311:. It is also known as "wet blue" for the pale blue color of the undyed leather. The chrome tanning method usually takes approximately one day to complete, making it best suited for large-scale industrial use. This is the most common method in modern use. It is more supple and pliable than vegetable-tanned leather and does not discolor or lose shape as drastically in water as vegetable-tanned. However, there are environmental concerns with this tanning method, as chromium is a heavy metal; while the trivalent chromium used for tanning is harmless, other byproducts can contain toxic variants. The method was developed in the latter half of the 19th century as tanneries wanted to find ways to speed up the process and to make leather more waterproof.
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495:(cow) hides, which constitute about 65% of all leather produced. Other animals that are used include sheep (about 13%), goats (about 11%), and pigs (about 10%). Obtaining accurate figures from around the world is difficult, especially for areas where the skin may be eaten. There are significant regional differences in leather production: i.e. goat leather was historically called "Turkey" or "Morocco" due to its association with the Middle East, while pig skin had historically been used the most in Germany. Other animals mentioned below only constitute a fraction of a percent of total leather production.
484:
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1105:, chemicals from tanneries end up in Dhaka's main river. Besides the environmental damage, the health of both local factory workers and the end consumer is also negatively affected. After approximately 15 years of ignoring high court rulings, the government shut down more than 100 tanneries the weekend of 8 April 2017 in the neighborhood.
182:, of the raw hide to increase the thermal, chemical and microbiological stability of the hides and skins, making it suitable for a wide variety of end applications. The principal difference between raw and tanned hides is that raw hides dry out to form a hard, inflexible material that, when rewetted, will
1098:—pollution levels were so high, that despite an industry crisis, the pollution control board decided to shut down 49 high-polluting tanneries out of 404 in July 2009. In 2003 for instance, the main tanneries' effluent disposal unit was dumping 22 tonnes of chromium-laden solid waste per day in the open.
1077:
Tanning is especially polluting in countries where environmental regulations are lax, such as in India, the world's third-largest producer and exporter of leather. To give an example of an efficient pollution prevention system, chromium loads per produced tonne are generally abated from 8 kg to
189:
Many tanning methods and materials exist. The typical process sees tanners load the hides into a drum and immerse them in a tank that contains the tanning "liquor". The hides soak while the drum slowly rotates about its axis, and the tanning liquor slowly penetrates through the full thickness of the
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One ton of hide or skin generally produces 20 to 80 m of waste water, including chromium levels of 100–400 mg/L, sulfide levels of 200–800 mg/L, high levels of fat and other solid wastes, and notable pathogen contamination. Producers often add pesticides to protect hides during transport.
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derives its name from the appearance of undyed vegetable-tanned leather. Vegetable-tanned leather is not stable in water; it tends to discolor, and if left to soak and then dry, it shrinks and becomes harder, a feature of vegetable-tanned leather that is exploited in traditional shoemaking. In hot
580:
and belts. Stingray leather is tough and durable. The leather is often dyed black and covered with tiny round bumps in the natural pattern of the back ridge of an animal. These bumps are then usually dyed white to highlight the decoration. Stingray rawhide is also used as grips on
Chinese swords,
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posts precise data on the abatement achievable through industrially proven low-waste advanced methods, while noting, "even though the chrome pollution load can be decreased by 94% on introducing advanced technologies, the minimum residual load 0.15 kg/t raw hide can still cause difficulties when
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Exposure to long periods of low relative humidities (below 40%) can cause leather to become desiccated, irreversibly changing the fibrous structure of the leather. Chemical damage can also occur from exposure to environmental factors, including ultraviolet light, ozone, acid from sulfurous and
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The term "genuine leather" does not describe a specific grade. The term often indicates split leather that has been extensively processed, and some sources describe it as synonymous with bicast leather, or made from multiple splits glued together and coated. In some countries, when it is the
374:
includes the outer layer of the hide, known as the grain, which features finer, more densely packed fibers, resulting in strength and durability. Depending on thickness, it may also contain some of the more fibrous under layer, known as the corium. Types of top-grain leather include:
1189:, which causes powdering of the surface and a change in consistency. Damage from red rot is aggravated by high temperatures and relative humidities. Although it is chemically irreversible, treatments can add handling strength and prevent disintegration of red rotted leather.
69:
Leather can be used to make a variety of items, including clothing, footwear, handbags, furniture, tools and sports equipment, and lasts for decades. Leather making has been practiced for more than 7,000 years and the leading producers of leather today are China and India.
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In countries with significant populations of individuals observing religions which place restrictions on material choices, vendors typically clarify the source of leather in their products. Such labeling helps facilitate religious observance, so, for example, a
1112:
in 2001, proper pollution abatement cost US$ 70–100 per ton of raw hides processed against $ 43/t for irresponsible behavior. In
November 2009, one of Uganda's main leather making companies was caught directly dumping waste water into a wetland adjacent to
190:
hide. Once the process achieves even penetration, workers slowly raise the liquor's pH in a process called basification, which fixes the tanning material to the leather. The more tanning material fixed, the higher the leather's hydrothermal stability and
197:
Crusting is a process that thins and lubricates leather. It often includes a coloring operation. Chemicals added during crusting must be fixed in place. Crusting culminates with a drying and softening operation, and may include splitting, shaving,
144:
The leather manufacturing process is divided into three fundamental subprocesses: preparatory stages, tanning, and crusting. A further subprocess, finishing, can be added into the leather process sequence, but not all leathers receive finishing.
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has a characteristic "goose bump" look because of the large follicles where the feathers grew. Different processes produce different finishes for many applications, including upholstery, footwear, automotive products, accessories, and clothing.
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have an important role in the soaking, dehairing, degreasing, and bating operations of leather manufacturing. Proteases are the most commonly used enzymes in leather production. The enzyme must not damage or dissolve
357:
sources, such as flour and egg yolk. Alum leather is not actually tanned; rather the process is called "tawing", and the resulting material reverts to rawhide if soaked in water long enough to remove the alum
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is created from the corium left once the top-grain has been separated from the hide, known as the drop split. In thicker hides, the drop split can be further split into a middle split and a flesh split.
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585:. Stingray leather is also used for high abrasion areas in motorcycle racing leathers (especially in gloves, where its high abrasion resistance helps prevent wear through in the event of an accident).
385:
during its useful lifetime. It is usually considered the highest quality leather. Furniture and footwear are often made from full-grain leather. Full-grain leather is typically finished with a soluble
333:
is a form of aldehyde-tanned leather that is porous and highly water-absorbent. Chamois leather is made using oil (traditionally cod oil) that oxidizes to produce the aldehydes that tan the leather.
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There are few methods to maintain and clean leather goods properly such as using damp cloth and avoid using a wet cloth or soaking the leather in water. Various treatments are available such as
502:
is a horse leather made not from the outer skin but from an under layer, found only in equine species, called the shell. It is prized for its mirror-like finish and anti-creasing properties.
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has the surface subjected to finishing treatments to create a more uniform appearance. This usually involves buffing or sanding away flaws in the grain, then dyeing and embossing the surface.
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nitrous pollutants in the air, or through a chemical action following any treatment with tallow or oil compounds. Both oxidation and chemical damage occur faster at higher temperatures.
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960:
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is made from the underside of a split to create a soft, napped finish. It is often made from younger or smaller animals, as the skins of adults often result in a coarse, shaggy nap.
520:
is one of the most exploited reptile species in the world in the leather trade. However, it is not endangered and while monitored, trade is legal in most South
American countries.
1303:
groups have extensive black leather clothing. Leather has become less common in the punk community over the last three decades, as there is opposition to the use of leather from
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process after tanning supplements the natural oils remaining in the leather itself, which can be washed out through repeated exposure to water. Frequent oiling of leather, with
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coatings applied to a cloth backing. Many names and brands for such artificial leathers exist, including "pleather", a portmanteau of "plastic leather", and the brand name
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emissions are typically reduced from 30 kg/t to 2 kg/t in a properly managed facility. A review of the total pollution load decrease achievable according to the
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With solid wastes representing up to 70% of the wet weight of the original hides, the tanning process represents a considerable strain on water treatment installations.
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compounds. It is referred to as "wet white" due to its pale cream color. It is the main type of "chrome-free" leather, often seen in shoes for infants and automobiles.
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2387:. United Nations Industrial Development Organization Regional Programme for Pollution Control in the Tanning Industry in South-East Asia. 9 August 2000. Archived from
1847:
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description on a product label the term means nothing more than "contains leather"; depending on jurisdiction, regulations limit the term's use in product labelling.
831:
516:, are noted for their distinct patterns that reflect the scales of their species. This has led to hunting and farming of these species in part for their skins. The
1759:
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For some leathers, tanners apply a surface coating, called "finishing". Finishing operations can include oiling, brushing, buffing, coating, polishing, embossing,
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The higher cost associated with the treatment of effluents than to untreated effluent discharging leads to illegal dumping to save on costs. For instance, in
273:. It is the oldest known method. It is supple and light brown in color, with the exact shade depending on the mix of materials and the color of the skin. The
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are made by a labor-intensive process that uses emulsified oils, often those of animal brains such as deer, cattle, and buffalo. An example of this kind is
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1938:
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Leather's flexibility allows it to be formed and shaped into balls and protective gear. Subsequently, many sports use equipment made with leather, such as
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is top-grain leather that has been sanded or buffed on the grain side to give a slight nap of short protein fibers, producing a velvet-like surface.
440:
is leather that has been given a high-gloss finish by the addition of a coating. Dating to the late 1700s, it became widely popular after inventor
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with an embossed texture. This gives it the appearance of a grain. It is slightly stiffer than top-grain leather but has a more consistent texture.
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1993:
978:
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developed the first mass-production process, using a linseed-oil-based lacquer, in 1818. Modern versions are usually a form of bicast leather.
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2023:
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Amylases are used to soften skin, to bring out the grain, and to impart strength and flexibility to the skin. These enzymes are rarely used.
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1963:
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has been used for tanning in the past; it is being phased out due to danger to workers and sensitivity of many people to formaldehyde.
1986:"US Code of Federal Regulations Title 16, Chapter I, Subchapter B, Part 24—Guides for select leather and imitation leather products"
1065:
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using landfills and composting sludge from wastewater treatment on account of the regulations currently in force in some countries."
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2814:
Walker, Kenneth T.; Li, Ivy S.; Keane, Jennifer; Goosens, Vivianne J.; Song, Wenzhe; Lee, Koon-Yang; Ellis, Tom (2 April 2024).
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Lamb and deerskin are used for soft leather in more expensive apparel. Deerskin is widely used in work gloves and indoor shoes.
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1908:
1094:, the self-proclaimed "Leather City of World"—with 10,000 tanneries as of 2011 and a city of three million on the banks of the
724:
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because of its light weight and abrasion resistance. Kangaroo leather is also used for falconry jesses, soccer footwear, (e.g.
2045:
1592:
779:
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onto a fiber mesh. The amount of leather fibers in the mix varies from 10% to 90%, affecting the properties of the product.
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The preparatory stages are when the hide is prepared for tanning. Preparatory stages may include soaking, hair removal,
139:
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claim that they engage in unsustainable practices that pose health hazards to the people and the environment near them.
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3343:
3323:
1706:"Recent trends in oil tanning and its applications - A way forward towards cleaner approach in chamois leather making"
1473:
749:
149:
2355:
2124:
2104:
Romero, Mieres; Margarita, Maria (2002). "Monitoring and managing the harvest of tegu lizards in
Paraguay" (Thesis).
1171:-like proteins, and nonstructural proteins that are not essential for leather making. This process is called bating.
1565:
1227:
Due to its high resistance to abrasion and wind, leather found a use in rugged occupations. The enduring image of a
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210:
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The natural fibers of leather break down with the passage of time. Acidic leathers are particularly vulnerable to
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Tanning processes largely differ in which chemicals are used in the tanning liquor. Some common types include:
31:
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contains the entire grain layer, without any removal of the surface. Rather than wearing out, it develops a
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3443:
2298:"Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook - Environmental Guidelines for Tanning and Leather Finishing"
2079:
804:
769:
759:
301:
3938:
3433:
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2816:"Self-pigmenting textiles grown from cellulose-producing bacteria with engineered tyrosinase expression"
819:
54:, or chemical treatment, of animal skins and hides to prevent decay. The most common leathers come from
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1985:
1705:
3907:
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1204:
is used for cleaning, conditioning, and softening leather. Leather shoes are widely conditioned with
744:
643:
282:
is an example of this, where the leather has been hardened by being immersed in boiling water, or in
466:, is a material that uses leather scraps that are shredded and bonded together with polyurethane or
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1216:
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127:
2015:
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is used to make items that must be strong and flexible. It is the material most commonly used in
429:
340:
221:
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For a given thickness, fish leather is typically much stronger due to its criss-crossed fibers.
343:. Leather products made in this manner are known for their exceptional softness and washability.
3004:
2297:
2234:
1955:
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3538:
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2613:
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2282:
Analyzing the Carbon
Footprint of the Finished Bovine Leather: A Case Study of Aniline Leather
1808:
1788:
1725:
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1502:
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Lipases are used in the degreasing operation to hydrolyze fat particles embedded in the skin.
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186:, while tanned material dries to a flexible form that does not become putrid when rewetted.
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1057:. However, vinyl and petrochemical-derived materials take 500 or more years to decompose.
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water, it shrinks drastically and partly congeals, becoming rigid and eventually brittle.
2447:
1594:
The
Vegetable Tanning Process - A Collection of Historical Articles on Leather Production
1310:
Many cars and trucks come with optional or standard leather or "leather faced" seating.
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attraction to people wearing leather, or in certain cases, to the garments themselves.
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and wind blast; some also wear chaps or full leather pants to protect the lower body.
3927:
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1436:
Comprehensive Guide to
Leather Repair and Restoration: Leather Repair Training Manual
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691:
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229:
1900:
96:
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2670:
2496:"Bangladesh cuts power to leather district after years of environmental violations"
2053:
1681:
1665:"Ultrasound assisted chrome tanning: Towards a clean leather production technology"
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1259:
774:
719:
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animals, buffalo, pigs and hogs, and aquatic animals such as seals and alligators.
1721:
1704:
Sahu, Bindia; Jayakumar, Gladstone
Christopher; Alla, Jaya Prakash (1 July 2022).
122:
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1633:
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232:, or a similar material keeps it supple and improves its lifespan dramatically.
3490:
2828:
2388:
3840:
3407:
2992:
2724:"Artificial Leather- An Eco-friendly Alternative Textile Material For Leather"
2470:"Hazaribagh neighborhood of Dhaka poisoning staff, local villagers and planet"
1346:
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993:
883:
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90:
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1248:
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989:
870:
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350:
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161:
116:
111:
1871:"Why everything you thought you knew about buying quality leather is wrong"
1690:
1465:
17:
2667:"Leather Trousers: A Brief History Of Fashion's Most Rock 'n' Roll Staple"
2634:"How to actually clean leather shoes, bags and more, according to experts"
1291:
groups in the 1970s and 80s) are well known for wearing leather clothing.
39:
3902:
3897:
3812:
3802:
3787:
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3192:
2784:"The Future of Leather Is Growing in a New Jersey Lab--No Animals Needed"
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2446:. Clean Ganga - Campaign for a cleaner Ganga. June 2003. Archived from
1371:
prohibits the use of leather, since it is obtained by killing animals.
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1752:"Bicast: what is it and how does it perform? - Leather International"
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methods, mushroom-based materials and gelatin-based textile made by
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Although originally raised for their feathers in the 19th century,
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110:
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Another alternative is cultured leather which is lab-grown using
973:
Leather produces some environmental impact, most notably due to:
286:
or similar substances. Historically, it was occasionally used as
3695:
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3560:
3265:
3255:
1336:
3494:
3081:
2526:"Introduction of Low Pollution Processes in Leather Production"
2382:"The scope for decreasing pollution load in leather processing"
3590:
3305:
3285:
3061:
2637:
2303:. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, World Bank Group.
283:
101:
2697:"Wearing Shoes - Mourning Observances of Shiva and Sheloshim"
1331:
increase the demand for religiously neutral leathers such as
50:
is a strong, flexible and durable material obtained from the
27:
Durable and flexible material created by tanning animal skins
498:
Horse hides are used to make particularly durable leathers.
1950:
1948:
220:
Leather can be oiled to improve its water resistance. This
3077:
2991:
1413:
or mushroom-based materials are completely biodegradable.
2076:"Cover to Cover: Exposing the Bookbinder's Ancient Craft"
1243:
were invented, some riders took to wearing heavy leather
367:
In general, leather is produced in the following grades:
1663:
Mengistie, E; Smets, I; Van Gerven, T (September 2016).
2020:
Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
43:
A variety of leather products and leather-working tools
2558:"Uganda: leather factory faces closure over pollution"
1498:
Putting on the Dog: The Animal
Origins of What We Wear
1235:
gave way to the leather-jacketed and leather-helmeted
2151:"Adidas Cleat Review: Adidas Profi Liga Cleat Review"
2472:. Human Rights Watch. 8 October 2012. Archived from
1567:
Leather Processing & Tanning Technology Handbook
1535:"Leather: Animals Abused And Killed for Their Skins"
1028:
of bovine leather range from 65 to 150 kg of CO
3888:
3811:
3749:
3704:
3668:
3659:
3526:
3462:
3426:
3380:
3352:
3314:
3216:
3115:
2896:"Gelatex turns gelatine into eco-friendly leather"
2863:Vettese, Sam; Singleton, Ian (13 September 2019).
1570:. NIIR Project Consultancy Services. p. 323.
1084:United Nations Industrial Development Organization
3072:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). pp. 330–345.
1007:Air pollution due to the transformation process (
2414:"How much time needed to check tanneries' waste"
1345:forbids the comfort of wearing leather shoes on
560:are now more popular for both meat and leather.
424:is split leather that is coated with a layer of
2753:"Would you wear leather that's grown in a lab?"
2153:. Soccer Supremacy. 31 May 2012. Archived from
1439:. Advanced Leather Solutions, Inc. p. 16.
984:Use of chemicals in the tanning process (e.g.,
290:after hardening, and it has also been used for
2661:
2659:
1931:"All You Need to Know About "Genuine Leather""
3506:
3093:
2286:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.1023
954:
8:
1460:
1458:
1323:will not accidentally purchase pigskin or a
977:The carbon footprint of cattle rearing (see
581:Scottish basket hilted swords, and Japanese
1101:In the Hazaribagh neighborhood of Dhaka in
1032:equivalent per square meter of production.
3665:
3513:
3499:
3491:
3100:
3086:
3078:
1015:liberated during deliming, solvent vapors)
961:
947:
595:
353:salts mixed with a variety of binders and
2827:
1680:
1628:
1626:
1433:Gillan, Kevin; Murray, Jason (May 2019).
1272:is the name popularly used to describe a
1428:
1426:
3006:Leathers for Bookbinding and Upholstery
2722:Jahan, Saurabh; Jahan, Shahnaz (2011).
2188:from the original on 21 September 2023.
2178:"The Pros and Cons of Kangaroo Leather"
1941:from the original on 23 September 2023.
1422:
1383:have been developed, usually involving
1011:is formed during mixing with acids and
979:environmental impact of meat production
607:
1840:"The Ultimate Guide to Leather Grades"
1809:"Genuine leather: the difficult truth"
1787:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 119.
2865:"Could fungi save the fashion world?"
2703:from the original on 22 December 2009
2262:from the original on 14 February 2021
7:
2999:. Delhi: Cambridge Mission to Delhi.
2935:from the original on 20 October 2022
2795:from the original on 17 January 2021
2610:Physical Chemistry of Leather Making
2424:from the original on 5 December 2010
2225:Tacio, Henrylito (18 January 2010).
2086:from the original on 17 January 2024
1996:from the original on 31 January 2022
1881:from the original on 9 February 2022
1850:from the original on 9 February 2022
2585:Fundamentals of Leather Manufacture
2284:Energy Precidia 61, 2014, p. 1063.
2202:. Speed Bag Central. Archived from
1784:Materials for Interior Environments
659:Global trade of secondhand clothing
3047:from the original on 20 March 2021
3019:from the original on 20 March 2021
2974:from the original on 20 March 2021
2876:from the original on 4 August 2020
2844:from the original on 11 April 2024
2782:Wicker, Alden (March–April 2018).
2763:from the original on 16 April 2021
2612:. Robert E. Krieger. p. 226.
2587:. Eduard Roether KG. p. 211.
2506:from the original on 12 April 2017
2026:from the original on 10 April 2021
1911:from the original on 15 April 2022
1644:from the original on 17 April 2021
1564:NIIR Board of Consultants (2011).
25:
2356:"Why Doesn't Plastic Biodegrade?"
2336:from the original on 4 March 2021
2330:"Interesting Facts about Leather"
1545:from the original on 10 June 2021
1495:Kwasny, Melissa (17 April 2019).
1353:, and during mourning. Also, see
832:Sustainability of vintage fashion
174:is a process that stabilizes the
3388:Artificial leather / Leatherette
2994:The leather-workers of Daryaganj
2677:from the original on 7 July 2023
2644:from the original on 7 July 2023
2564:from the original on 4 June 2011
2560:. The Monitor. 5 November 2009.
2531:. EcoLinks. 2001. Archived from
2362:from the original on 14 May 2021
2310:from the original on 6 July 2017
2250:"Meet the fish leather pioneers"
2050:International Council of Tanners
1966:from the original on 12 May 2022
1819:from the original on 12 May 2022
1762:from the original on 10 May 2022
1634:"Tanning--leather manufacturing"
1611:from the original on 23 May 2023
1515:from the original on 23 May 2023
1476:from the original on 12 May 2021
1443:from the original on 23 May 2023
1053:slowly—taking 25 to 40 years to
927:
913:
615:
393:is a form of full-grain leather.
3454:British Museum leather dressing
2176:Compo, Mel (18 February 2022).
2111:1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2002-THESIS-M54
1838:Popoff, Ryan (7 October 2019).
1305:punks who support animal rights
725:Biodegradable athletic footwear
625:Environmental impact of fashion
491:Today, most leather is made of
2961:The Wonderful Story of Leather
2227:"Why You Should Raise Ostrich"
1682:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.03.002
780:Socially responsible investing
518:Argentine black and white tegu
1:
2751:Lo, Andrea (4 October 2018).
2358:. LIVESCIENCE. 2 March 2011.
2332:. CalTrend. 14 January 2018.
1722:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131755
1710:Journal of Cleaner Production
1591:Various (17 September 2020).
1181:Preservation and conditioning
994:nonyl phenol ethoxylate soaps
3521:Clothing materials and parts
2248:Timmins, Beth (2 May 2019).
884:Environmental record of Nike
140:Leather production processes
3449:Leather Archives and Museum
3074:(includes several diagrams)
2444:"Kanpur: chromium disaster"
1327:can avoid cattleskin. Such
750:Environmental impact design
534:favor kangaroo leather for
100:Ancient leather tanning in
3955:
2829:10.1038/s41587-024-02194-3
1901:"What is Genuine Leather?"
1124:
239:
137:
29:
3470:History of hide materials
2127:. Dainese. Archived from
2046:"Introduction to Leather"
1669:Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
1069:Rajasthani-style leather
542:) and boxing speed bags.
508:Reptilian skins, such as
2608:Bienkiewicz, K. (1983).
2016:"EST: Hides & Skins"
1781:Binggeli, Corky (2013).
1501:. The University Press.
253:Vegetable-tanned leather
194:temperature resistance.
32:Leather (disambiguation)
3439:Igualada Leather Museum
3069:Encyclopædia Britannica
3060:Parsons, F. G. (1911).
1638:Encyclopedia Britannica
1470:Encyclopedia Britannica
1409:waste. Leather made of
1314:Religious sensitivities
1155:, but should hydrolyze
1061:Chemical waste disposal
487:A book bound in pigskin
397:Corrected grain leather
315:Aldehyde-tanned leather
3444:Walsall Leather Museum
3012:. UK: Harmatan. 2002.
2925:"Fungi for the Future"
2583:Heidemann, E. (1993).
2080:University of Adelaide
1960:The Leather Dictionary
1597:. Read Books Limited.
1224:
1074:
770:Reconstructed clothing
760:Public interest design
553:
488:
135:
126:Modern-day tannery in
119:
108:
93:
44:
3434:German Leather Museum
3034:Leather for Libraries
2988:Lefroy, George Alfred
2731:China Textile Science
1258:and the ball used in
1219:
1068:
548:
486:
464:reconstituted leather
349:is transformed using
337:Brain tanned leathers
298:Chrome-tanned leather
125:
114:
99:
89:Drying of leather in
88:
42:
2820:Nature Biotechnology
2237:on 24 December 2013.
1541:. 15 December 2003.
1220:Elize Ryd wearing a
745:Environmental design
644:Ecological footprint
592:Environmental impact
81:Production processes
30:For other uses, see
2740:on 16 October 2015.
674:Textile performance
576:leather is used in
540:Adidas Copa Mundial
536:motorcycle leathers
3712:Artificial leather
3527:Garment structures
3475:Leather subculture
2538:on 19 January 2010
2394:on 5 February 2016
2206:on 8 February 2018
2157:on 19 October 2012
1756:www.leathermag.com
1381:artificial leather
1355:Leather in Judaism
1295:bands (especially
1225:
1075:
934:Environment portal
894:Laundry wastewater
842:Zero-waste fashion
554:
489:
379:Full-grain leather
206:or other methods.
136:
120:
115:Tanned leather in
109:
94:
45:
3921:
3920:
3745:
3744:
3554:Detachable collar
3488:
3487:
2450:on 22 August 2003
2200:"Speed Bag Parts"
1956:"Genuine leather"
1270:Leather fetishism
1264:gridiron football
1212:In modern culture
1024:Estimates of the
998:pentachlorophenol
971:
970:
889:Ecological design
827:Textile recycling
512:, crocodile, and
372:Top-grain leather
242:Tanning (leather)
16:(Redirected from
3946:
3666:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3492:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3079:
3073:
3065:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3046:
3040:. UK: Harmatan.
3039:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3011:
3000:
2998:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2973:
2967:. UK: Harmatan.
2966:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2923:Newell, Sharon.
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2831:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2733:. Archived from
2728:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2673:. 26 July 2017.
2663:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2476:on 28 March 2017
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2420:. 11 July 2009.
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2386:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2302:
2294:
2288:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2233:. Archived from
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2056:on 4 August 2018
2052:. Archived from
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1875:Business Insider
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1684:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1472:. 5 March 2020.
1462:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1430:
1247:to protect from
1127:Bating (leather)
1026:carbon footprint
1020:Carbon footprint
1009:hydrogen sulfide
990:phthalate esters
963:
956:
949:
936:
932:
931:
922:
918:
917:
916:
899:Vintage clothing
740:Cotton recycling
730:Circular fashion
664:Impact investing
619:
608:Clothing and the
596:
524:Kangaroo leather
317:is tanned using
302:chromium sulfate
300:is tanned using
263:vegetable matter
257:is tanned using
255:
254:
217:, among others.
21:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3884:
3807:
3741:
3700:
3655:
3544:Clerical collar
3522:
3519:
3489:
3484:
3458:
3427:Leather museums
3422:
3376:
3372:Leather carving
3367:Cuir de Cordoue
3348:
3310:
3217:Leather sources
3212:
3111:
3106:
3063:"Leather"
3059:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3031:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3003:
2986:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2954:
2952:Further reading
2949:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2647:
2645:
2640:. 10 May 2023.
2632:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2556:
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2551:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2519:
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2507:
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2463:
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2427:
2425:
2412:
2411:
2407:
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2300:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2279:
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2263:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1905:BestLeather.org
1899:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1869:Green, Dennis.
1868:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1605:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1509:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1377:
1316:
1256:baseball gloves
1214:
1183:
1129:
1123:
1121:Role of enzymes
1073:, Jaipur, India
1063:
1047:
1038:
1036:Water footprint
1031:
1022:
967:
926:
925:
914:
912:
911:
904:
903:
865:Green marketing
860:Business ethics
855:
847:
846:
715:
707:
706:
687:
679:
678:
639:Cotton industry
634:
609:
594:
562:Ostrich leather
551:ostrich leather
549:Phone cases in
481:
365:
331:Chamois leather
265:, such as tree
261:extracted from
252:
251:
244:
238:
236:Tanning methods
178:, particularly
142:
83:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3952:
3950:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3926:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3670:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3495:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3430:
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3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
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3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3378:
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3374:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3203:Shell cordovan
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3057:
3029:
3001:
2984:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2915:
2887:
2855:
2806:
2774:
2743:
2714:
2699:. Chabad.org.
2688:
2655:
2625:
2618:
2600:
2593:
2575:
2549:
2517:
2487:
2461:
2435:
2418:Times of India
2405:
2373:
2347:
2321:
2289:
2273:
2240:
2217:
2191:
2168:
2142:
2131:on 3 June 2019
2116:
2097:
2067:
2037:
2007:
1977:
1944:
1922:
1892:
1861:
1830:
1800:
1793:
1773:
1743:
1696:
1655:
1622:
1603:
1583:
1576:
1556:
1526:
1507:
1487:
1454:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1379:Many forms of
1376:
1373:
1315:
1312:
1283:(particularly
1222:leather jacket
1213:
1210:
1182:
1179:
1125:Main article:
1122:
1119:
1062:
1059:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1005:
982:
969:
968:
966:
965:
958:
951:
943:
940:
939:
938:
937:
923:
920:Fashion portal
906:
905:
902:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
874:
867:
862:
856:
853:
852:
849:
848:
845:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
823:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
782:
777:
772:
767:
765:Organic cotton
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
716:
714:Sustainability
713:
712:
709:
708:
705:
704:
699:
694:
688:
685:
684:
681:
680:
677:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
635:
632:
631:
628:
627:
621:
620:
612:
611:
605:
604:
593:
590:
500:Shell cordovan
480:
477:
472:
471:
462:, also called
459:Bonded leather
455:
454:
453:
445:
437:Patent leather
433:
421:Bicast leather
410:
409:
408:
400:
394:
391:Russia leather
364:
361:
360:
359:
344:
334:
319:glutaraldehyde
312:
295:
280:Boiled leather
240:Main article:
237:
234:
138:Main article:
82:
79:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3951:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3863:Hook-and-loop
3861:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3834:
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3814:
3810:
3804:
3801:
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3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
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3015:
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2919:
2916:
2904:December 2018
2903:
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2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2619:0-89874-304-4
2615:
2611:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2594:3-7929-0206-0
2590:
2586:
2579:
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2325:
2322:
2306:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:Chen et al.,
2277:
2274:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2218:
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2201:
2195:
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2179:
2172:
2169:
2156:
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2146:
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2130:
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2112:
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2085:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1849:
1845:
1844:Popov Leather
1841:
1834:
1831:
1818:
1814:
1813:Carl Friedrik
1810:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1794:9781118421604
1790:
1786:
1785:
1777:
1774:
1761:
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1744:
1739:
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1639:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1610:
1606:
1604:9781528764384
1600:
1596:
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1584:
1579:
1577:9788190568593
1573:
1569:
1568:
1560:
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1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1514:
1510:
1508:9781595348654
1504:
1500:
1499:
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1475:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1407:meat industry
1405:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
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1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:Extreme metal
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
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1234:
1230:
1223:
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1211:
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1199:
1194:
1190:
1188:
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1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1115:Lake Victoria
1111:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1078:1.5 kg.
1072:
1067:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1027:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
980:
976:
975:
974:
964:
959:
957:
952:
950:
945:
944:
942:
941:
935:
930:
924:
921:
910:
909:
908:
907:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
879:
878:The True Cost
875:
873:
872:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
857:
851:
850:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
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821:
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813:
811:
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801:
798:
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791:
788:
787:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
755:Green textile
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
735:Clothing swap
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
711:
710:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
683:
682:
675:
672:
670:
669:Microplastics
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
630:
629:
626:
623:
622:
618:
614:
613:
606:
602:
598:
597:
591:
589:
586:
584:
579:
575:
571:
566:
563:
559:
552:
547:
543:
541:
537:
533:
532:motorcyclists
529:
525:
521:
519:
515:
511:
506:
503:
501:
496:
494:
485:
478:
476:
469:
465:
461:
460:
456:
451:
450:
446:
443:
439:
438:
434:
431:
427:
423:
422:
418:
417:
414:
413:Split leather
411:
406:
405:
401:
398:
395:
392:
388:
384:
380:
377:
376:
373:
370:
369:
368:
362:
356:
352:
348:
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328:
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285:
281:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
249:
248:
247:
243:
235:
233:
231:
230:neatsfoot oil
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
195:
193:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
141:
133:
129:
124:
118:
113:
107:
103:
98:
92:
87:
80:
78:
76:
71:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3939:Hides (skin)
3858:Hook-and-eye
3821:Back closure
3754:
3751:Animal hides
3626:Shoulder pad
3549:Collar stays
3108:
3067:
3049:. Retrieved
3033:
3021:. Retrieved
3005:
2993:
2976:. Retrieved
2960:
2958:Beeby, K.J.
2937:. Retrieved
2928:
2918:
2906:. Retrieved
2899:
2890:
2880:13 September
2878:. Retrieved
2868:
2858:
2846:. Retrieved
2819:
2809:
2797:. Retrieved
2787:
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2756:
2746:
2735:the original
2730:
2717:
2705:. Retrieved
2691:
2679:. Retrieved
2671:Marie Claire
2646:. Retrieved
2628:
2609:
2603:
2584:
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2552:
2540:. Retrieved
2533:the original
2520:
2508:. Retrieved
2500:PBS NewsHour
2499:
2490:
2478:. Retrieved
2474:the original
2464:
2452:. Retrieved
2448:the original
2438:
2426:. Retrieved
2417:
2408:
2396:. Retrieved
2389:the original
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2324:
2312:. Retrieved
2292:
2281:
2276:
2264:. Retrieved
2253:
2243:
2235:the original
2230:
2220:
2208:. Retrieved
2204:the original
2194:
2181:
2171:
2159:. Retrieved
2155:the original
2145:
2133:. Retrieved
2129:the original
2119:
2100:
2088:. Retrieved
2070:
2058:. Retrieved
2054:the original
2049:
2040:
2028:. Retrieved
2019:
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1989:
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1959:
1934:
1925:
1913:. Retrieved
1904:
1895:
1883:. Retrieved
1874:
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1843:
1833:
1821:. Retrieved
1812:
1803:
1783:
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1755:
1746:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1637:
1613:. Retrieved
1593:
1586:
1566:
1559:
1547:. Retrieved
1538:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1497:
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1469:
1445:. Retrieved
1435:
1400:cell-culture
1397:
1385:polyurethane
1378:
1375:Alternatives
1367:
1363:Torah Scroll
1341:
1317:
1309:
1278:
1268:
1253:
1226:
1198:conditioners
1195:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1173:
1130:
1107:
1100:
1089:
1076:
1048:
1039:
1023:
972:
876:
869:
775:Slow fashion
720:Anti-fashion
649:Fast fashion
587:
567:
555:
522:
507:
504:
497:
490:
479:Animals used
473:
463:
457:
447:
435:
426:polyurethane
419:
412:
402:
396:
378:
371:
366:
347:Alum leather
346:
336:
327:Formaldehyde
314:
297:
292:book binding
269:prepared in
250:
245:
219:
208:
196:
188:
170:
147:
143:
72:
68:
47:
46:
36:
3381:Substitutes
3362:Bookbinding
3163:Law leather
2480:19 November
2182:Stride Wise
1675:: 204–212.
1299:bands) and
1297:black metal
1285:heavy metal
1281:rock groups
1274:fetishistic
1241:motorcycles
1231:in leather
1206:shoe polish
1202:Saddle soap
1051:biodegrades
815:Procurement
790:Advertising
785:Sustainable
697:Fur farming
610:environment
442:Seth Boyden
323:oxazolidine
73:Critics of
18:Pig leather
3928:Categories
3841:Buttonhole
3408:Ultrasuede
3153:Corinthian
2939:19 October
2707:20 October
2366:7 February
2340:7 February
2210:7 February
2135:7 February
1885:9 February
1716:: 131755.
1417:References
1351:Tisha B'Av
1347:Yom Kippur
1103:Bangladesh
805:Industries
633:Key issues
304:and other
271:bark mills
91:East Timor
3908:Waistline
3826:Belt hook
3813:Fasteners
3727:Polyester
3705:Synthetic
3646:Waistband
3413:Alcantara
3403:Presstoff
3398:Naugahyde
3316:Processes
3251:Crocodile
3224:Alligator
3198:Shearling
2929:BBC Earth
2838:1546-1696
2568:2 January
2542:2 January
2454:2 January
2428:2 January
2398:2 January
2314:2 January
1738:248213393
1730:0959-6526
1466:"Leather"
1404:upcycling
1393:Naugahyde
1301:Goth rock
1249:road rash
1136:proteases
1055:decompose
871:RiverBlue
820:Transport
654:Fur trade
558:ostriches
528:bullwhips
510:alligator
351:aluminium
275:color tan
204:whitening
192:shrinkage
162:bleaching
117:Marrakech
75:tanneries
62:, goats,
3903:Bustline
3898:Neckline
3803:Stingray
3778:Kangaroo
3661:Textiles
3354:Crafting
3329:Deliming
3276:Kangaroo
3239:Calfskin
3193:Shagreen
3143:Buckskin
3042:Archived
3014:Archived
2990:(1884).
2969:Archived
2933:Archived
2908:23 March
2874:Archived
2848:12 April
2842:Archived
2822:: 1–10.
2799:23 March
2793:Archived
2767:23 March
2761:Archived
2701:Archived
2675:Archived
2642:Archived
2562:Archived
2510:11 April
2504:Archived
2422:Archived
2360:Archived
2334:Archived
2305:Archived
2260:Archived
2255:BBC News
2231:Sun Star
2186:Archived
2084:Archived
2060:8 August
2030:14 March
2024:Archived
2000:27 March
1994:Archived
1970:28 March
1964:Archived
1939:Archived
1915:26 March
1909:Archived
1879:Archived
1854:26 March
1848:Archived
1823:26 March
1817:Archived
1766:26 March
1760:Archived
1691:27150762
1642:Archived
1609:Archived
1543:Archived
1513:Archived
1474:Archived
1441:Archived
1359:Teffilin
1169:globulin
1149:collagen
1144:amylases
1049:Leather
1045:Disposal
1002:solvents
986:chromium
837:Trashion
692:Cashmere
601:a series
599:Part of
574:stingray
570:Thailand
341:buckskin
306:chromium
226:mink oil
222:currying
215:tumbling
180:collagen
176:proteins
166:pickling
154:deliming
3934:Leather
3913:Hemline
3783:Ostrich
3755:leather
3737:Spandex
3717:Elastic
3669:Natural
3601:Placket
3534:Armscye
3480:Rawhide
3463:Related
3418:Clarino
3339:Tanning
3281:Ostrich
3168:Morocco
3158:Kidskin
3148:Chamois
3123:Aniline
3109:Leather
2161:27 July
2090:6 March
1935:Dalgado
1648:14 June
1615:14 June
1549:10 June
1519:10 June
1480:10 June
1447:10 June
1369:Jainism
1343:Judaism
1333:ostrich
1260:cricket
1245:jackets
1239:. When
1237:aviator
1187:red rot
1165:albumin
1161:elastin
1153:keratin
1140:lipases
1132:Enzymes
1110:Croatia
1013:ammonia
854:Related
800:Fashion
702:Leather
686:By type
583:katanas
578:wallets
530:. Some
387:aniline
355:protein
259:tannins
211:glazing
184:putrefy
172:Tanning
106:Morocco
52:tanning
48:Leather
3880:Zipper
3868:Velcro
3836:Button
3831:Buckle
3676:Cotton
3636:Sleeve
3621:Ruffle
3616:Revers
3611:Pocket
3596:Lining
3571:Facing
3539:Collar
3344:Oiling
3334:Bating
3324:Liming
3234:Cattle
3188:Russia
3183:Patent
3178:Nubuck
3138:Bonded
3133:Boiled
3128:Bicast
3051:8 June
3023:8 June
2996:
2978:8 June
2836:
2681:7 July
2648:7 July
2616:
2591:
2125:"FAQs"
2078:. The
1791:
1736:
1728:
1689:
1601:
1574:
1505:
1329:taboos
1321:Muslim
1229:cowboy
1157:casein
1142:, and
1096:Ganges
1092:Kanpur
810:Market
795:Design
493:cattle
404:Nubuck
383:patina
363:Grades
358:salts.
200:dyeing
164:, and
158:bating
150:liming
132:Mexico
64:equine
56:cattle
3890:Seams
3851:Shank
3798:Snake
3793:Sheep
3732:Rayon
3722:Nylon
3686:Linen
3641:Train
3631:Strap
3606:Pleat
3581:Lapel
3393:Kirza
3301:Snake
3296:Sheep
3271:Horse
3244:Slunk
3229:Bison
3208:Suede
3116:Types
3045:(PDF)
3038:(PDF)
3017:(PDF)
3010:(PDF)
2972:(PDF)
2965:(PDF)
2738:(PDF)
2727:(PDF)
2536:(PDF)
2529:(PDF)
2392:(PDF)
2385:(PDF)
2308:(PDF)
2301:(PDF)
2266:7 May
1734:S2CID
1411:fungi
1389:vinyl
1325:Hindu
1279:Many
1233:chaps
1134:like
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