342:(from 1911 but fully 're-enacting' by 1916) and the Duo-Art (1914). Artrio-Angelus also introduced a reproducing player from 1916. When World War I came in 1914, German patents were seized in the US. In England, Aeolian had a huge factory and sales network and easily outsold the Ampico. Other makers of Reproducing systems, Hupfeld Meisterspiel DEA (1907) and Philipps Duca (c 1909), were successful in Europe. Hupfeld perfected an 88 note reproducing system, the Triphonola, in 1919, and around 5% of players sold were Reproducing Pianos.
429:
notes which are aligned with certain music roll "theme" perforations. Subtler systems (such as
Hupfeld's "Solodant" and Aeolian's "Themodist") have a graduated theme control, in which the background subdued level and the foreground melody level are both controllable. The nature of the mechanism is such that where a chord occurs, notes to be emphasised have to be advanced slightly away from their neighbours in order for the mechanism to identify them.
126:, and came into widespread use in the 20th century. The name "pianola", sometimes used as a generic name for any player piano, came from this invention. The mechanism of this player piano was all-pneumatic: foot-operated bellows provided a vacuum to operate a pneumatic motor and drive the take-up spool, while each small inrush of air through a hole in the paper roll was amplified in two stages to sufficient strength to strike a
354:, published in London in 1922, said that "it takes about three years to make a good player-pianist of a man or woman of average musical intelligence. It takes about seven years to make a good pianist, or organist, or singer". Word rolls never became popular in England, as they cost 20% more than non-word rolls. As a result, post-World War I American and British roll collections looked very different.
546:
400:
144:
531:
470:
205:
450:
dynamics are created by peripheral accessories controlled by the music roll coding, which removes the need to operate control levers. An electric motor provides power. Most reproducing pianos are capable of being played manually, and many are constructed for dual function. Numerous companies made these, and the first successful instrument was the "Mignon", launched by
670:. The distinction between these instruments lies in the way sounds are produced. A player piano is an acoustic piano where the sound is produced by hammer strikes on the piano strings. Electrical components in post-pneumatic versions are limited to moving the keys or hammers mimicking the actions of a person; sound is not generated or amplified electronically.
319:, was launched in 1904. It created new marketing opportunities, as manufacturers could now get the foremost pianists and composers of the day to record their performances on a piano roll. This allowed owners of player pianos to experience a professional performance in their own homes on their own instruments, exactly as the original pianist had played it.
1297:
2205:
45:
615:, which use electric current to drive small mechanical plungers mounted to the key action inside the piano. Live performance or computer generated music can be recorded in MIDI file format for accurate reproduction later on such instruments. MIDI files containing converted antique piano-rolls can be purchased on the Internet.
480:
for pneumatic player pianos, often known as piano rolls, consist of a continuous sheet of paper rolled on to a spool. The spool fits into the player piano spool box whereupon the free end of the music sheet is hooked onto the take-up spool which will unwind the roll at an even pace across the reading
345:
In
America by the end of the decade, the new 'jazz age' and the rise of the fox-trot confirmed the player piano as the instrument of popular music, with classical music increasingly relegated to the reproducing piano. Most American roll companies stopped offering large classical catalogs before 1920,
514:
It was reported that the last remaining mass producer of piano rolls in the world, QRS Music, temporarily halted production of the rolls on
December 31, 2008. However, QRS Music still list themselves as the only roll manufacturer remaining, and claim to have 45,000 titles available with "new titles
428:
These instruments have peripheral pneumatic hardware systems which, when used in conjunction with special music rolls, are able to highlight notes in the score which are intended to be emphasised while others are made quieter. Basic theme pianos subdue all notes and release full power to only those
382:
in 1961. This sold in large numbers and was followed by books published by Roehl's Vestal Press on how to rebuild and restore the instruments. Other societies were formed worldwide to preserve and study all aspects of mechanical music, among them the
Musical Box Society International (MBSI) and the
370:
In the early 1950s, player pianos and other instruments of the 1920s and earlier became collectable. An enthusiast, Frank
Holland, who had collected player pianos while working in Canada, returned to England and held meetings of like-minded enthusiasts at his house in London. In 1959 this gathering
322:
Aeolian introduced
Metrostyle in 1901 and the Themodist in 1904, the Themodist being an invention which was said to bring out the melody clearly above the accompaniment. Sales grew rapidly, and with the instruments now relatively mature, in this decade a wider variety of rolls became available. Two
314:
While the player piano matured in
America, an inventor in Germany, Edwin Welte, was working on a player which would reproduce all aspects of a performance automatically, so that the machine would play back a recorded performance exactly as if the original pianist were sitting at the piano keyboard.
618:
As of 2006, several player piano conversion kits are available (PianoDisc, PNOmation, etc.), allowing the owners of normal pianos to convert them into computer controlled instruments. The conversion process usually involves cutting open the bottom of the piano to install mechanical parts under the
390:
The revival of interest in player pianos in the 1960s led to renewed production. Aeolian revived the
Pianola, this time in a small spinet piano suited to post-war housing, and other manufacturers followed. QRS offered a traditional player piano in its Story and Clark piano. Early enthusiasts could
449:
These are fully automated versions of the player piano, requiring no human control to produce the effect of a live musical performance. This is achieved with music rolls in which tempo mapping is incorporated into the rolls and the note lengths of a live performance have been captured. The volume
510:
The player piano sold globally in its heyday, and music rolls were manufactured extensively in the US, as well as most
European countries, South America, Australia and New Zealand. A large number of titles from all manufacturers survive to this day, and rolls still turn up regularly in large
630:
manufactures a player piano based on Wayne
Stahnke's Live Performance LX system, which was sold to Steinway in 2014 and re-branded as Spirio. Unlike other piano brands, a recording option was not originally available, but in 2019 Steinway introduced Spirio | r models, which can also record.
485:") The music score to be played is programmed onto the paper by means of perforations. Different player systems have different perforation sizes, channel layouts and spool fittings though the majority conform to one or two predominant formats latterly adopted as the industry standard.
53:
363:
435:
The hardware of these pianos is able to pick out the melody notes from the background accompaniment within the entire range of the keyboard, without the need to break up chords. Manufacturers of these systems were the UK "Dalian" and "Kastonome" and the US "Solo
442:
The hardware of these pianos is able to generate a broad general musical dynamic from roll coding. The pneumatic stack operates at fixed, pre-set tension depending on the coding, giving an effect of musical dynamics. Examples of this system are "Recordo" and
285:
By the end of the decade, the piano player device and the 65-note format became obsolete. This caused problems for many small manufacturers, who had already invested in 65-note player operations, ultimately resulting in rapid consolidation in the industry.
349:
In England, the Aeolian Company continued to sell classical material, and customers remained willing to contribute to performances by following directions printed on the rolls and operate the hand and foot controls themselves. Sydney Grew, in his manual
591:", which was the first mass-produced, commercially available reproducing piano that was capable of digitally capturing and reproducing a piano performance using floppy disk as a storage medium. The Piano Player was replaced in 1987 by the Yamaha
498:
a live performance is played onto a special piano connected to an electronically operated marking mechanism, and a physical stencil is produced from this live output, either as-is or after some general regularisation of tempo where
599:
models are capable of capturing and reproducing "high-resolution" piano performances of up to 1024 velocity levels and 256 increments of positional pedaling using Yamaha's proprietary XP (Extended Precision) MIDI specification.
421:
In these instruments (the vast majority of all player pianos) the pneumatic player mechanism is divided into two approximately equal halves. The operator can lower the volume of either half of the keyboard independently of the
253:
Votey advertised the Pianola widely, making unprecedented use of full-page color advertisements. It was sold initially for $ 250, and then other, cheaper makes were launched. A standard 65-note format evolved, with
413:
A player piano is a piano that contains a manually controlled, pneumatically operated piano player mechanism. The operator manipulates control levers to produce a musical performance. Various aids were developed:
58:
57:
54:
391:
often get by with limited patching and repairs, although original 1920s instruments could still be found in working order. Complete rebuilding of old instruments to original condition became possible.
59:
106:. The player piano gained popularity as mass-produced home pianos increased in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Sales peaked in 1924 and subsequently declined with improvements in electrical
623:—has manufactured a portable, external kit. A new player piano conversion kit was introduced in 2007-08 by Wayne Stahnke, the inventor of the Bösendorfer SE reproducing system, called the "LX".
334:
Word rolls featured printed lyrics in the margins, making it simple to use players to accompany singing in the home, a popular activity before radio and disc recordings became widely available.
522:
in Brentford, London, England houses a nationally significant collection of piano rolls, with over 20,000 rolls, as well as an extensive collection of instruments which may be seen and heard.
275:
had more than 9,000 roll titles in their catalog, adding 200 titles per month. Many companies' catalogs ran to thousands of rolls, mainly consisting of light, religious, or classical music.
1406:
384:
56:
492:
the music is marked out on master stencil on a purely metronomic basis direct from the printed sheet music with the player-pianists being left to create their own music performance
307:-inch roll, but now had smaller holes spaced at 9 to the inch. This meant that any player piano could now play any make of roll. This consensus was crucial for avoiding a costly
282:
Melville Clark introduced two important features to the player piano: the full-scale roll which could play every note on the piano keyboard, and the internal player as standard.
2133:
1248:
110:
recordings in the mid-1920s. The advent of electrical amplification in home music reproduction, brought by radios, contributed to a decline in popularity, and the
268:-inch-wide (290 mm) rolls and holes spaced 6 to the inch, although several player manufacturers used their own form of roll incompatible with other makes.
607:
to interface with computer equipment. Most modern player pianos come with an electronic device that can record and playback MIDI files on floppy disks and/or
2123:
1713:
1503:
55:
1538:
2229:
2184:
846:
75:
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into the rolls, so that player pianists did not have to introduce it through the use of tempo controls, which few felt inclined to do.
1733:
1436:
1194:
1179:
732:
191:
918:
611:, and a MIDI interface that enables computers to drive the piano directly for more advanced operations. The MIDI files can trigger
122:
The first practical pneumatic piano player, manufactured by the Aeolian Company and called the "Pianola", was invented in 1896 by
1548:
1718:
1234:
799:
1033:
1496:
1104:
878:
169:
637:
is a British music upcomer on the player piano market offering totally bespoke pianos, available in luxury department store
1903:
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38:
2098:
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1840:
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The other major advance was the arrival in America of two commercial rivals for the Welte-Mignon Reproducing Piano: the
506:
software can be used to create piano roll stencils for operating modern-day perforating machines and create new titles.
2118:
1533:
970:
371:
was formalized as 'The Player Piano Group', and in the early 1960s Holland founded the British Piano Museum (now the
154:
650:
channel 'How to Spend it', Edelweiss is "regarded as the most upmarket of today's breed of the self-playing piano".
1865:
1774:
173:
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1986:
1966:
1807:
1632:
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519:
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111:
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major advances were the introduction of the hand-played roll, both classical and popular, and the word roll.
1597:
1311:
1163:
612:
749:
572:, rather than piano rolls, to record and play back the music; and, in the case of one instrument made by
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31:
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American Popular Music and Its Business: The First Four Hundred Years, Volume III: From 1900-1984
584:
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535:
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294:
95:
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801:
Regulation and Repair of Piano and Player Mechanism: Together with Tuning as Science and Art ...
403:
63:
1918:
1802:
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1190:
1175:
852:
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728:
290:
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A new, full-scale roll format, playing all 88 notes, was agreed at an industry conference in
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1991:
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1690:
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1520:
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1286:
1263:
702:
679:
663:
634:
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328:
1202:
Regulation and Repair of Piano and Player Mechanism together with Tuning as Science and Art
2067:
2042:
2027:
1928:
1913:
1888:
1617:
1612:
1380:
643:
311:, which plagued almost every other form of entertainment medium that followed roll music.
272:
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2012:
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the music stencil is created metronomically via a piano-keyboard operated punch machine
123:
71:
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2223:
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1933:
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1336:
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451:
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127:
67:
545:
1226:
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2128:
2113:
2037:
2022:
1981:
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1971:
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and abandoned 'instrumental' rolls (those without words) within a few years.
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1411:
978:
1081:
1976:
1953:
1943:
1883:
1670:
1441:
1326:
627:
577:
919:"The day the music died: QRS has ended production of player-piano rolls"
2072:
1817:
1321:
1296:
647:
638:
79:
17:
608:
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In America, another collector, Harvey Roehl, published a book called
339:
44:
1481:
2138:
2108:
544:
529:
468:
398:
361:
203:
51:
43:
1908:
1164:
The Art of the Player Piano: A text book for student and teacher
948:
503:
103:
1485:
1230:
1675:
1214:
786:
Edwin Votey is attributed as the inventor for this instrument.
137:
1128:
Financial Times 'How to Spend it' featuring Edelweiss Pianos
2017:
220:
Reservoir; high tension (low-tension reservoir not shown.)
1220:
699:, a piano piece specifically designed for the player piano
98:
mechanism that operates the piano action using perforated
1197:
Woodsville, New Hampshire: Mechanical Music Press, 2001.
892:
30:"Pianola" redirects here. For the village in Italy, see
385:
Automatic Musical Instruments Collector's Association
841:. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. p. 29.
2147:
2081:
2005:
1952:
1874:
1816:
1793:
1747:
1689:
1631:
1547:
1519:
1399:
1373:
1345:
1304:
1262:
247:
Trackerboard (music roll passes over trackerboard).
1057:"Steinway just released an iPad-controlled piano"
750:"Player Pianos and the Commodification of Music"
1187:The Golden Age of Automatic Musical Instruments
315:Known as a Reproducing Piano, this device, the
238:Connection from pneumatic to action of piano.
1497:
1242:
705:, a significant composer for the player piano
488:Music is programmed via a number of methods.
8:
2124:Professional Lighting and Sound Association
172:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1714:Comparison of analog and digital recording
1504:
1490:
1482:
1249:
1235:
1227:
879:The Performing Style of Alexander Scriabin
192:Learn how and when to remove this message
774:"Aeolian Co. Pianola Model Piano Player"
1105:"Edelweiss Pianos play well at Harrods"
798:White, William Braid (March 12, 1909).
715:
76:Piano Concerto No. 2 in G minor, Op. 22
2185:New Interfaces for Musical Expression
1204:. New York: Edward Lyman Bill, 1909.
1182:Lanham, Maryland: Vestal Press, 1985.
1172:Player Piano Servicing and Rebuilding
776:. National Museum of American History
7:
1000:"Development of Products - About Us"
619:keyboard, although one organization—
603:Almost all modern player pianos use
170:adding citations to reliable sources
921:. The Buffalo News. Archived from
27:Piano that plays prerecorded works
25:
1734:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
1036:from the original on May 17, 2022
515:being added on a regular basis".
48:A restored pneumatic player piano
2203:
1295:
641:since 2017 and according to the
473:A player piano roll being played
229:Air space above primary valves.
208:The mechanism of a player piano.
142:
114:virtually wiped out production.
1719:Experimental musical instrument
1139:from the original on 2021-12-11
917:Sommer, Mark (3 January 2009).
835:Russell Sanjek (28 July 1988).
90:is a self-playing piano with a
2230:Mechanical musical instruments
1257:Mechanical musical instruments
1:
1904:Electronic musical instrument
1103:Scialom, Mike (28 May 2019).
1055:Quito, Anne (19 April 2016).
748:Wills, Matthew (2017-12-26).
727:. Vestal Press. p. 316.
654:Comparison to electric pianos
502:modern computer software and
327:Hand-played rolls introduced
66:reproducing piano from 1920.
39:Player piano (disambiguation)
2210:Record production portal
2099:Institute of Broadcast Sound
1030:Disklavier Education Network
217:Exhauster (one only shown).
2119:Musical Electronics Library
947:. QRS Music. Archived from
876:Quoted in Leikin, Anatole.
534:Player and control unit of
352:The Art of the Piano Player
78:, excerpt of 3rd movement.
2256:
1866:Sound reinforcement system
1775:Sound reinforcement system
560:Later developments of the
549:Sequencer control unit of
462:
112:stock market crash of 1929
36:
29:
2199:
2089:Audio Engineering Society
1987:Software effect processor
1967:Digital audio workstation
1808:Digital signal processing
1572:Digital audio workstation
1293:
1082:"Steinway Spirio R Piano"
1026:"Anatomy of a Disklavier"
812:– via Google Books.
658:A player piano is not an
366:A player piano performing
293:in 1908 at the so-called
2180:Professional audio store
2082:People and organizations
2068:Sound recording engineer
409:reproducing piano (1919)
1598:Microphone preamplifier
1107:. Cambridge Independent
226:Exhaust tube to motor.
100:paper or metallic rolls
1539:Electronic and digital
1312:American Piano Company
1200:White, William Braid.
723:Roehl, Harvey (1973).
557:
542:
526:Modern implementations
474:
410:
367:
250:
102:. Modern versions use
83:
49:
1221:The Pianola Institute
1135:. November 30, 2018.
725:Player Piano Treasury
548:
533:
472:
402:
387:(AMICA) in the USA.
380:Player Piano Treasury
365:
207:
62:
47:
1997:Software synthesizer
1962:Digital audio editor
1748:Playback transducers
1608:Multitrack recording
1024:Litterst, George F.
595:and since 1998, the
235:Striking pneumatic.
166:improve this section
37:For other uses, see
1185:Reblitz, Arthur A.
1170:Reblitz, Arthur A.
580:assisted playback.
564:include the use of
418:Split stack control
297:. This kept the 11
2048:Re-recording mixer
1851:Keyboard amplifier
1567:Binaural recording
1004:Yamaha Corporation
975:The Musical Museum
585:Yamaha Corporation
558:
543:
475:
446:Reproducing pianos
411:
368:
295:Buffalo Convention
251:
232:Secondary valves.
214:Pedal connection.
96:electro-mechanical
84:
50:
32:Pianola (L'Aquila)
2217:
2216:
2023:Guitar technician
1919:Music workstation
1803:Digital recording
1780:Speaker enclosure
1699:8-track cartridge
1641:Phonograph record
1479:
1478:
1459:Berry-Wood A.O.W.
1217:The Pianola Forum
1215:The Pianola Forum
848:978-0-19-802127-8
562:reproducing piano
439:Expression player
291:Buffalo, New York
244:Pneumatic motor.
202:
201:
194:
60:
16:(Redirected from
2247:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2094:Goji Electronics
2033:Monitor engineer
1992:Software sampler
1899:Electronic drums
1876:Electronic music
1846:Guitar amplifier
1691:Analog recording
1651:Compact cassette
1613:Music production
1521:Music technology
1513:Music technology
1506:
1499:
1492:
1483:
1299:
1287:Fairground organ
1251:
1244:
1237:
1228:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
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1071:
1069:
1067:
1052:
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1045:
1043:
1041:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:
996:
990:
989:
987:
986:
977:. Archived from
967:
961:
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958:
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941:
935:
934:
932:
930:
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908:
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826:
825:, 14 March 1909.
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783:
781:
770:
764:
763:
761:
760:
745:
739:
738:
720:
703:Conlon Nancarrow
680:Mechanical organ
664:electronic piano
621:Logos Foundation
587:introduced the "
481:mechanism (the "
375:) in Brentford.
329:musical phrasing
306:
305:
301:
279:also featured..
267:
266:
262:
259:
197:
190:
186:
183:
177:
146:
138:
82:recording 5973-4
61:
21:
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2250:
2249:
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2244:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2204:
2202:
2195:
2143:
2077:
2043:Record producer
2028:Mixing engineer
2001:
1948:
1914:MIDI controller
1889:Circuit bending
1870:
1812:
1789:
1765:Monitor speaker
1743:
1685:
1633:Recording media
1627:
1618:Music sequencer
1603:Monitor speaker
1549:Sound recording
1543:
1515:
1510:
1480:
1475:
1395:
1381:Automaton clock
1369:
1341:
1300:
1291:
1258:
1255:
1223:London, England
1211:
1158:
1156:Further reading
1153:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1133:www.youtube.com
1125:
1124:
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1110:
1108:
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951:on 5 March 2010
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925:on 10 June 2011
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644:Financial Times
528:
467:
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397:
360:
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299:
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273:Aeolian Company
264:
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223:Exhaust trunk.
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52:
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2148:Related topics
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2104:Lejaren Hiller
2101:
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2063:Sound operator
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2015:
2013:Audio engineer
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1209:External links
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1161:Grew, Sydney.
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660:electric piano
655:
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597:Disklavier PRO
527:
524:
520:Musical Museum
508:
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463:Main article:
460:
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432:Isolated theme
430:
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396:
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373:Musical Museum
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2191:Vehicle audio
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2160:High fidelity
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1709:Cassette deck
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1646:Magnetic tape
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1195:0-9705951-0-7
1192:
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1180:0-911572-40-6
1177:
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1032:. Yamahaden.
1031:
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992:
981:on 2021-12-17
980:
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734:0-911572-00-7
730:
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709:
704:
701:
698:
697:
693:
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690:Virtual piano
688:
686:
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668:digital piano
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566:magnetic tape
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280:
278:
277:Ragtime music
274:
271:By 1903, the
269:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
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219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
196:
193:
185:
182:December 2023
175:
171:
167:
161:
160:
156:
151:This section
149:
145:
140:
139:
133:
131:
129:
125:
117:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
46:
40:
33:
19:
2201:
1934:Sound module
1894:Drum machine
1836:Effects unit
1729:Player piano
1728:
1656:Compact disc
1578:Effects unit
1386:Cuckoo clock
1358:Player piano
1357:
1353:Barrel piano
1337:Welte-Mignon
1272:Barrel organ
1201:
1186:
1171:
1162:
1141:. Retrieved
1132:
1127:
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1076:
1064:. Retrieved
1060:
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1029:
1019:
1007:. Retrieved
1003:
994:
983:. Retrieved
979:the original
974:
965:
955:12 September
953:. Retrieved
949:the original
939:
929:12 September
927:. Retrieved
923:the original
912:
900:. Retrieved
896:
887:
882:(2016), p.10
877:
872:
860:. Retrieved
837:
830:
823:New York Sun
822:
818:
806:. Retrieved
800:
793:
785:
778:. Retrieved
768:
757:. Retrieved
753:
743:
724:
718:
696:Circus Galop
694:
685:Punched tape
657:
642:
633:
625:
617:
602:
589:Piano Player
582:
570:floppy disks
561:
559:
517:
513:
511:quantities.
509:
487:
476:
412:
407:Welte-Mignon
389:
379:
377:
369:
358:1950–present
351:
348:
344:
337:
321:
317:Welte-Mignon
313:
288:
284:
281:
270:
252:
188:
179:
164:Please help
152:
121:
88:player piano
87:
85:
68:Harold Bauer
2175:Music store
2170:Home cinema
2129:Robert Moog
2114:Max Mathews
2038:Piano tuner
2006:Professions
1982:Scorewriter
1939:Synthesizer
1755:Loudspeaker
1471:Photoplayer
1454:Orchestrion
1282:Dance organ
1088:25 December
893:"A M I C A"
754:JSTOR Daily
626:As of 2023
574:Bösendorfer
483:tracker bar
478:Music rolls
459:Music rolls
72:Saint-Saëns
2240:Pneumatics
2224:Categories
2165:Home audio
2155:Audiophile
1972:GarageBand
1818:Live music
1760:Headphones
1724:Phonograph
1593:Microphone
1588:Headphones
1534:Electrical
1529:Mechanical
1449:Music roll
1417:Book music
1363:Piano roll
1317:Disklavier
1277:Book music
1084:. Steinway
985:2021-12-17
759:2022-12-31
710:References
593:Disklavier
554:Disklavier
539:Disklavier
465:Piano roll
309:format war
108:phonograph
1929:Sequencer
1856:PA system
1785:Subwoofer
1770:PA system
1704:Amplifier
1666:Hard disk
1583:Equalizer
1427:Music box
1422:Componium
1412:Belloneon
1143:March 10,
897:amica.org
857:300414899
804:E.L. Bill
635:Edelweiss
613:solenoids
583:In 1982,
499:necessary
153:does not
134:1900–1910
92:pneumatic
1977:ProTools
1954:Software
1944:Theremin
1884:Chiptune
1841:Foldback
1671:MiniDisc
1442:Polyphon
1327:Polyphon
1137:Archived
1111:July 28,
1066:July 28,
1040:July 28,
1034:Archived
1009:July 28,
902:July 28,
862:July 28,
808:July 28,
780:July 28,
674:See also
628:Steinway
578:computer
556:Mark III
541:Mark III
454:in 1904.
443:"Empeco"
436:Carola".
404:Steinway
70:playing
64:Steinway
2073:Tape op
1924:Sampler
1322:Duo-Art
971:"About"
945:"Music"
666:, or a
648:YouTube
639:Harrods
609:CD-ROMs
302:⁄
263:⁄
211:Pedal.
174:removed
159:sources
118:History
80:Duo-Art
18:Pianola
2187:(NIME)
1861:Reverb
1374:Clocks
1346:Pianos
1305:Brands
1264:Organs
1193:
1178:
1167:(1922)
1061:qz.com
855:
845:
731:
551:Yamaha
536:Yamaha
422:other.
340:Ampico
2235:Piano
2139:STEIM
2134:SMPTE
2109:IRCAM
1574:(DAW)
1407:AMICA
1400:Other
452:Welte
395:Types
1909:MIDI
1681:Opus
1437:MBSI
1191:ISBN
1176:ISBN
1145:2020
1113:2022
1090:2023
1068:2022
1042:2022
1011:2022
957:2010
931:2010
904:2022
864:2022
853:OCLC
843:ISBN
810:2022
782:2022
729:ISBN
605:MIDI
568:and
518:The
504:MIDI
157:any
155:cite
128:note
104:MIDI
1676:MP3
1661:DAT
168:by
94:or
2226::
2018:DJ
1189:.
1174:.
1131:.
1059:.
1028:.
1002:.
973:.
895:.
851:.
784:.
752:.
662:,
576:,
256:11
130:.
86:A
74:'
1505:e
1498:t
1491:v
1250:e
1243:t
1236:v
1147:.
1115:.
1092:.
1070:.
1044:.
1013:.
988:.
959:.
933:.
906:.
866:.
762:.
737:.
304:4
300:1
265:4
261:1
258:+
195:)
189:(
184:)
180:(
176:.
162:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
