manual keyboard. The other, rarer type, consists of two independent pianos (each with separate mechanics and strings) placed one above the otherâone for the hands and one for the feet. This was developed primarily as a practice instrument for organists, though there is a small repertoire written specifically for the instrument.
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pitch. The hammers of pianos are voiced to compensate for gradual hardening of the felt, and other parts also need periodic regulation. Pianos need regular maintenance to ensure the felt hammers and key mechanisms are functioning properly. Aged and worn pianos can be rebuilt or reconditioned by piano rebuilders. Strings eventually must be replaced. Often, by replacing a great number of their parts, and adjusting them, old instruments can perform as well as new pianos.
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1944:(19 February 1863 â 20 October 1931). The lower keyboard has the usual 88 keys, whilst the upper keyboard has 76 keys. When the upper keyboard is played, an internal mechanism pulls down the corresponding key on the lower keyboard, but an octave higher. This lets a pianist reach two octaves with one hand, impossible on a conventional piano. Due to its double keyboard, musical works that were originally created for double-manual harpsichord, such as the
1657:(I/O), and Internet connectivity. Disklaviers have been manufactured in the form of upright, baby grand, and grand piano styles (including a nine-foot concert grand). Reproducing systems have ranged from relatively simple, playback-only models to professional models that can record performance data at resolutions that exceed the limits of normal MIDI data. The unit mounted under the keyboard of the piano can play MIDI or audio software on its CD.
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1173:, the frame and strings are horizontal, with the strings extending away from the keyboard. The action lies beneath the strings and uses gravity as its means of return to a state of rest. Grand pianos range in length from approximately 1.5â3 m (4 ft 11 in â 9 ft 10 in). Some of the lengths have been given more-or-less customary names, which vary from time to time and place to place, but might include:
1377:, present in some contemporary art music from the 20th and 21st century is a piano which has objects placed inside it to alter its sound, or has had its mechanism changed in some other way. The scores for music for prepared piano specify the modifications, for example, instructing the pianist to insert pieces of rubber, paper, metal screws, or washers in between the strings. These objects mute the strings or alter their timbre.
1247:, and upright models became the most popular model for domestic use. Upright pianos took less space than a grand piano, and as such they were a better size for use in private homes for domestic music-making and practice. The hammers move horizontally, and return to their resting position via springs, which are susceptible to degradation. Upright pianos with unusually tall frames and long strings were sometimes marketed as
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harpsichord produces a sufficiently loud sound, especially when a coupler joins each key to both manuals of a two-manual harpsichord, but it offers no dynamic or expressive control over individual notes. The piano in some sense offers the best of both of the older instruments, combining the ability to play at least as loudly as a harpsichord with the ability to continuously vary dynamics by touch.
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1699:, the Austrian manufacturer of high-quality pianos, constructs their inner rims from solid spruce, the same wood that the soundboard is made from, which is notched to allow it to bend; rather than isolating the rim from vibration, their "resonance case principle" allows the framework to resonate more freely with the soundboard, creating additional coloration and complexity of the overall sound.
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647:, which lifts all the dampers from the strings simultaneously. This innovation allows the pianist to sustain the notes that they have depressed even after their fingers are no longer pressing down the keys. As such, by holding a chord with the sustain pedal, pianists can relocate their hands to a different register of the keyboard in preparation for a subsequent section.
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1954:, become much easier to play, since playing on a conventional single keyboard piano involves complex and hand-tangling cross-hand movements. The design also features a special fourth pedal that couples the lower and upper keyboard, so when playing on the lower keyboard the note one octave higher also plays. Only about 60 EmĂĄnuel MoĂłr Pianofortes were made, mostly by
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contributed to this evolution and to the growth of distinct approaches or schools of piano playing. Although technique is often viewed as only the physical execution of a musical idea, many pedagogues and performers stress the interrelatedness of the physical and mental or emotional aspects of piano playing. Well-known approaches to piano technique include those by
2018:(from left to right, respectively), while in Europe, the standard is two pedals: the soft pedal and the sustain pedal. Most modern upright pianos also have three pedals: soft pedal, practice pedal and sustain pedal, though older or cheaper models may lack the practice pedal. In Europe the standard for upright pianos is two pedals: the soft and the sustain pedals.
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1686:, and its massiveness serves as an essentially immobile object from which the flexible soundboard can best vibrate. According to Harold A. Conklin, the purpose of a sturdy rim is so that, "... the vibrational energy will stay as much as possible in the soundboard instead of dissipating uselessly in the case parts, which are inefficient radiators of sound."
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1027:, which uses an additional fourth string in the upper two treble sections. While the hitchpins of these separately suspended Aliquot strings are raised slightly above the level of the usual tri-choir strings, they are not struck by the hammers but rather are damped by attachments of the usual dampers. Eager to copy these effects, Theodore Steinway invented
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564:, as the Keeper of the Instruments. Cristofori was an expert harpsichord maker, and was well acquainted with the body of knowledge on stringed keyboard instruments. This knowledge of keyboard mechanisms and actions helped him to develop the first pianos. It is not known exactly when Cristofori first built a piano. An inventory made by his employers, the
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1783:, for some parts of its Permafree grand action in place of cloth bushings, but abandoned the experiment in 1982 due to excessive friction and a "clicking" that developed over time; Teflon is "humidity stable" whereas the wood adjacent to the Teflon swells and shrinks with humidity changes, causing problems. More recently, the
839:, to design a piano in the harpsichord caseâthe origin of the "grand". This was achieved by about 1777. They quickly gained a reputation for the splendour and powerful tone of their instruments, with Broadwood constructing pianos that were progressively larger, louder, and more robustly constructed. They sent pianos to both
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level creates an imbalance among all the instrument's intervallic relationships. In a concert grand, however, the octave "stretch" retains harmonic balance, even when aligning treble notes to a harmonic produced from three octaves below. This lets close and widespread octaves sound pure, and produces virtually beatless
2511:, which has the ratio 3:2) to satisfy another mathematical property; in equal temperament, a fifth is tempered by narrowing it slightly, achieved by flattening its upper pitch slightly, or raising its lower pitch slightly. A temperament system is also known as a set of "bearings". Tempering an interval causes it to
2414:. If two wires adjusted to the same pitch are struck at the same time, the sound produced by one reinforces the other, and a louder combined sound of shorter duration is produced. If one wire vibrates out of synchronization with the other, they subtract from each other and produce a softer tone of longer duration.
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under different conditions (e.g., there are samples of each note being struck softly, loudly, with a sharp attack, etc.). Additional samples emulate sympathetic resonance of the strings when the sustain pedal is depressed, key release, the drop of the dampers, and simulations of techniques such as re-pedalling.
1223:. This gives the concert grand a brilliant, singing and sustaining tone qualityâone of the principal reasons that full-size grands are used in the concert hall. Smaller grands satisfy the space and cost needs of domestic use; as well, they are used in some small teaching studios and smaller performance venues.
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2953:, and many other Western musical genres. Pianos are used in soloing or melodic roles and as accompaniment instruments. As well, pianos can be played alone, with a voice or other instrument, in small groups (bands and chamber music ensembles) and large ensembles (big band or orchestra). A large number of
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in piano. Piano technique evolved during the transition from harpsichord and clavichord to fortepiano playing, and continued through the development of the modern piano. Changes in musical styles and audience preferences over the 19th and 20th century, as well as the emergence of virtuoso performers,
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The sustain pedal (or, damper pedal) is often simply called "the pedal", since it is the most frequently used. It is the rightmost pedal in the group. It lifts the dampers from all strings, sustaining played notes. In addition, it broadens the overall tone by allowing all strings, including those not
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The design of the piano hammers requires having the hammer felt be soft enough so that it will not create loud, very high harmonics that a hard hammer will cause. The hammer must be lightweight enough to move swiftly when a key is pressed; yet at the same time, it must be strong enough so that it can
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Starting in
Beethoven's later career, the fortepiano evolved into an instrument more like the modern piano of the 2000s. Modern pianos were in wide use by the late 19th century. They featured an octave range larger than the earlier fortepiano instrument, adding around 30 more keys to the instrument,
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There are also non-standard variants. On some pianos (grands and verticals), the middle pedal can be a bass sustain pedal: that is, when it is depressed, the dampers lift off the strings only in the bass section. Players use this pedal to sustain a single bass note or chord over many measures, while
2077:, or 'one string'. The effect is to soften the note as well as change the tone. In uprights this action is not possible; instead the pedal moves the hammers closer to the strings, allowing the hammers to strike with less kinetic energy. This produces a slightly softer sound, but no change in timbre.
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upright was manufactured from the mid-1930s until recent times. The low position of the hammers required the use of a "drop action" to preserve a reasonable keyboard height. Modern upright and grand pianos attained their present, 2000-era forms by the end of the 19th century. While improvements have
1083:" were arranged in a somewhat similar fashion, using evocatively shaped cases. The very tall cabinet piano was introduced about 1805 and was built through the 1840s. It had strings arranged vertically on a continuous frame with bridges extended nearly to the floor, behind the keyboard and very large
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one of his early instruments in the 1730s, but Bach did not like the instrument at that time, saying that the higher notes were too soft to allow a full dynamic range. Although this earned him some animosity from
Silbermann, the criticism was apparently heeded. Bach did approve of a later instrument
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were well developed. In a clavichord, the strings are struck by tangents, while in a harpsichord, they are mechanically plucked by quills when the performer depresses the key. Centuries of work on the mechanism of the harpsichord in particular had shown instrument builders the most effective ways to
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Pianos are heavy and powerful, yet delicate instruments. Over the years, professional piano movers have developed special techniques for transporting both grands and uprights, which prevent damage to the case and to the piano's mechanical elements. Pianos need regular tuning to keep them on correct
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of strings is strongest among notes that are harmonically related to the sounded pitches, i.e., a played 440 Hz "A" note would evoke the higher octave "A" notes, but since piano strings vibrate with a great complexity of overtones, the harmonic and inharmonic interaction is among all notes is
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in the United States. Square pianos were built in great numbers through the 1840s in Europe and the 1890s in the United States, and saw the most visible change of any type of piano: the iron-framed, over-strung squares manufactured by
Steinway & Sons were more than two-and-a-half times the size
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in 1893. These systems were used to strengthen the tone of the highest register of notes on the piano, which up until this time were viewed as being too weak-sounding. Each used more distinctly ringing, undamped vibrations of sympathetically vibrating strings to add to the tone, except the BlĂŒthner
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Several important advances included changes to the way the piano was strung. The use of a "choir" of three strings, rather than two for all but the lowest notes, enhanced the richness and complexity of the treble. The use of a Capo dâAstro bar instead of agraffes in the uppermost treble allowed the
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pedal. This pedal keeps raised any damper already raised at the moment the pedal is depressed. This makes it possible to sustain selected notes (by depressing the sostenuto pedal before those notes are released) while the player's hands are free to play additional notes (which don't sustain). This
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while offering strength sufficient to withstand the downward force of the strings. The best piano makers use quarter-sawn, defect-free spruce of close annular grain, carefully seasoning it over a long period before fabricating the soundboards. This is the identical material that is used in quality
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The thick wooden posts on the underside (grands) or back (uprights) of the piano stabilize the rim structure, and are made of softwood for stability. The requirement of structural strength, fulfilled by stout hardwood and thick metal, makes a piano heavy. Even a small upright can weigh 136 kg
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of the other strings (such as when the sustain pedal is depressed) and full pedal sets can now be replicated. The processing power of digital pianos has enabled highly realistic pianos using multi-gigabyte piano sample sets with as many as ninety recordings, each lasting many seconds, for each key
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or tuned to a lower octave's corresponding sharp overtone rather than to a theoretically correct octave. If octaves are not stretched, single octaves sound in tune, but doubleâand notably tripleâoctaves are unacceptably narrow. Stretching a small piano's octaves to match its inherent inharmonicity
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relative to whole multiples of the fundamental frequency. This results from the piano's considerable string stiffness; as a struck string decays its harmonics vibrate, not from their termination, but from a point very slightly toward the center (or more flexible part) of the string. The higher the
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firm who patented the first full iron frame for grand pianos in 1843. Composite forged metal frames were preferred by many
European makers until the American system was fully adopted by the early 20th century. The increased structural integrity of the iron frame allowed the use of thicker, tenser,
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the sound and stop the string from vibrating and making sound. This means that after striking the string, the hammer must quickly fall from (or rebound from) the strings. Moreover, the hammer must return to its rest position without bouncing violently (thus preventing notes from being re-played by
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has nine extra keys at the bass end, giving a total of 97 keys and an eight octave range. These extra keys are sometimes hidden under a small hinged lid that can cover the keys to prevent visual disorientation for pianists unfamiliar with the extra keys, or the colours of the extra white keys are
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height, allowed greater length to the bass strings and optimized the transition from unwound tenor strings to the iron or copper-wound bass strings. Over-stringing was invented by Pape during the 1820s, and first patented for use in grand pianos in the United States by Henry
Steinway Jr. in 1859.
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during the 19th century, providing entertainment through a piano soloist, or in combination with a small dance band. Just as harpsichordists had accompanied singers or dancers performing on stage, or playing for dances, pianists took up this role in the late 1700s and in the following centuries.
2515:, which is a fluctuation in perceived sound intensity due to interference between close (but unequal) pitches. The rate of beating is equal to the frequency differences of any harmonics that are present for both pitches and that coincide or nearly coincide. Piano tuners have to use their ear to "
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Introduced to Burma during the mid-19th century, the piano was quickly indigenized by court musicians and uses a novel "technique of interlocked fingering with both hands extending a single melodic line allowed for agogic embellishment, fleeting grace notes in syncopated spirals around a steady
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Wing and Son of New York offered a five-pedal piano from approximately 1893 through the 1920s. There is no mention of the company past the 1930s. Labeled left to right, the pedals are
Mandolin, Orchestra, Expression, Soft, and Forte (Sustain). The Orchestral pedal produced a sound similar to a
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Pianos can have over 12,000 individual parts, supporting six functional features: keyboard, hammers, dampers, bridge, soundboard, and strings. Many parts of a piano are made of materials selected for strength and longevity. This is especially true of the outer rim. It is most commonly made of
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in comparison to the clavichordâthe only previous keyboard instrument capable of dynamic nuance responding to the player's touch, the velocity with which the keys are pressed. While the clavichord allows expressive control of volume and sustain, it is relatively quiet even at its loudest. The
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pedal is placed leftmost in the row of pedals. In grand pianos it shifts the entire action/keyboard assembly to the right (a very few instruments have shifted left) so that the hammers hit two of the three strings for each note. In the earliest pianos whose unisons were bichords rather than
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The extra keys are added primarily for increased resonance from the associated strings; that is, they vibrate sympathetically with other strings whenever the damper pedal is depressed and thus give a fuller tone. Only a very small number of works composed for piano actually use these notes.
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In the period from about 1790 to 1860, the Mozart-era piano underwent tremendous changes that led to the modern structure of the instrument. This revolution was in response to a preference by composers and pianists for a more powerful, sustained piano sound, and made possible by the ongoing
1669:(1) frame (2) lid, front part (3) capo bar (4) damper (5) lid, back part (6) damper mechanism (7) sostenuto rail (8) pedal mechanism, rods (9, 10, 11) pedals: right (sustain/damper), middle (sostenuto), left (soft/una-corda) (12) bridge (13) hitch pin (14) frame (15) sound board (16) string
357:. The grand piano offers better sound and more precise key control, making it the preferred choice when space and budget allow. The grand piano is also considered a necessity in venues hosting skilled pianists. The upright piano is more commonly used due to its smaller size and lower cost.
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A vibrating wire subdivides itself into many parts vibrating at the same time. Each part produces a pitch of its own, called a partial. A vibrating string has one fundamental and a series of partials. The purest combination of two pitches is when one is double the frequency of the other.
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pianos, but that label is misleading. Some authors classify modern pianos according to their height and to modifications of the action that are necessary to accommodate the height. Upright pianos are generally less expensive than grand pianos. Upright pianos are widely used in churches,
890:, the double escapement action gradually became standard in grand pianos, and is still incorporated into all grand pianos currently produced in the 2000s. Other improvements of the mechanism included the use of firm felt hammer coverings instead of layered leather or cotton. Felt, which
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Console pianos, which have a compact action (shorter hammers than a large upright has), but because the console's action is above the keys rather than below them as in a spinet, a console almost always plays better than a spinet does. Console pianos are a few inches shorter than studio
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of Zumpe's wood-framed instruments from a century before. Their overwhelming popularity was due to inexpensive construction and price, although their tone and performance were limited by narrow soundboards, simple actions and string spacing that made proper hammer alignment difficult.
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he saw in 1747, and even served as an agent in selling
Silbermann's pianos. "Instrument: piano et forte genandt"âa reference to the instrument's ability to play soft and loudâwas an expression that Bach used to help sell the instrument when he was acting as Silbermann's agent in 1749.
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is an instrument patented by the
Brasted brothers of the Eavestaff Ltd. piano company in 1934. This instrument has a braceless back and a soundboard positioned below the keysâlong metal rods pull on the levers to make the hammers strike the strings. The first model, known as the
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at the base, designed to be played by the feet. The pedals may play the existing bass strings on the piano, or rarely, the pedals may have their own set of bass strings and hammer mechanisms. While the typical intended use for pedal pianos is to enable a keyboardist to practice
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1031:, which used short lengths of non-speaking wire bridged by the "aliquot" throughout much of the upper range of the piano, always in locations that caused them to vibrate sympathetically in conformity with their respective overtonesâtypically in doubled octaves and twelfths.
2519:" the tuning of a piano to make it sound in tune. This involves tuning the highest-pitched strings slightly higher and the lowest-pitched strings slightly lower than what a mathematical frequency table (in which octaves are derived by doubling the frequency) would suggest.
678:. Viennese-style pianos were built with wood frames, two strings per note, and leather-covered hammers. Some of these Viennese pianos had the opposite coloring of modern-day pianos; the natural keys were black and the accidental keys white. It was for such instruments that
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contains a wealth of information. Main article: Edwin M. Ripin, Stewart
Pollens, Philip R. Belt, Maribel Meisel, Alfons Huber, Michael Cole, Gert Hecher, Beryl Kenyon de Pascual, Cynthia Adams Hoover, Cyril Ehrlich, Edwin M. Good, Robert Winter, and J. Bradford Robinson.
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1618:), similar in concept to a pianola. The MIDI file records the physics of a note rather than its resulting sound and recreates the sounds from its physical properties (e.g., which note was struck and with what velocity). Computer based software, such as Modartt's 2006
1861:. However, since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and protected by treaty, or are illegal in some countries, makers use plastics almost exclusively. Also, ivory tends to chip more easily than plastic. Legal ivory can still be obtained in limited quantities.
2462:. Fine piano tuning carefully assesses the interaction among all notes of the chromatic scale, different for every piano, and thus requires slightly different pitches from any theoretical standard. Pianos are usually tuned to a modified version of the system called
635:, wrote an enthusiastic article about it in 1711, including a diagram of the mechanism, that was translated into German and widely distributed. Most of the next generation of piano builders started their work based on reading this article. One of these builders was
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the acoustic energy to the air. When the key is released, a damper stops the string's vibration, ending the sound. Most notes have three strings, except for the bass, which graduates from one to two. Notes can be sustained when the keys are released by the use of
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piano, there is a fourth pedal to the left of the principal three. This fourth pedal works in the same way as the soft pedal of an upright piano, moving the hammers closer to the strings. The Crown and Schubert Piano Company also produced a four-pedal piano.
2367:. Timbre is largely determined by the content of these harmonics. Different instruments have different harmonic content for the same pitch. A real string vibrates at harmonics that are not perfect multiples of the fundamental. This results in a little
1791:, and the piano parts manufacturer Wessell, Nickel and Gross has launched a new line of carefully engineered composite parts. Thus far these parts have performed reasonably, but it will take decades to know if they equal the longevity of wood.
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that disengages the keyboard from the mechanism, so the player can move the keyboard to the left or right with a lever. This shifts the entire piano action so the pianist can play music written in one key so that it sounds in a different key.
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The pinblock, which holds the tuning pins in place, is another area where toughness is important. It is made of hardwood (typically hard maple or beech), and is laminated for strength, stability and longevity. Piano strings (also called
886:) that permitted repeating a note even if the key had not yet risen to its maximum vertical position. This facilitated rapid playing of repeated notes, a musical device exploited by Liszt. When the invention became public, as revised by
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firm of Martin Miller, and a period of innovation and intense competition ensued, with rival brands of piano wire being tested against one another at international competitions, leading ultimately to the modern form of piano wire.
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partial, the further sharp it runs. Pianos with shorter and thicker string (i.e., small pianos with short string scales) have more inharmonicity. The greater the inharmonicity, the more the ear perceives it as harshness of tone.
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and rehearsals. Despite its weight and cost, the piano's versatility, extensive training of musicians, and widespread availability in venues, schools, and rehearsal spaces have made it a familiar instrument in the Western world.
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Pianos have had pedals, or some close equivalent, since the earliest days. (In the 18th century, some pianos used levers pressed upward by the player's knee instead of pedals.) Most grand pianos in the US have three pedals: the
1771:; however, since World War II, makers have also incorporated plastics. Early plastics used in some pianos in the late 1940s and 1950s, proved disastrous when they lost strength after a few decades of use. Beginning in 1961, the
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1622:, can be used to manipulate the MIDI stream in real time or subsequently to edit it. This type of software may use no samples but synthesize a sound based on aspects of the physics that went into the creation of a played note.
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in 1880 to reduce manufacturing time and costs. Previously, the rim was constructed from several pieces of solid wood, joined and veneered, and European makers used this method well into the 20th century. A modern exception,
2557:, in Classical and jazz, there are well-established piano teaching systems and institutions, including pre-college graded examinations, university, college and music conservatory diplomas and degrees, ranging from the
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Cristofori's great success was designing a stringed keyboard instrument in which the notes are struck by a hammer. The hammer must strike the string, but not remain in contact with it, because continued contact would
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accidental rebound), and it must return to a position in which it is ready to play again almost immediately after its key is depressed, so the player can repeat the same note rapidly when desired. Cristofori's piano
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Upright pianos, also called vertical pianos, are more compact due to the vertical structure of the frame and strings. The mechanical action structure of the upright piano was invented in London, England in 1826 by
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Model 'A'. From lower left to upper right: main sounding length of strings, treble bridge, duplex string length, duplex bar (nickel-plated bar parallel to bridge), hitchpins, plate strut with bearing bolt, plate
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2493:. Two different intervals are perceived as the same when the pairs of pitches involved share the same frequency ratio. The easiest intervals to identify, and the easiest intervals to tune, are those that are
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which extended the deep bass range and the high treble range. Factory mass production of upright pianos made them more affordable for a larger number of middle-class people. They appeared in music halls and
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Hardwood rims are commonly made by laminating thin, hence flexible, strips of hardwood, bending them to the desired shape immediately after the application of glue. The bent plywood system was developed by
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Anything taller than a studio piano is called an upright. (Technically, any piano with a vertically oriented soundboard could be called an upright, but that word is often reserved for the full-size models.)
959:, combining the metal hitch pin plate (1821, claimed by Broadwood on behalf of Samuel HervĂ©) and resisting bars (Thom and Allen, 1820, but also claimed by Broadwood and Ărard). Babcock later worked for the
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1574:, etc.), and MIDI interfaces. MIDI inputs and outputs connect a digital piano to other electronic instruments or musical devices. For example, a digital piano's MIDI out signal could be connected by a
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for the theoretical piano tuning). In all systems of tuning, each pitch is derived from its relationship to a chosen fixed pitch, usually the internationally recognized standard concert pitch of A
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in elementary and secondary schools, and universities and colleges. Most music classrooms and many practice rooms have a piano. Pianos are used to help teach music theory, music history and
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in 1801. This rare instrument has a lever under the keyboard to move the keyboard relative to the strings, so a pianist can play in a familiar key while the music sounds in a different key.
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627:, 1781. Earliest French grand piano known to survive; includes an inverted wrestplank and action derived from the work of Bartolomeo Cristofori (ca. 1700) with ornately decorated soundboard.
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In the 2000s, some pianos include an acoustic grand piano or upright piano combined with MIDI electronic features. Such a piano can be played acoustically, or the keyboard can be used as a
1325:. A machine perforates a performance recording into rolls of paper, and the player piano replays the performance using pneumatic devices. Modern equivalents of the player piano include the
2089:, in which a bass note is sustained while a series of chords changes over top of it, and other otherwise tricky parts. On many upright pianos, the middle pedal is called the "practice" or
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been made in manufacturing processes, and many individual details of the instrument continue to receive attention, and a small number of acoustic pianos in the 2010s are produced with
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makers similarly followed these trends; however the two schools used different piano actions: Broadwoods used a more robust action, whereas Viennese instruments were more sensitive.
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at the base of the instrument, which lift the dampers off the strings. The sustain pedal allows pianists to connect and overlay sound, and achieve expressive and colorful sonority.
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have been used since antiquity, and as such, the development of pipe organs enabled instrument builders to learn about creating keyboard mechanisms for sounding pitches. The first
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model barely rises above the keyboard. Unlike all other pianos, the spinet action is located below the keys, operated by vertical wires that are attached to the backs of the keys.
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2171:
1923:
manufactures grands and uprights with only 44 or 49 keys and a shorter distance between the keyboard and the pedals. These are true pianos with working mechanisms and strings.
1357:
The minipiano 'Pianette' model viewed with its original matching stool: the wooden flap at the front of the instrument has been dropped revealing the tuning pins at the front.
1340:
is an acoustic piano having an option to silence the strings by means of an interposing hammer bar. They are designed for private silent practice, to avoid disturbing others.
1748:
during the 1940s. Aluminum piano plates were not widely accepted, and were discontinued. Prior to this a piano made almost entirely of aluminum was placed aboard the airship
404:, and a richer tone. Later in the century, as the piano became more common, it allowed families to listen to a newly published musical piece by having a family member play a
1043:(not truly square, but rectangular) was cross strung at an extremely acute angle above the hammers, with the keyboard set along the long side. This design is attributed to
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to avoid disturbing others. Digital pianos can include sustain pedals, weighted or semi-weighted keys, multiple voice options (e.g., sampled or synthesized imitations of
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When the key is struck, a chain reaction occurs to produce the sound. First, the key raises the "wippen" mechanism, which forces the jack against the hammer roller (or
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Studio pianos are around 107 to 114 cm (42â45 in) tall. This is the shortest cabinet that can accommodate a full-sized action located above the keyboard.
3285:"The Piano: The Pianofortes of Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655â1731) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art"
4455:
Gives the basics of how pianos work, and a thorough evaluative survey of current pianos and their manufacturers. It also includes advice on buying and owning pianos.
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pedal. This drops a piece of felt between the hammers and strings, greatly muting the sounds. This pedal can be shifted while depressed, into a "locking" position.
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are proficient pianists because the piano keyboard offers an effective means of experimenting with complex melodic and harmonic interplay of chords and trying out
524:
was the first keyboard instrument to allow gradations of volume and tone according to how forcefully or softly the player presses or strikes the keys, unlike the
516:(pressure on the keys): the greater the pressure, the greater the force of the hammer hitting the strings, and the louder the sound produced and the stronger the
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family, indicates the existence of a piano by the year 1700. The three Cristofori pianos that survive today date from the 1720s. Cristofori named the instrument
1124:
Modern pianos have two basic configurations, the grand piano and the upright piano, with various styles of each. There are also specialized and novelty pianos,
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and television scoring, as the large range permits composers to try out melodies and bass lines, even if the music will be orchestrated for other instruments.
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involves adjusting the tensions of the piano's strings with a specialized wrench, thereby aligning the intervals among their tones so that the instrument is
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and speaker to produce sound (however, some electronic keyboards have a built-in amp and speaker). Alternatively, a person can play an electronic piano with
1071:
The tall, vertically strung upright grand was arranged like a grand set on end, with the soundboard and bridges above the keys, and tuning pins below them. "
894:
was the first to use in pianos in 1826, was a more consistent material, permitting wider dynamic ranges as hammer weights and string tension increased. The
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builder. Silbermann's pianos were virtually direct copies of Cristofori's, with one important addition: Silbermann invented the forerunner of the modern
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1306:, introduced in the 19th century, is a small piano-like instrument, that generally uses round metal rods to produce sound, rather than strings. The US
1256:, schools, music conservatories and university music programs as rehearsal and practice instruments, and they are popular models for in-home purchase.
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6016:
1506:. In classical music, electric pianos are mainly used as inexpensive rehearsal or practice instruments. However, electric pianos, particularly the
5755:
5722:
3409:
Petersen, Sonja (2013). "Craftsmen-Turned-Scientists? The Circulation of Explicit and Working Knowledge in Musical-Instrument Making, 1880â1960".
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hammers to strike the strings in their optimal position, greatly increasing that area's power. The implementation of over-stringing (also called
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Cristofori's early instruments were made with thin strings, and were much quieter than the modern piano, but they were much louder and with more
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and choir conductors often learn the piano, as it is an excellent instrument for learning new pieces and songs to lead in performance. Many
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of his music. The pianos of Mozart's day had a softer tone than 21st century pianos or English pianos, with less sustaining power. The term
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is an authoritative work covering the ancestry of the piano, its invention by Cristofori, and the early stages of its subsequent evolution.
972:; it was "so superior to the iron wire that the English firm soon had a monopoly." But a better steel wire was soon created in 1840 by the
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Digital, MIDI-equipped pianos can output a stream of MIDI data, or record and play MIDI format files on digital storage media (previously
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2398:) the hammer velocity changes by almost a factor of a hundred. The hammer contact time with the string shortens from 4 milliseconds at
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and speaker to produce sound (however, most digital pianos have a built-in amp and speaker). Alternatively, a person can practise with
4427:
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4408:
Pianos and Their Makers: A Comprehensive History of the Development of the Piano from the Monochord to the Concert Grand Player Piano
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that could withstand the tremendous tension of the strings. Over time, the tonal range of the piano was also increased from the five
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A Natural History of the Piano: The Instrument, the Music, the Musicians â From Mozart to Modern Jazz and Everything in Between
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In the early years of piano construction, keys were commonly made from sugar pine. In the 2010s, they are usually made of spruce or
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The Yamaha Disklavier player piano. The unit mounted under the keyboard of the piano can play MIDI or audio software on its CD.
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The mechanism and strings in upright pianos are perpendicular to the keys. The cover for the strings is removed for this photo.
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1116:-triggering capabilities, the 19th century was the era of the most dramatic innovations and modifications of the instrument.
84:
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or doing a reduction from the full score), so that they can develop their interpretation. The piano is an essential tool in
2850:" among other Queen songs, sold for ÂŁ1.7 million ($ 2.1 million), which Sotheby's state is a record for a composer's piano.
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was one of the first jazz composer-pianists to find mainstream popularity working with newer urban music techniques such as
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that can exceed 20 tons (180 kilonewtons) in a modern grand piano. The single piece cast iron frame was patented in 1825 in
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1959:
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during the 1790s, six octaves by 1810 (Beethoven used the extra notes in his later works), and seven octaves by 1820. The
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Giraffes, black dragons, and other pianos: a technological history from Cristofori to the modern concert grand (2nd ed.)
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The Visible and Invisible in Pianoforte Technique : Being a Digest of the Author's Technical Teachings Up to Date
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2371:, which gives richness to the tone but causes significant tuning challenges throughout the compass of the instrument.
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During the 19th century, American musicians playing for working-class audiences in small pubs and bars, particularly
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from the 1600s to the 1800s to account for sound quality differences between old and new instruments or to changing
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concert grand (Model D) weighs 480 kg (1,060 lb). The largest piano available on the general market, the
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1810:(that is, spruce boards glued together along the side grain). Spruce's high ratio of strength to weight minimizes
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Striking the piano key with greater velocity increases the amplitude of the waves and therefore the volume. From
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3373:. "Instrument: piano et forte genandt" an expression Bach also used when acting as Silbermann's agent in 1749."
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The New How Things Work. From Levers to Lasers, Windmills to Web Sites, A Visual guide to the World of Machines
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2454:, a specialized technician, to tune their pianos. The piano tuner uses special tools. The meaning of the term
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The Pianofortes of Bartolomeo Cristofori, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
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technology to reproduce the acoustic sound of each piano note accurately. They also must be connected to a
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One innovation that helped create the powerful sound of the modern piano was the use of a massive, strong,
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are trained in piano, because it allows them to play parts of the symphonies they are conducting (using a
2618:, composed for the fortepiano, a rather different instrument than the modern piano. Even composers of the
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1310:
recognizes the toy piano as a unique instrument with the subject designation, Toy Piano Scores: M175 T69.
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35:
1370:, was unique in that the tuning pins extended through the instrument, so it could be tuned at the front.
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1892:). Some piano manufacturers have extended the range further in one or both directions. For example, the
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construct the case, soundboard, bridge, and mechanical action for a keyboard intended to sound strings.
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Parlor grand or boudoir grand â 1.7 to 2.2 m (5 ft 7 in â 7 ft 3 in)
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210:
113:
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David R. Peterson (1994), "Acoustics of the hammered dulcimer, its history, and recent developments",
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5248:
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847:, and were the first firm to build pianos with a range of more than five octaves: five octaves and a
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1940:
has double keyboards, one lying above the other. It was invented by Hungarian composer and pianist,
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classes, and even non-pianist music professors or instructors may have a piano in their office.
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with soft and loud"). Variations in volume (loudness) are produced in response to the pianist's
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2710:, reached a broader audience by 1900. The popularity of ragtime music was quickly succeeded by
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styles of music have also appealed to composers writing for the modern grand piano, including
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1970:
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whose hammers strike strings. Modern pianos have a row of 88 black and white keys, tuned to a
46:
4215:
2340:
is the length of the string. Therefore, the only frequencies produced on a single string are
2204:
Mass per unit length: All other factors the same, the thinner the wire, the higher the pitch.
2127:
Some piano companies have included extra pedals other than the standard two or three. On the
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with struck strings. By the 17th century, the mechanisms of keyboard instruments such as the
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Piano Servicing, Tuning, and Rebuilding. For the Professional, the student, and the Hobbyist
4238:
Piano Servicing, Tuning, and Rebuilding. For the Professional, the Student, and the Hobbyist
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composed pieces combining classical techniques with his jazz experimentation. In the 1970s,
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Almost every modern piano has 52 white keys and 36 black keys for a total of 88 keys (seven
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All else being equal, longer pianos with longer strings have larger, richer sound and lower
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Piano Servicing, Tuning and Rebuilding: For the Professional, the Student, and the Hobbyist
3928:
1909:, covering nine full octaves. The extra keys are the same as the other keys in appearance.
1183:
Concert grand â between 2.2 and 3 m (7 ft 3 in â 9 ft 10 in))
1099:
because of their prominent damper mechanism. The oblique upright, popularized in France by
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The piano was the centrepiece of social life in the 19th-century upper-middle-class home (
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inside are struck by felt-coated wooden hammers. The vibrations are transmitted through a
331:
187:
31:
2674:
1853:. Spruce is typically used in high-quality pianos. Black keys were traditionally made of
4406:
2748:
music, featuring yet another style of piano rhythm, became popular during the same era.
1536:
and filters that synthesize the sound of an acoustic piano. They must be connected to a
597:
was a model for the many approaches to piano actions that followed in the next century.
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1955:
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hit strings hard when the player strikes the keys forcefully for fortissimo playing or
1696:
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1528:
are non-acoustic; they do not have strings, tines or hammers, but are a type of analog
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1137:
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now distinguishes these early instruments (and modern re-creations) from later pianos.
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428:
361:
327:
4484:
3939:
3165:
Wraight, Denzil (2006). "Recent Approaches in Understanding Cristofori's Fortepiano".
2450:. While guitar and violin players tune their own instruments, pianists usually hire a
1869:
intended to mimic the look and feel of ivory; other manufacturers have done likewise.
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in Europe. During the Middle Ages, there were several attempts at creating stringed
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3049: â instrument to guide the hands and fingers of pupils in playing on the piano
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2859:
2827:
2707:
2603:
2587:
2579:
2451:
2443:
2433:
1991:
1982:
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1503:
1337:
1318:
1113:
1040:
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675:
378:
173:
120:
4375:"Freddie Mercury: Queen star's piano and other items fetch high prices at auction"
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3974:
2839:
2073:
trichords, the action shifted so that hammers hit a single string, hence the name
4417:
4303:
4043:"World's first 108-key concert grand piano built by Australia's only piano maker"
3862:
3712:
3615:
2736:
broke new musical ground by combining American jazz piano with symphonic sounds.
2262:
of reflecting waves results in a standing wave pattern, but only for wavelengths
772:
739:
631:
Cristofori's new instrument remained relatively unknown until an Italian writer,
290:
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5671:
5623:
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4906:
3519:
Pianos and Their Makers: A Comprehensive History of the Development of the Piano
3028:
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2623:
2207:
Tension: All other factors the same, the tighter the wire, the higher the pitch.
2148:
2086:
1607:
1583:
1533:
1529:
1515:
1475:
1451:
1396:
1393:
music at home, a few players of pedal piano use it as a performance instrument.
1381:
1333:
and QRS Pianomation, using solenoids and MIDI rather than pneumatics and rolls.
1231:
1163:
867:
529:
509:
481:
469:
440:
218:
62:
4759:
4111:
2201:
Length: All other factors the same, the shorter the wire, the higher the pitch.
1630:
41:"Pianoforte" redirects here. For earliest versions of the instrument only, see
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during the late 1820s, was diagonally strung throughout its compass. The tiny
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underlying beat found in the bell and clapper time keepers", adapted to play
1407:
later constructed his quartertone "Oriental piano" with the help of Austrian
1006:
Some piano makers added variations to enhance the tone of each note, such as
985:), in which the strings are placed in two separate planes, each with its own
858:
By the 1820s, the center of piano innovation had shifted to Paris, where the
824:
of Mozart's day to the seven octave (or more) range found on today's pianos.
5965:
5922:
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5492:
5487:
5313:
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3322:
Badura-Skoda, Eva (2000). "Did J. S. Bach Compose "Pianoforte Concertos"?".
3031:, a height-adjustable bench used designed to be used while playing the piano
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2740:, a technique for accompanying jazz vocalists on piano, was exemplified by
2100:
1744:
worked with Winter and Company piano manufacturers to make pianos using an
30:
This article is about the musical instrument. For the musical dynamic, see
2533:
2049:
2040:
1897:
reversed (black instead of white). More recently, Australian manufacturer
1787:
firm built pianos with action parts made of more modern materials such as
1419:
326:
that produces sound when its keys are depressed, through engagement of an
17:
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1498:. The resulting electrical, analogue signal can then be amplified with a
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1095:
around 1815, was built into the 20th century. They are informally called
667:
339:
3343:
3237:
3178:
2428:
1039:
Some early pianos had shapes and designs that are no longer in use. The
993:
827:
Early technological progress in the late 1700s owed much to the firm of
5643:
5343:
5338:
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4866:
4107:
3927:
The "resonance case principle" is described by Bösendorfer in terms of
3714:
Local Music Scenes and Globalization: Transnational Platforms in Beirut
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2703:
2458:
in the context of piano tuning is not simply a particular fixed set of
2132:
2105:
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401:
343:
256:
3576:
2197:
There are three factors that influence the pitch of a vibrating wire.
964:
and more numerous strings. In 1834, the Webster & Horsfal firm of
255:
5534:
5203:
4975:
4911:
2176:
A pianist playing Prelude and Fugue No. 23 in B major (BWV 868) from
2120:
1873:
1807:
1611:
1571:
1400:
1261:
1104:
973:
952:
852:
821:
565:
3631:
2752:
techniques grew out of jazz, with leading composer-pianists such as
2714:. New techniques and rhythms were invented for the piano, including
2155:
so players can use their feet to play bass register notes, as on an
1969:
Pianos have been built with alternative keyboard systems, e.g., the
4727:
3560:
3547:
Grafing, Keith (1974). "Alpheus Babcock's Cast-Iron Piano Frames".
3422:
2963:
multiple, independent melody lines that are played at the same time
2541:
As with any other musical instrument, the piano may be played from
2482:
refers to a widely accepted frequency of this pitch â 440 Hz.
1550:
are also non-acoustic and do not have strings or hammers. They use
2942:
2778:
2749:
2660:
2532:
2427:
2166:
2099:
1986:
1925:
1858:
1854:
1840:
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1741:
1721:
1683:
1679:
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1282:
1230:
1154:
1062:
992:
618:
557:
539:
5932:
5830:
5733:
5592:
2938:
1733:
The plate (harp), or metal frame, of a piano is usually made of
1511:
1109:
947:, and serves as the primary bulwark against the force of string
690:, and replicas of them are built in the 21st century for use in
416:
5737:
5207:
4806:
4440:
The Piano Book: Buying and Owning a New or Used Piano (4th ed.)
3775:"161 Facts About Steinway & Sons and the Pianos They Build"
1841:
1051:
in England, and it was improved by changes first introduced by
4212:"Physics of the Piano : Piano Tuners Guild, June 5, 2000"
3216:
POLLENS, STEWART (2013). "Bartolomeo Cristofori in Florence".
3135:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. lvi.
2691:
452:
The piano was founded on earlier technological innovations in
56:
1755:
The numerous parts of a piano action are generally made from
1450:
became a popular instrument in the 1960s and 1970s genres of
943:
frame. Also called the "plate", the iron frame sits atop the
2790:
Pianos have also been used prominently in rock and roll and
1884:). Many older pianos only have 85 keys (seven octaves from A
1490:
use metal tines in place of strings and use electromagnetic
1211:
The inharmonicity of piano strings requires that octaves be
716:
658:
Piano making flourished during the late 18th century in the
269:
2702:, developed new musical genres based on the modern piano.
2497:, meaning they have a simple whole-number ratio. The term
1586:
sounds. Early digital pianos tended to lack a full set of
835:
joined with another Scot, Robert Stodart, and a Dutchman,
3317:
3315:
1191:
of the strings. Inharmonicity is the degree to which the
3025: â Musical group of piano and two other instruments
1132:
that synthesize piano-like tones using oscillators, and
400:
which gave grand pianos a more powerful sound, a longer
396:
frame (which allowed much greater string tensions), and
4670:
Piano Roles: Three Hundred Years of Life with the Piano
2258:
On the piano string, waves reflect from both ends. The
1590:
but the synthesis software of later models such as the
2652:
adjust their interpretation of historical compositions
1815:
acoustic guitar soundboards. Cheap pianos often have
1177:
Baby grand â around 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
4638:
Van Piano tot Forte (The History of the Early Piano)
4479:
is a standard reference on the history of the piano.
4012:
Fletcher, Neville Horner; Thomas D. Rossing (1998).
3051:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
5946:
5838:
5771:
5697:
5652:
5609:
5591:
5533:
5463:
5415:
5352:
5241:
5185:
5164:
5129:
5091:
5058:
5030:
4994:
4844:
4621:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
4602:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
3493:(in French). MédiathÚque de la Cité de la musique.
2058:
Notations used for the sustain pedal in sheet music
1047:, a pupil of Gottfried Silbermann, in Germany, and
247:
239:
229:
209:
202:
87:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4646:
4460:
4206:
4204:
4202:
3128:
1478:. The electric pianos that became most popular in
1148:"Grand piano" redirects here. For other uses, see
4188:. Houghton Mifflin Company, United States. 1998.
2085:can be useful for musical passages with low bass
2022:directly played, to reverberate sympathetically.
1857:, and the white keys were covered with strips of
4770:of the Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary
2485:The relationship between two pitches, called an
4508:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
4359:Boulanger, Nadia. "Sayings of Great Teachers".
3743:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
910:firm in 1874, allowed a wider range of effects.
576:with soft and loud"), abbreviated over time as
4511:(2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers.
4308:. London: Oxford University Press. p. 3.
4283:. Grove Music Online (Oxford University Press)
3592:Encyclopedia of keyboard instruments, Volume 2
3019: â Unconventional method of playing piano
1532:that simulates or imitates piano sounds using
1466:from the late 1920s used metal strings with a
866:and the Ărard firm manufactured those used by
562:Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany
5749:
5219:
4818:
4489:. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
3900:2007â2008 Annual Supplement to The Piano Book
3658:"History of the Eavestaff Pianette Minipiano"
3522:. New York, NY: Dover Publications. pp.
2933:The piano is a crucial instrument in Western
502:
494:
8:
3757:"Disklavier Pianos - Yamaha - United States"
3287:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
3102:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
2846:baby grand piano, which he used to compose "
161:
4785:Five lectures on the Acoustics of the piano
4505:Sadie, Stanley; John Tyrrell, eds. (2001).
4467:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
3832:Five Lectures on the Acoustics of the Piano
3278:
3276:
2881:compositions. Many Burmese pianists (e.g.,
2503:refers to a tuning system that tempers the
1901:created a piano with 108 keys, going from C
968:brought out a form of piano wire made from
5756:
5742:
5734:
5473:Bowed string instrument extended technique
5226:
5212:
5204:
4825:
4811:
4803:
4745:Theory and Practice of Pianoforte-Building
3127:Scholes, Percy A.; John Owen Ward (1970).
2925:, 1868). The man at the piano is composer
2553:. While some folk and blues pianists were
2151:, is a rare type of piano that includes a
2097:playing the melody in the treble section.
1711:F308, weighs 570 kg (1,260 lb).
552:The invention of the piano is credited to
4775:The Frederick Historical Piano Collection
4543:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
2889:) adopt a title from the word for piano,
2119:) has a middle pedal that functions as a
1802:In all but the lowest quality pianos the
1775:branch of the Steinway firm incorporated
1091:with vertical stringing, made popular by
384:In the nineteenth century, influenced by
147:Learn how and when to remove this message
4649:Men, Women, and Pianos: A Social History
4581:Tone Moves: A History of Piano Technique
4437:Fine, Larry; Gilbert, Douglas R (2001).
3467:
3465:
3131:The Oxford Companion to Music (10th ed.)
2916:
2706:music, popularized by composers such as
1510:, became important instruments in 1970s
5723:Category:Musical performance techniques
4762:, Association of Blind Piano Tuners, UK
4261:. Vestal Press, Lanham Maryland. 1993.
4240:. Vestal Press, Lanham Maryland. 1993.
3864:Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Wood Processing
3092:
2677:, Ravel (at piano), composer-conductor
2669:in 1928. From left to right: conductor
2665:Birthday party honoring French pianist
2080:On grand pianos, the middle pedal is a
1936:A rare variant of the piano called the
912:
570:un cimbalo di cipresso di piano e forte
349:There are two main types of piano: the
4798:Gallery of Piano Plates and Medallions
4537:Banowetz, Joseph; Elder, Dean (1985).
4443:. Jamaica Plain, MA: Brookside Press.
4053:from the original on 15 September 2018
3043: â Internal part of a grand piano
2838:, to name a few. At a 2023 auction in
1399:had a microtone piano manufactured by
789:
308:
160:
4134:"Piano with instrumental attachments"
3861:Navi, Parvis; Sandberg, Dick (2012).
3808:from the original on 24 November 2014
3777:. Steinway & Sons. Archived from
3745:(Second ed.). London: Macmillan.
3037: â Piano placed in a public area
2965:. Pianos are used by composers doing
2529:Piano history and musical performance
1958:. Other piano manufacturers, such as
1740:In an effort to make pianos lighter,
435:performances, accompaniment, and for
342:who specializes in piano is called a
7:
3698:"Stéphane Tsapis, le piano oriental"
3617:Library of Congress Subject Headings
3291:from the original on 17 October 2013
1779:, a synthetic material developed by
1486:in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the
1128:based on electromechanical designs,
804:with resources such as high-quality
85:adding citations to reliable sources
4346:The Science of Pianoforte Technique
4166:from the original on 1 October 2010
3664:from the original on 1 October 2014
1502:or electronically manipulated with
1384:is a rare type of piano that has a
670:, Germany) and the Viennese makers
492:is a shortened form of the Italian
4617:Giordano, Nicholas J. Sr. (2010).
4015:The Physics of Musical Instruments
3497:from the original on 19 April 2014
2115:(an example of which was owned by
790:Problems playing these files? See
392:adopted changes such as using the
25:
4348:. London: Macmillan. p. 162.
4140:from the original on 14 July 2011
4084:from the original on 28 June 2017
4041:King, Rosie (14 September 2018).
4022:from the original on 15 June 2015
3999:"The Hindenburg's Aluminum Piano"
3842:from the original on 19 July 2010
3638:from the original on 14 July 2014
2489:, is the ratio of their absolute
1446:(1980s) have been developed. The
1415:Electric, electronic, and digital
862:firm manufactured pianos used by
782:The same piece, on a modern piano
544:The 1726 Cristofori piano in the
5829:
5718:
5717:
4653:. New York: Dover Publications.
4333:. London: I. Pitman. p. 57.
4074:"Let's Play Two: Singular Piano"
3357:Palmieri, Bob & Meg (2003).
3001:
2048:
2039:
927:
915:
770:
737:
692:authentic-instrument performance
411:The piano is widely employed in
309:Problems playing this file? See
288:
186:
172:
61:
6017:European percussion instruments
4791:The Piano in Polish Collections
4561:The Piano Shop on the Left Bank
4540:The pianist's guide to pedaling
3965:, 2009. Accessed 12 April 2009.
1789:carbon fiber reinforced plastic
1087:. The short cottage upright or
874:invented the double escapement
468:, which were introduced in the
211:HornbostelâSachs classification
72:needs additional citations for
4422:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing.
4214:. 9 March 2003. Archived from
3836:Royal Swedish Academy of Music
3590:Palmieri, Robert, ed. (2003).
2131:pianos as well as the largest
1035:Variations in shape and design
816:for the production of massive
504:clavicembalo col piano e forte
1:
4640:(in Dutch). Kampen: Kok-Lyra.
4583:. Catalonia: Musikeon Books.
4072:Baron, James (15 July 2007).
3700:(in French). 13 October 2019.
560:, Italy, who was employed by
520:. Invented in the 1700s, the
464:with struck strings were the
360:When a key is depressed, the
4695:. Vestal, NY: Vestal Press.
4411:. Covina Publishing Company.
4279:Edwin M. Ripin; et al.
4001:. AIRSHIPS.NET. 5 June 2010.
3620:. Library of Congress. 2003.
3061:List of films about pianists
2760:. In the late 20th century,
2014:(una corda), sostenuto, and
1423:Wurlitzer 210 electric piano
1321:, which plays itself from a
1150:Grand Piano (disambiguation)
623:Grand piano by Louis Bas of
584:, and later, simply, piano.
372:that amplifies the sound by
354:
6042:Italian musical instruments
4691:Reblitz, Arthur A. (1993).
3903:. Brookside Press. p.
3066:List of piano manufacturers
2913:Social history of the piano
1966:, also manufactured a few.
1865:developed a plastic called
1661:Construction and components
899:
6063:
4760:History of the Piano Forte
4747:. New York: E. Lyman Bill.
4743:White, William H. (1909).
4716:. The Piano Encyclopedia.
4672:. New Haven, Connecticut:
4564:. New York: Random House.
3717:. Routledge. p. 262.
3711:Thomas Burkhalter (2014).
3634:. QRS Music Technologies.
3594:. Routledge. p. 437.
3549:The Galpin Society Journal
3359:The Piano: An Encyclopedia
3218:The Galpin Society Journal
3056:List of classical pianists
2910:
2869:
2808:Emerson, Lake & Palmer
2700:African-American composers
2526:
2421:
2406:to less than 2 ms at
2215:For a repeating wave, the
2104:An upright pedal piano by
1980:
1876:plus a minor third, from A
1834:
1147:
1140:of acoustic piano sounds.
1053:Guillaume-Lebrecht Petzold
997:Duplex scaling of an 1883
707:
612:
350:
40:
29:
5827:
5713:
5425:Piano extended techniques
4668:Parakilas, James (1999).
4645:Loesser, Arthur (1991) .
4483:Pollens, Stewart (1995).
4329:Harrison, Sidney (1953).
4018:. Springer. p. 374.
3867:. CRC Press. p. 46.
3071:List of piano brand names
2898:
2866:Traditional Burmese style
2183:The Well-Tempered Clavier
1845:Keyboard of a grand piano
1045:Christian Ernst Friderici
727:Comparison of piano sound
284:, first prelude of Book I
282:The Well-Tempered Clavier
254:
166:
45:. For the 1984 film, see
5662:Extended vocal technique
5465:Bowed string instruments
4794:(historical instruments)
4579:Chiantore, Luca (2019).
4416:Isacoff, Stuart (2012).
4344:Fielden, Thomas (1934).
4302:Matthay, Tobias (1947).
3988:. Accessed 6 March 2015.
3986:Official Fazioli Website
3361:. Taylor & Francis.
3259:, USA; Revised edition.
3017:Piano extended technique
1798:Strings of a grand piano
1294:Player piano from 1920 (
961:Chickering & Mackays
733:19th century piano sound
710:Innovations in the piano
674:(daughter of Stein) and
546:Musikinstrumenten-Museum
300:Kimiko Douglass-Ishizaka
6037:17th-century inventions
5144:Piano Technicians Guild
4710:Schejtman, Rod (2008).
4636:Lelie, Christo (1995).
4598:Ehrlich, Cyril (1990).
4558:Carhart, Thad (2002) .
4459:Good, Edwin M. (2001).
4363:. Winter 1958â1959: 26.
3929:manufacturing technique
3684:Les Cahiers de l'Oronte
3257:Oxford University Press
3081:List of piano composers
1938:EmĂĄnuel MoĂłr Pianoforte
1931:EmĂĄnuel MoĂłr Pianoforte
1703:(300 lb), and the
1494:similar to those on an
922:Broadwood square action
902:), invented in 1844 by
878:, which incorporated a
680:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
6022:Orchestral instruments
4768:Table of Music Pitches
4405:Dolge, Alfred (1911).
4162:. Antique Piano Shop.
3516:Dolge, Alfred (1972).
3283:Powers, Wendy (2003).
3251:Erlich, Cyril (1990).
2930:
2794:by performers such as
2787:
2686:
2567:Doctor of Musical Arts
2538:
2537:A Prague piano player.
2436:
2187:
2108:
2006:
1933:
1846:
1799:
1730:
1729:plate of a grand piano
1692:C.F. Theodore Steinway
1670:
1642:, which can trigger a
1635:
1552:digital audio sampling
1429:technological advances
1424:
1358:
1299:
1239:
1199:(known as partials or
1166:
1112:recording and digital
1068:
1003:
721:
628:
625:Villeneuve-lĂšs-Avignon
549:
503:
495:
274:
260:
36:Piano (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
5839:Techniques and styles
4674:Yale University Press
3940:description of effect
3480:Dolge (1911, 125â126)
2920:
2842:in London, Mercury's
2782:
2664:
2602:composers, including
2536:
2527:Further information:
2523:Playing and technique
2468:Piano key frequencies
2431:
2175:
2103:
2026:Sympathetic vibration
1990:
1929:
1844:
1835:Further information:
1797:
1725:
1668:
1633:
1600:sympathetic vibration
1544:in quieter settings.
1422:
1356:
1293:
1234:
1158:
1101:Roller & Blanchet
1066:
1012:Collard & Collard
996:
802:Industrial Revolution
720:
708:Further information:
652:Johann Sebastian Bach
639:, better known as an
622:
554:Bartolomeo Cristofori
543:
386:Romantic music trends
273:
259:
234:Bartolomeo Cristofori
6012:Keyboard instruments
5619:Snare drum technique
5440:Three-hand technique
5165:Amplifiers, speakers
5007:Generalized keyboard
4838:keyboard instruments
4619:Physics of the Piano
4600:The Piano: A History
4486:The Early Pianoforte
3897:Fine, Larry (2007).
3660:. Piano-tuners.org.
3384:"The Viennese Piano"
3253:The Piano: A History
3117:Pollens (1995, Ch.1)
3076:List of piano makers
2679:Manoah Leide-Tedesco
2656:performance practice
1994:from left to right:
1894:Imperial Bösendorfer
904:Jean-Louis Boisselot
845:Ludwig van Beethoven
753:Ătude Op. 25, No. 12
664:Johann Andreas Stein
637:Gottfried Silbermann
474:keyboard instruments
454:keyboard instruments
81:improve this article
5773:Musical instruments
5387:Harmonica technique
5362:Saxophone technique
5279:Finger substitution
5012:Isomorphic keyboard
5002:Enharmonic keyboard
4892:Electronic keyboard
4361:The Piano Quarterly
4257:Reblitz, Arthur A.
4236:Reblitz, Arthur A.
3781:on 16 November 2014
3686:. 1969. p. 82.
3155:Pollens (1995, 238)
2584:Charles-Louis Hanon
1964:Steinway & Sons
1947:Goldberg Variations
1308:Library of Congress
1162:grand piano in the
1160:Steinway & Sons
934:Erard square action
324:keyboard instrument
225:sounded by hammers)
204:Keyboard instrument
163:
27:Keyboard instrument
6047:String instruments
6007:Italian inventions
5367:Circular breathing
5269:Extended technique
5235:Musical techniques
5172:Keyboard amplifier
5092:Piano construction
4713:Music Fundamentals
4381:. 6 September 2023
3980:2015-03-16 at the
3963:Grove Music Online
3945:2015-04-11 at the
3934:2015-04-02 at the
3459:Isacoff (2012, 74)
3390:on 11 October 2008
3309:Isacoff (2012, 23)
2989:music appreciation
2931:
2923:Moritz von Schwind
2788:
2687:
2594:Performance styles
2539:
2437:
2188:
2109:
2007:
1962:, Chickering, and
1934:
1847:
1812:acoustic impedance
1800:
1731:
1671:
1644:synthesizer module
1636:
1626:Hybrid instruments
1538:keyboard amplifier
1500:keyboard amplifier
1425:
1359:
1300:
1240:
1167:
1069:
1004:
906:and copied by the
766:Modern piano sound
759:piano made in 1851
722:
672:Nannette Streicher
650:Silbermann showed
629:
550:
466:hammered dulcimers
462:string instruments
406:simplified version
275:
261:
243:Early 18th century
5984:
5983:
5731:
5730:
5201:
5200:
4730:on 31 August 2018
4723:978-987-25216-2-2
4628:978-0-19-954602-2
4609:978-0-19-816171-4
4496:978-0-521-11155-3
4315:978-0-19-318412-1
4184:Macaulay, David.
3914:978-1-929145-21-8
3874:978-1-4398-6042-7
3601:978-0-415-93796-2
3471:Dolge (1911, 124)
3368:978-0-415-93796-2
3179:10.1093/em/cal050
3142:978-0-19-311306-0
2887:Sandayar Chit Swe
2883:Sandayar Hla Htut
2848:Bohemian Rhapsody
2644:Felix Mendelssohn
2620:Romantic movement
2464:equal temperament
2424:Piano maintenance
2173:
2113:transposing piano
1899:Stuart & Sons
1806:is made of solid
1526:Electronic pianos
1440:electronic pianos
1348:transposing piano
1331:Yamaha Disklavier
1291:
1254:community centers
1130:electronic pianos
1025:Aliquot stringing
1020:Aliquot stringing
882:(also called the
777:
743:
662:, which included
488:The English word
398:aliquot stringing
336:equal temperament
293:
265:
264:
157:
156:
149:
131:
16:(Redirected from
6054:
5961:Musical ensemble
5833:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5735:
5721:
5720:
5698:Related articles
5677:Overtone singing
5478:Violin technique
5377:Flutter-tonguing
5354:Wind instruments
5228:
5221:
5214:
5205:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4804:
4748:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4726:. Archived from
4706:
4687:
4664:
4652:
4641:
4632:
4613:
4594:
4575:
4554:
4522:
4500:
4478:
4466:
4454:
4433:
4412:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4276:
4270:
4255:
4249:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4208:
4197:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4160:"Wing & Son"
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4114:on 16 April 2008
4110:. Archived from
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3995:
3989:
3972:
3966:
3959:"Fazioli, Paolo"
3956:
3950:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3828:"The Piano Case"
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3804:. HyperPhysics.
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3460:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3386:. Archived from
3380:
3374:
3372:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3319:
3310:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3280:
3271:
3270:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3134:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3109:
3097:
3052:
3011:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2902:
2733:Rhapsody in Blue
2724:Shearing voicing
2413:
2405:
2397:
2385:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2254:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2186:on a grand piano
2174:
2052:
2043:
1837:Musical keyboard
1616:USB flash drives
1592:Yamaha Clavinova
1405:Abdallah Chahine
1292:
1018:, who developed
931:
919:
880:repetition lever
837:Americus Backers
812:, and precision
779:
778:
745:
744:
719:
609:Early fortepiano
572:("a keyboard of
506:
498:
295:
294:
272:
190:
176:
164:
152:
145:
141:
138:
132:
130:
89:
65:
57:
21:
6062:
6061:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6051:
5987:
5986:
5985:
5980:
5948:Music ensembles
5942:
5834:
5825:
5801:Electric guitar
5781:Acoustic guitar
5767:
5762:
5732:
5727:
5709:
5693:
5648:
5605:
5587:
5583:Prepared guitar
5529:
5483:Cello technique
5459:
5411:
5348:
5237:
5232:
5202:
5197:
5181:
5160:
5125:
5087:
5054:
5045:Manual keyboard
5026:
4990:
4971:Piano accordion
4840:
4831:
4756:
4751:
4742:
4733:
4731:
4724:
4709:
4703:
4690:
4684:
4667:
4661:
4644:
4635:
4629:
4616:
4610:
4597:
4591:
4578:
4572:
4557:
4551:
4536:
4532:
4530:Further reading
4527:
4519:
4504:
4497:
4482:
4475:
4458:
4451:
4436:
4430:
4415:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4394:
4384:
4382:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4331:Piano Technique
4328:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4286:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4256:
4252:
4235:
4231:
4221:
4219:
4218:on 9 March 2003
4210:
4209:
4200:
4183:
4179:
4169:
4167:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4143:
4141:
4136:. Musica Viva.
4132:
4131:
4127:
4117:
4115:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4087:
4085:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4056:
4054:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4025:
4023:
4011:
4010:
4006:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3982:Wayback Machine
3973:
3969:
3957:
3953:
3947:Wayback Machine
3936:Wayback Machine
3926:
3922:
3915:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3845:
3843:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3782:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3725:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3500:
3498:
3491:"Piano Ă queue"
3489:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3391:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3369:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3292:
3282:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3050:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2985:music education
2981:piano reduction
2935:classical music
2915:
2909:
2874:
2868:
2832:Freddie Mercury
2796:Jerry Lee Lewis
2754:Thelonious Monk
2728:George Gershwin
2683:George Gershwin
2681:, and composer
2648:Johannes Brahms
2636:Robert Schumann
2628:Frédéric Chopin
2600:classical music
2596:
2572:Dorothy Taubman
2531:
2525:
2473:
2426:
2420:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2379:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2263:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2167:
2165:
2129:Stuart and Sons
2062:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2044:
2032:
1985:
1979:
1908:
1904:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1839:
1833:
1663:
1640:MIDI controller
1628:
1556:power amplifier
1496:electric guitar
1468:magnetic pickup
1464:electric pianos
1436:electric pianos
1417:
1315:Henri Fourneaux
1283:
1281:
1229:
1153:
1146:
1138:digital samples
1126:electric pianos
1122:
1097:birdcage pianos
1057:Alpheus Babcock
1037:
1016:Julius BlĂŒthner
983:cross-stringing
957:Alpheus Babcock
935:
932:
923:
920:
896:sostenuto pedal
892:Jean-Henri Pape
872:SĂ©bastien Ărard
864:Frédéric Chopin
797:
796:
788:
786:
785:
784:
783:
780:
771:
768:
762:
761:
760:
749:Frédéric Chopin
746:
738:
735:
729:
723:
717:
712:
706:
666:(who worked in
660:Viennese school
633:Scipione Maffei
617:
611:
556:(1655â1731) of
538:
500:, derived from
450:
332:chromatic scale
316:
315:
307:
305:
304:
303:
302:
296:
289:
286:
276:
270:
216:
198:
197:
196:
195:
194:
191:
182:
181:
180:
177:
153:
142:
136:
133:
90:
88:
78:
66:
53:
39:
32:Piano (dynamic)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6060:
6058:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6027:Rhythm section
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5989:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5976:Rhythm section
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5952:
5950:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5893:Counter-melody
5890:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5868:
5866:Basso continuo
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5835:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5806:Electric piano
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5777:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5753:
5746:
5738:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5658:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5615:
5613:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5597:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5568:String bending
5565:
5563:Hybrid picking
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5539:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5469:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5445:Prepared piano
5442:
5437:
5432:
5430:Finger tapping
5427:
5421:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5358:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5334:Thumb position
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5284:Finger vibrato
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5223:
5216:
5208:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5193:Prepared piano
5189:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5177:Leslie speaker
5174:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5146:
5141:
5135:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5106:
5101:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5083:Pedal keyboard
5080:
5075:
5070:
5064:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5036:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5017:JankĂł keyboard
5014:
5009:
5004:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4964:Electric piano
4961:
4951:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4882:Clavicytherium
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4841:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4763:
4755:
4754:External links
4752:
4750:
4749:
4740:
4722:
4707:
4701:
4688:
4682:
4665:
4659:
4642:
4633:
4627:
4614:
4608:
4595:
4589:
4576:
4570:
4555:
4549:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4517:
4502:
4495:
4480:
4473:
4456:
4449:
4434:
4429:978-0307279330
4428:
4413:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4366:
4351:
4336:
4321:
4314:
4294:
4271:
4250:
4229:
4198:
4177:
4151:
4125:
4104:"Fourth pedal"
4095:
4078:New York Times
4064:
4033:
4004:
3990:
3967:
3951:
3920:
3913:
3889:
3880:
3873:
3853:
3819:
3800:Nave, Carl R.
3792:
3766:
3761:usa.yamaha.com
3748:
3730:
3723:
3703:
3689:
3675:
3649:
3632:"PNOmation II"
3623:
3607:
3600:
3582:
3561:10.2307/841758
3539:
3532:
3508:
3482:
3473:
3461:
3452:
3439:10.1086/671378
3423:10.1086/671378
3417:(1): 212â231.
3401:
3375:
3367:
3349:
3311:
3302:
3272:
3265:
3243:
3208:
3173:(4): 635â644.
3157:
3148:
3141:
3119:
3110:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3013:
3012:
2996:
2993:
2927:Franz Schubert
2908:
2905:
2870:Main article:
2867:
2864:
2800:Little Richard
2766:Herbie Hancock
2744:'s technique.
2742:Duke Ellington
2595:
2592:
2576:Edna Golandsky
2524:
2521:
2505:just intervals
2471:
2422:Main article:
2419:
2416:
2256:
2255:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2164:
2161:
2057:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2034:
1981:Main article:
1978:
1975:
1971:JankĂł keyboard
1906:
1902:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1832:
1829:
1746:aluminum plate
1662:
1659:
1627:
1624:
1564:electric piano
1548:Digital pianos
1448:electric piano
1444:digital pianos
1416:
1413:
1386:pedal keyboard
1375:prepared piano
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1236:August Förster
1228:
1225:
1221:perfect fifths
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1145:
1142:
1134:digital pianos
1121:
1118:
1085:sticker action
1077:pyramid pianos
1073:Giraffe pianos
1055:in France and
1049:Johannes Zumpe
1036:
1033:
1029:duplex scaling
937:
936:
933:
926:
924:
921:
914:
833:John Broadwood
787:
781:
769:
764:
763:
747:
736:
731:
730:
725:
724:
715:
714:
713:
705:
702:
613:Main article:
610:
607:
537:
534:
449:
446:
306:
297:
287:
279:
278:
277:
268:
267:
266:
263:
262:
252:
251:
245:
244:
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
226:
213:
207:
206:
200:
199:
192:
185:
184:
183:
178:
171:
170:
169:
168:
167:
155:
154:
69:
67:
60:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6059:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6032:C instruments
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5971:Pit orchestra
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5918:Harmonization
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5876:Triadic chord
5874:
5873:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5832:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5811:Hammond organ
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5796:Electric bass
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5765:Accompaniment
5759:
5754:
5752:
5747:
5745:
5740:
5739:
5736:
5724:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5602:
5601:Prepared harp
5599:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5397:Slap tonguing
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5224:
5222:
5217:
5215:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5186:Miscellaneous
5184:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4959:Digital piano
4957:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4942:Theatre organ
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4927:Hammond organ
4925:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:Bowed clavier
4850:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4823:
4821:
4816:
4814:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4746:
4741:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4708:
4704:
4702:1-879511-03-7
4698:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4683:0-300-08055-7
4679:
4675:
4671:
4666:
4662:
4660:9780486265438
4656:
4651:
4650:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4590:9788494511738
4586:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4571:0-375-75862-3
4567:
4563:
4562:
4556:
4552:
4550:0-253-34494-8
4546:
4542:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:"Pianoforte".
4520:
4518:0-19-517067-9
4514:
4510:
4509:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4488:
4487:
4481:
4476:
4474:0-8047-4549-8
4470:
4465:
4464:
4457:
4452:
4450:1-929145-01-2
4446:
4442:
4441:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4367:
4362:
4355:
4352:
4347:
4340:
4337:
4332:
4325:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4298:
4295:
4282:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4267:1-879511-03-7
4264:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4246:1-879511-03-7
4243:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4217:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4194:0-395-93847-3
4191:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4065:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4034:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4008:
4005:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3916:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3893:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3876:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3857:
3854:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3793:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3726:
3724:9781135073695
3720:
3716:
3715:
3707:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3540:
3535:
3533:0-486-22856-8
3529:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3512:
3509:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3402:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3266:0-19-816171-9
3262:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3123:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3108:(5), p. 3002.
3107:
3104:
3103:
3096:
3093:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3010:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2824:Nicky Hopkins
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2804:Keith Emerson
2801:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2720:boogie-woogie
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2693:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:Maurice Ravel
2663:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2551:improvisation
2549:, or through
2548:
2544:
2543:written music
2535:
2530:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2509:perfect fifth
2507:(usually the
2506:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2474:(the A above
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2369:inharmonicity
2361:
2352:
2344:
2338:
2328:
2320:
2301:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2260:superposition
2253:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2117:Irving Berlin
2114:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2016:sustain pedal
2013:
2005:
2004:sustain pedal
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1895:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1843:
1838:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1819:soundboards.
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1648:music sampler
1645:
1641:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1568:Hammond organ
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:Fender Rhodes
1505:
1504:effects units
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:Fender Rhodes
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1442:(1970s), and
1441:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1364:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1346:invented the
1345:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1317:invented the
1316:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1260:The top of a
1259:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1249:upright grand
1246:
1245:Robert Wornum
1238:upright piano
1237:
1233:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:inharmonicity
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:Robert Wornum
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:Pascal Taskin
1000:
995:
991:
988:
984:
978:
975:
971:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
930:
925:
918:
913:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
795:
793:
767:
758:
754:
750:
734:
728:
711:
703:
701:
699:
698:
693:
689:
685:
682:composed his
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
653:
648:
646:
645:sustain pedal
642:
638:
634:
626:
621:
616:
608:
606:
603:
598:
596:
591:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
547:
542:
535:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
505:
499:
497:
491:
486:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
447:
445:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
355:upright piano
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
314:
312:
301:
285:
283:
258:
253:
250:
249:Playing range
246:
242:
238:
235:
232:
228:
224:
220:
214:
212:
208:
205:
201:
193:Upright piano
189:
175:
165:
159:
151:
148:
140:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98: â
97:
93:
92:Find sources:
86:
82:
76:
75:
70:This article
68:
64:
59:
58:
55:
51:
49:
44:
37:
33:
19:
6002:Chordophones
5846:Alberti bass
5815:
5688:Sprechgesang
5686:
5639:Stevens grip
5629:Cymbal choke
5578:Third bridge
5498:BartĂłk pizz.
5450:String piano
5416:
5329:Stopped note
5249:Articulation
5022:Short octave
4953:
4902:Harmonichord
4789:
4767:
4744:
4732:. Retrieved
4728:the original
4712:
4692:
4669:
4648:
4637:
4618:
4599:
4580:
4560:
4539:
4507:
4485:
4462:
4439:
4418:
4407:
4385:23 September
4383:. Retrieved
4378:
4369:
4360:
4354:
4345:
4339:
4330:
4324:
4304:
4297:
4285:. Retrieved
4281:"Pianoforte"
4274:
4269:pp. 203â215.
4258:
4253:
4248:pp. 203â215.
4237:
4232:
4220:. Retrieved
4216:the original
4196:. pp. 26â27.
4185:
4180:
4168:. Retrieved
4154:
4142:. Retrieved
4128:
4116:. Retrieved
4112:the original
4098:
4086:. Retrieved
4077:
4067:
4057:15 September
4055:. Retrieved
4046:
4036:
4024:. Retrieved
4014:
4007:
3993:
3985:
3975:"Model F308"
3970:
3962:
3954:
3923:
3899:
3892:
3883:
3863:
3856:
3844:. Retrieved
3831:
3822:
3810:. Retrieved
3795:
3785:30 September
3783:. Retrieved
3779:the original
3769:
3760:
3751:
3742:
3739:Davies, Hugh
3733:
3713:
3706:
3692:
3683:
3678:
3666:. Retrieved
3652:
3640:. Retrieved
3626:
3616:
3610:
3591:
3585:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3518:
3511:
3499:. Retrieved
3485:
3476:
3455:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3392:. Retrieved
3388:the original
3378:
3358:
3352:
3327:
3323:
3305:
3293:. Retrieved
3252:
3246:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3151:
3130:
3122:
3113:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3035:Street piano
3009:Music portal
2971:
2932:
2929:(1797â1828).
2890:
2875:
2860:Philip Glass
2828:Rick Wakeman
2789:
2731:
2708:Scott Joplin
2697:
2688:
2675:Ăva Gauthier
2597:
2588:Otto Ortmann
2580:Fred Karpoff
2540:
2498:
2484:
2478:). The term
2455:
2444:Piano tuning
2442:
2438:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2359:
2350:
2342:
2336:
2326:
2318:
2299:
2281:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2181:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2126:
2110:
2095:
2090:
2087:pedal points
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2031:
2024:
2020:
2008:
1992:Piano pedals
1983:Piano pedals
1968:
1945:
1942:EmĂĄnuel MoĂłr
1937:
1935:
1930:
1915:
1911:
1871:
1866:
1848:
1821:
1801:
1754:
1739:
1732:
1713:
1701:
1688:
1678:, typically
1672:
1655:input/output
1637:
1614:, now often
1608:floppy disks
1605:
1580:synth module
1546:
1524:
1518:and in some
1462:. The first
1426:
1395:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1344:Edward Ryley
1342:
1338:silent piano
1335:
1319:player piano
1312:
1301:
1248:
1241:
1212:
1210:
1186:
1171:grand pianos
1170:
1168:
1123:
1114:sound module
1096:
1088:
1084:
1070:
1041:square piano
1038:
1028:
1014:(1821), and
1005:
979:
938:
883:
879:
857:
841:Joseph Haydn
826:
798:
726:
704:Modern piano
695:
676:Anton Walter
657:
649:
630:
599:
586:
581:
577:
569:
551:
517:
513:
501:
493:
489:
487:
451:
410:
383:
359:
348:
319:
317:
281:
158:
143:
137:January 2024
134:
124:
117:
110:
103:
91:
79:Please help
74:verification
71:
54:
47:
5956:Backup band
5881:Power chord
5786:Double bass
5672:Death growl
5654:Human voice
5624:Burton grip
5553:Flatpicking
5548:Fingerstyle
5543:Downpicking
5510:Free bowing
5392:Overblowing
5304:Multiphonic
5264:Double stop
5131:Maintenance
5104:Innovations
5050:Split sharp
5040:Frequencies
4981:Synthesizer
4907:Harpsichord
4845:Instruments
4287:17 November
3812:19 November
3802:"The Piano"
3555:: 118â124.
3330:(1): 1â16.
3167:Early Music
3029:Piano stool
2973:Bandleaders
2959:songwriters
2786:grand piano
2671:Oskar Fried
2624:Franz Liszt
2555:self-taught
2500:temperament
2491:frequencies
2452:piano tuner
2434:piano tuner
2418:Maintenance
2224:equals the
2149:pedal piano
1956:Bösendorfer
1697:Bösendorfer
1596:synthesised
1584:synthesizer
1534:oscillators
1530:synthesizer
1516:jazz fusion
1476:loudspeaker
1452:jazz fusion
1397:Wadia Sabra
1382:pedal piano
1327:Bösendorfer
1279:Specialized
1193:frequencies
1164:White House
1081:lyre pianos
870:. In 1821,
868:Franz Liszt
818:iron frames
530:harpsichord
510:harpsichord
482:harpsichord
470:Middle Ages
458:Pipe organs
441:songwriting
421:traditional
351:grand piano
230:Inventor(s)
219:chordophone
215:314.122-4-8
179:Grand piano
5991:Categories
5903:Figuration
5856:Banjo roll
5821:Pipe organ
5667:Beatboxing
5611:Percussion
5455:Tack piano
5402:Split tone
5372:Embouchure
5299:Intonation
5068:Expression
4937:Reed organ
4932:Pipe organ
4897:Fortepiano
4877:Clavichord
4398:References
3668:27 January
3295:27 January
3047:Chiroplast
3023:Piano trio
2977:conductors
2951:folk music
2911:See also:
2820:Billy Joel
2812:Elton John
2792:rock music
2762:Bill Evans
2758:Bud Powell
2746:Honky-tonk
2712:Jazz piano
2388:fortissimo
2376:pianissimo
2233:times the
2226:wavelength
2153:pedalboard
2147:piano, or
2066:soft pedal
2029:enormous.
2012:soft pedal
1804:soundboard
1759:, such as
1750:Hindenburg
1717:piano wire
1680:hard maple
1576:patch cord
1560:headphones
1542:headphones
1520:rock music
1484:rock music
1460:rock music
1456:funk music
1391:pipe organ
1323:piano roll
970:cast steel
966:Birmingham
945:soundboard
888:Henri Herz
806:piano wire
792:media help
697:fortepiano
615:Fortepiano
582:fortepiano
578:pianoforte
548:in Leipzig
526:pipe organ
522:fortepiano
496:pianoforte
478:clavichord
427:music for
390:fortepiano
370:soundboard
311:media help
298:Played by
107:newspapers
48:Pianoforte
43:Fortepiano
18:Pianoforte
5966:Orchestra
5923:Obbligato
5682:Screaming
5634:Drum roll
5505:Col legno
5493:Pizzicato
5488:Bariolage
5314:Pizzicato
5294:Harmonics
5289:Glissando
5274:Fingering
5099:Acoustics
4887:Claviharp
4170:27 August
4144:27 August
3846:30 August
3569:0072-0127
3447:143443333
3431:0369-7827
3394:9 October
3336:0005-3600
3230:0072-0127
3224:: 7â245.
3203:191481821
3187:0306-1078
2955:composers
2856:John Cage
2852:Modernist
2840:Sotheby's
2836:Tori Amos
2816:Ben Folds
2774:jazz-rock
2770:jazz-funk
2673:, singer
2616:Beethoven
2235:frequency
2163:Mechanics
2111:The rare
2082:sostenuto
2075:una corda
2070:una corda
2000:sostenuto
1996:una corda
1960:Bechstein
1921:Schoenhut
1917:Toy piano
1827:accents.
1825:sforzando
1735:cast iron
1727:Cast iron
1472:amplifier
1433:amplified
1403:in 1920.
1363:minipiano
1313:In 1863,
1304:toy piano
1214:stretched
1201:harmonics
1197:overtones
941:cast iron
900:see below
884:balancier
829:Broadwood
684:concertos
536:Invention
437:composing
413:classical
394:cast iron
240:Developed
5928:Ostinato
5861:Bassline
5851:Arpeggio
5791:Drum kit
5525:Two bows
5520:Spiccato
5407:Tonguing
5382:Growling
5324:Slapping
5319:Position
5309:Phrasing
4986:Virginal
4917:Melodica
4862:Carillon
4857:Calliope
4766:Section
4379:BBC News
4222:18 April
4164:Archived
4138:Archived
4118:21 April
4082:Archived
4051:Archived
4026:22 March
4020:Archived
3978:Archived
3943:Archived
3932:Archived
3840:Archived
3838:. 1990.
3806:Archived
3741:(2001).
3662:Archived
3636:Archived
3495:Archived
3344:41640462
3289:Archived
3238:44083109
2995:See also
2879:MahÄgÄ«ta
2716:ostinato
2612:Schubert
2487:interval
2476:middle C
2334:, where
2312:, ... =
2217:velocity
2145:pedalier
1919:company
1851:basswood
1831:Keyboard
1773:New York
1769:hornbeam
1757:hardwood
1705:Steinway
1676:hardwood
1620:Pianoteq
1522:genres.
1438:(1929),
1368:Pianette
1296:Steinway
1203:) sound
1010:(1788),
999:Steinway
974:Viennese
908:Steinway
853:Viennese
755:, on an
668:Augsburg
480:and the
433:ensemble
374:coupling
353:and the
340:musician
223:keyboard
217:(Simple
5888:Comping
5644:Rimshot
5573:Tambour
5558:Picking
5515:Martelé
5435:Luthéal
5344:Vibrato
5339:Tremolo
5259:Damping
5242:General
5114:Aliquot
5078:Sustain
4995:Layouts
4949:Orphica
4867:Celesta
4834:Musical
4108:Fazioli
4088:3 March
3501:5 April
3195:4137311
3041:Agraffe
2900:á
ááčáááŹáž
2895:Burmese
2891:sandaya
2872:Sandaya
2738:Comping
2704:Ragtime
2622:, like
2565:to the
2517:stretch
2460:pitches
2456:in tune
2448:in tune
2364:
2347:
2331:
2314:
2310:
2296:
2292:
2277:
2192:knuckle
2133:Fazioli
2106:Challen
2091:celeste
1874:octaves
1867:Ivorite
1817:plywood
1709:Fazioli
1612:CD ROMs
1594:series
1492:pickups
1409:Hofmann
1268:models.
1227:Upright
1089:pianino
1079:" and "
949:tension
822:octaves
814:casting
810:strings
688:sonatas
602:sustain
574:cypress
448:History
425:popular
402:sustain
362:strings
344:pianist
121:scholar
96:"Piano"
5913:Groove
5535:Guitar
5254:Bowing
5154:Wrench
5149:Tuning
5139:Action
5109:Wiring
5060:Pedals
4976:Spinet
4912:Keytar
4720:
4699:
4680:
4657:
4625:
4606:
4587:
4568:
4547:
4515:
4493:
4471:
4447:
4426:
4312:
4265:
4244:
4192:
3911:
3871:
3721:
3642:6 July
3598:
3577:841758
3575:
3567:
3530:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3411:Osiris
3365:
3342:
3334:
3263:
3236:
3228:
3201:
3193:
3185:
3139:
2844:Yamaha
2784:Yamaha
2722:, and
2646:, and
2608:Mozart
2563:M.Mus.
2559:B.Mus.
2547:by ear
2121:clutch
1977:Pedals
1863:Yamaha
1808:spruce
1781:DuPont
1777:Teflon
1767:, and
1588:pedals
1572:violin
1474:and a
1401:Pleyel
1329:CEUS,
1262:spinet
1136:using
1105:spinet
987:bridge
953:Boston
876:action
860:Pleyel
595:action
566:Medici
518:attack
508:("key
388:, the
379:pedals
366:bridge
328:action
123:
116:
109:
102:
94:
50:(film)
5997:Piano
5898:Drone
5871:Chord
5816:Piano
5705:Ătude
5417:Piano
5119:Cross
4954:Piano
4922:Organ
4872:Chime
4734:6 May
3887:p. 65
3573:JSTOR
3443:S2CID
3435:JSTOR
3340:JSTOR
3234:JSTOR
3199:S2CID
3191:JSTOR
3087:Notes
2943:blues
2750:Bebop
2640:Fanny
2632:Clara
2604:Haydn
2598:Many
2466:(see
2386:) to
2157:organ
1859:ivory
1855:ebony
1785:Kawai
1765:beech
1761:maple
1742:Alcoa
1684:beech
1652:SMPTE
1578:to a
1470:, an
1427:With
1205:sharp
1144:Grand
1120:Types
849:fifth
757:Erard
641:organ
558:Padua
514:touch
490:piano
368:to a
322:is a
320:piano
221:with
162:Piano
128:JSTOR
114:books
5938:Vamp
5933:Riff
5908:Fill
5593:Harp
5073:Soft
5032:Keys
4836:and
4736:2020
4718:ISBN
4697:ISBN
4678:ISBN
4655:ISBN
4623:ISBN
4604:ISBN
4585:ISBN
4566:ISBN
4545:ISBN
4513:ISBN
4491:ISBN
4469:ISBN
4445:ISBN
4424:ISBN
4387:2023
4310:ISBN
4289:2014
4263:ISBN
4242:ISBN
4224:2021
4190:ISBN
4172:2010
4146:2010
4120:2008
4090:2015
4059:2018
4028:2015
3938:and
3909:ISBN
3869:ISBN
3848:2010
3814:2014
3787:2018
3719:ISBN
3670:2014
3644:2014
3596:ISBN
3565:ISSN
3528:ISBN
3503:2014
3427:ISSN
3396:2007
3363:ISBN
3332:ISSN
3324:Bach
3297:2014
3261:ISBN
3226:ISSN
3183:ISSN
3137:ISBN
2967:film
2957:and
2947:rock
2939:jazz
2907:Role
2885:and
2858:and
2834:and
2772:and
2756:and
2718:for
2692:pubs
2642:and
2634:and
2614:and
2586:and
2561:and
2513:beat
2495:just
2480:A440
2178:Bach
2143:The
2064:The
2002:and
1952:Bach
1905:to B
1888:to A
1880:to C
1598:the
1514:and
1512:funk
1482:and
1458:and
1380:The
1373:The
1361:The
1302:The
1110:MIDI
1075:", "
1002:hole
843:and
808:for
686:and
590:damp
528:and
431:and
429:solo
423:and
417:jazz
338:. A
318:The
100:news
4047:ABC
3557:doi
3419:doi
3175:doi
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2810:),
2730:'s
2267:= 2
2180:'s
2068:or
1950:by
1682:or
1646:or
1610:or
1480:pop
1195:of
1169:In
955:by
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