1196:
1263:
911:
1354:
1306:
1318:
1290:
1342:
1278:
938:
1231:
1247:
1330:
1135:, but most scholars agree that, since sapphire was not known before the Roman Empire, they most likely are references to lapis lazuli. For instance, Exodus 24:10: "And they saw the God of Israel, and there was under his feet as it were a paved work of a sapphire stone..." (KJV). The words used in the Latin Vulgate Bible in this citation are "quasi opus lapidis sapphirini", the terms for lapis lazuli. Modern translations of the Bible, such as the New Living Translation Second Edition, refer to lapis lazuli in most instances instead of sapphire.
965:
1176:
685:
887:
899:
1116:
64:
910:
1195:
1262:
2192:
1494:
1084:
wrote that lapis lazuli is "opaque and sprinkled with specks of gold". Because the stone combines the blue of the heavens and golden glitter of the sun, it was emblematic of success in the old Jewish tradition. In the early
Christian tradition lapis lazuli was regarded as the stone of
771:
mine deposits have been worked for more than 6,000 years. Afghanistan was the source of lapis for the ancient
Persian, Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations, as well as the later Greeks and Romans. Ancient Egyptians obtained the material through trade with Mesopotamians, as part of
1353:
1289:
1246:
1277:
1164:, describes a figurine of sculpted lapis lazuli in a poem entitled "Lapis Lazuli". The sculpture of three men from China, a bird, and a musical instrument serves in the poem as a reminder of "gaiety" in the face of tragedy.
1230:
1317:
1000:
in southeast Iran (3rd millennium BC). A dagger with a lapis handle, a bowl inlaid with lapis, amulets, beads, and inlays representing eyebrows and beards, were found in the Royal Tombs of the
Sumerian city-state of
1305:
1826:
2396:
Van Loon, Annelies; Gambardella, Alessa A.; Gonzalez, Victor; Cotte, Marine; De Nolf, Wout; Keune, Katrien; Leonhardt, Emilien; De Groot, Suzan; Proaño Gaibor, Art Ness; Vandivere, Abbie (2020).
1271:
scarab finger ring; 1850–1750 BC; lapis lazuli scarab set in gold plate and on a gold wire ring lapis-lazuli; diameter: 2.5 cm, the scarab: 1.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
886:
1175:
1329:
1687:
1341:
937:
2544:
Wyart J. Bariand P, Filippi J., "Le Lapis Lazuli de Sar-e-SAng", Revue de
Geographie Physique et de Geologie Dynamique (2) Vol. XIV Pasc. 4 pp. 443–448, Paris, 1972.
1710:
1905:
Boros, E.; Earle, M. J.; Gilea, M. A.; Metlen, A.; Mudring, A.-V.; Rieger, F.; Robertson, A. J.; Seddon, K. R.; Tomaszowska, A. A.; Trusov, L.; Vyle, J. S. (2010).
1818:
2514:
Lapparent A. F., Bariand, P. et Blaise, J., "Une visite au gisement de lapis lazuli de Sar-e-Sang du Hindu Kouch, Afghanistan," C.R. Somm.S.G.P.p. 30, 1964.
2219:
Jewellery & Watch
Magazine | Jewellery news, jewellery fashion and trends, jewellery designer reviews, jewellery education, opinions | Wrist watch reviews
2511:
Korzhinskij, D. S., "Gisements bimetasomatiques de philogophite et de lazurite de l'Archen du pribajkale", Traduction par Mr. Jean
Sagarzky-B.R.G.M., 1944.
1221:
1622:
DIKSHIT, K.N. (2012). "The Rise of Indian
Civilization: Recent Archaeological Evidence from the Plains of 'Lost' River Saraswati and Radio-Metric Dates".
1547:
Sarkar, Anindya; Mukherjee, Arati
Deshpande; Bera, M. K.; Das, B.; Juyal, Navin; Morthekai, P.; Deshpande, R. D.; Shinde, V. S.; Rao, L. S. (2016-05-25).
4639:
2275:
850:. Its usage as a pigment in oil paint largely ended during the early 19th century, when a chemically identical synthetic variety became available.
1067:(1479–1429 BC) show fragments and barrel-shaped pieces of lapis lazuli being delivered to him as tribute. Powdered lapis was used as eyeshadow by
2056:"Ubiquitous trisulfur radical anion: fundamentals and applications in materials science, electrochemistry, analytical chemistry and geochemistry"
2252:
2091:
2375:
2359:
2343:
2186:
2033:
1776:
1488:
1464:
525:
is etymologically related to the color blue, and used as a root for the word for blue in several languages, including
Spanish and Portuguese
2875:
2176:
1478:
2127:
1549:"Oxygen isotope in archaeological bioapatites from India: Implications to climate change and decline of Bronze Age Harappan civilization"
751:
radical anion exhibits a visible absorption band in the range 595–620 nm with high molar absorptivity, leading to its bright blue color.
3632:
2629:
2589:
1679:
735:) radicals can shift the color towards yellow or red, respectively. These radical anions substitute for the chloride anions within the
2488:
1364:
2560:
534:
Mines in northeast
Afghanistan continue to be a major source of lapis lazuli. Important amounts are also produced from mines west of
2539:
2140:
2222:
1934:
1378:
773:
550:
used to carve artifacts and jewelry. Smaller quantities are mined in Pakistan, Italy, Mongolia, the United States, and Canada.
2311:
In antiquity and as late as the Middle Ages, the name sapphire was understood to mean what is today described as lapis lazuli.
988:
dating to the 7th millennium BC. Quantities of these beads have also been found at 4th millennium BC settlements in Northern
1431:
2309:. trans. Annette Englander & Daniel Shea (Newly revised & expanded 3rd ed.). New York: Sterling. p. 102.
1283:
Neo-Babylonian conical seal; 7th–6th century BC; lapis lazuli; height: 2.7 cm, diameter: 2.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
898:
1526:
27:
440:, c. 4900–4000 BCE. A traditional understanding was that the lapis was mined some fifteen hundred miles to the east – in
2155:
831:, ornaments, small statues, and vases. Interior items and finishing buildings can be also made with lapis. During the
4634:
1955:
Ganio, Monica; Pouyet, Emeline S.; Webb, Samuel M.; Patterson, Catherine M. Schmidt; Walton, Marc S. (2018-03-01).
1237:
973:
1884:
1855:
924:
it was the most expensive pigment available (gold being second) and was often reserved for depicting the robes of
3086:
1907:"On the dissolution of non-metallic solid elements (sulfur, selenium, tellurium and phosphorus) in ionic liquids"
1148:
1120:
777:
343:
2922:
2744:
853:
Lapis lazuli is commercially synthesized or simulated by the Gillson process, which is used to make artificial
964:
3685:
3665:
3625:
3553:
2927:
2646:
2622:
980:
Lapis lazuli has been mined in Afghanistan and exported to the Mediterranean world and South Asia since the
34:
4110:
892:
Crystals of lazurite (the main mineral in lapis lazuli) from the Sar-i Sang Mining District in Afghanistan
346:. Lapis was highly valued by the Indus Valley Civilisation (3300–1900 BC). Lapis beads have been found at
41:
1957:"From lapis lazuli to ultramarine blue: investigating Cennino Cennini's recipe using sulfur K-edge XANES"
373:, lapis lazuli began to be exported to Europe, where it was ground into powder and made into the pigment
4075:
3453:
2273:
1086:
420:, perhaps as a result of licking their painting brushes while producing medieval texts and manuscripts.
363:
3290:
2947:
2244:
1560:
1253:
972:; 945–600 BC; lapis lazuli; height of the figure: 5.2 cm, height of the dais: 0.4 cm;
959:
673:
2055:
1078:
attesting to relations between the Myceneans and the developed civilizations of Egypt and the East.
401:, and was often reserved for the clothing of the central figures of their paintings, especially the
3285:
2371:
72:
4360:
2005:
1112:
described "the sapphirus, which is speckled with gold," a description which matches lapis lazuli.
4629:
3906:
3618:
2694:
2674:
2615:
2458:
2419:
1986:
1738:
1635:
1604:
2248:
2601:
1768:
684:
3861:
3141:
2724:
2535:
2505:
2484:
2450:
2355:
2339:
2182:
2136:
2124:
2083:
2075:
2025:
1978:
1926:
1801:
1772:
1730:
1627:
1596:
1578:
1484:
1460:
1052:
1048:
1029:
1025:
319:
2572:
4558:
4270:
4057:
3926:
3051:
2880:
2834:
2754:
2409:
2067:
2017:
1968:
1918:
1760:
1722:
1586:
1568:
1182:
1143:
917:
571:
445:
291:
218:
212:
121:
4370:
4130:
3983:
3146:
3081:
2892:
2865:
2565:
2518:
2279:
2159:
2131:
1081:
997:
473:
299:
115:
1413: – Deep blue purple color pigment which was originally made with ground lapis lazuli
2554:
1564:
1323:
Roman bead ornament; gold and lapis lazuli; 3 × 1.8 × 0.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
4563:
4405:
3998:
3921:
3499:
3443:
3431:
3360:
3004:
2942:
2719:
1591:
1548:
1404:
1311:
Greek or Roman ring stone; lapis lazuli; 2.1 x 1.6 x 0.3 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
861:
516:
495:
2508:, "Lapis Lazuli: The Early Phases of Its Trade", Oxford University Dissertation, 1966.
2214:
1906:
1092:
In late classical times and as late as the Middle Ages, lapis lazuli was often called
1047:
In ancient Egypt, lapis lazuli was a favorite stone for amulets and ornaments such as
803:
in Siberia, Russia, at the Tultui lazurite deposit. It is mined in smaller amounts in
4623:
4608:
4523:
4488:
4335:
3896:
3801:
3574:
3504:
3463:
3131:
2885:
2870:
2819:
2423:
1990:
1794:
1761:
1389:
1299:; 664–332 BC; lapis lazuli; length: 1.8 cm, width: 1.6 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
1268:
1132:
1021:
792:
696:
659:
406:
2326:(De Lapidibus) – IV-23, translated by D.E. Eichholtz, Oxford University Press, 1965.
4533:
4385:
4032:
4010:
3951:
3851:
3796:
3781:
3647:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3541:
3494:
3324:
3056:
2937:
2897:
2789:
2594:
1683:
1608:
1296:
1115:
1109:
1064:
985:
847:
760:
568:
515:") was used to refer to the stone itself, and is the term ultimately imported into
437:
1252:
Sumerian necklace; 2600–2500 BC; gold and lapis lazuli; length: 22.5 cm; from the
2561:
Documentation from online course produced by University of California at Berkeley
827:
Lapis takes an excellent polish and can be made into jewellery, carvings, boxes,
4422:
4313:
4293:
4283:
4210:
4160:
4085:
3931:
3866:
3836:
3791:
3749:
3722:
3717:
3707:
3670:
3536:
3426:
3265:
3215:
3210:
3126:
2968:
2844:
2794:
2669:
2664:
2578:
1410:
1161:
1033:
1017:
989:
929:
921:
854:
839:
832:
800:
535:
433:
410:
402:
378:
374:
370:
335:
76:
54:
2414:
2397:
1518:
4588:
4573:
4548:
4543:
4453:
4438:
4355:
4323:
4288:
4278:
4260:
4240:
4185:
4165:
4120:
4042:
4027:
4003:
3963:
3936:
3916:
3886:
3846:
3821:
3811:
3806:
3786:
3695:
3370:
3315:
3190:
3103:
3071:
3061:
2963:
2912:
2849:
2824:
2699:
2566:
Lapislazuli: Occurrence, Mining and Market Potential of a blue Mineral Pigment
1395:
1360:
1104:
in Hebrew), though it had little to do with the stone today known as the blue
993:
812:
768:
764:
651:
441:
429:
359:
331:
323:
63:
2454:
2079:
2029:
1982:
1734:
1631:
1582:
1236:
Sumerian necklace beads; 2600–2500 BC; gold and lapis lazuli; length: 54 cm;
4603:
4593:
4583:
4568:
4538:
4518:
4503:
4498:
4463:
4458:
4417:
4410:
4375:
4345:
4330:
4308:
4250:
4230:
4225:
4215:
4200:
4180:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4135:
4125:
4100:
4065:
3978:
3946:
3891:
3881:
3856:
3831:
3826:
3766:
3727:
3690:
3516:
3509:
3380:
3375:
3355:
3280:
3205:
3199:
3180:
3076:
3017:
2932:
2829:
2764:
2739:
2729:
2659:
2638:
2398:"Out of the blue: Vermeer's use of ultramarine in Girl with a Pearl Earring"
1068:
1009:
981:
781:
693:
639:
347:
327:
2571:
2152:
2087:
1930:
1600:
2178:
Ancient mesopotamian materials and industries: the archaeological evidence
1973:
1956:
1480:
Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: the Archaeological Evidence
4578:
4553:
4478:
4448:
4443:
4365:
4350:
4318:
4298:
4195:
4170:
4047:
4022:
4015:
3993:
3988:
3941:
3876:
3761:
3712:
3702:
3660:
3584:
3558:
3547:
3484:
3411:
3350:
3340:
3335:
3295:
3235:
3225:
3185:
3167:
3156:
3151:
3066:
3022:
2907:
2902:
2839:
2779:
2769:
2734:
2709:
2684:
2679:
1105:
1093:
1028:(17th–18th century BC), one of the oldest known works of literature. The
1024:
and jewelry. It is mentioned several times in the Mesopotamian poem, the
869:
816:
736:
647:
635:
564:
390:
386:
355:
351:
339:
307:
295:
93:
20:
2462:
2438:
1639:
4598:
4528:
4493:
4468:
4400:
4235:
4175:
4115:
4080:
3973:
3901:
3816:
3776:
3744:
3739:
3655:
3579:
3489:
3401:
3310:
3275:
3260:
3245:
3230:
3220:
3093:
3027:
2978:
2917:
2774:
2749:
2714:
2532:
Secrets of the Gem Trade: The Connoisseur's Guide to Precious Gemstones
2071:
2006:"The nature of the chalcogen colour centres in ultramarine-type solids"
1876:
1847:
1742:
1209:
1125:
1075:
1013:
877:
858:
836:
623:
417:
398:
382:
315:
16:
Metamorphic rock containing lazurite, prized for its intense blue color
1573:
916:
Natural ultramarine pigment made from ground lapis lazuli. During the
302:
for its intense color. Originating from the Persian word for the gem,
4508:
4483:
4380:
4340:
4303:
4205:
4070:
3968:
3958:
3911:
3871:
3841:
3771:
3756:
3734:
3680:
3675:
3479:
3385:
3345:
3320:
3255:
3240:
3136:
3121:
3116:
3032:
2983:
2973:
2689:
2654:
2021:
1922:
1383:
1213:
1205:
1060:
1056:
1041:
925:
873:
865:
843:
828:
804:
669:
655:
631:
627:
469:, is commonly interpreted as having an origin in a local place name.
394:
311:
69:
1726:
377:. Ultramarine was used by some of the most important artists of the
2493:
Bariand, Pierre, "Lapis Lazuli", Mineral Digest, Vol 4 Winter 1972.
787:
In addition to the Afghan deposits, lapis is also extracted in the
4473:
4395:
4390:
4255:
4220:
4140:
4095:
4090:
3458:
3448:
3438:
3421:
3416:
3406:
3365:
3195:
3175:
3111:
3043:
2784:
2759:
2704:
1201:
1186:
1114:
1037:
963:
808:
796:
788:
683:
543:
539:
3610:
1335:
20th century silver ring with polished lapis oval; 2 x 2.4 x 1 cm
4245:
4190:
4105:
4037:
3330:
3305:
3300:
3250:
3012:
1217:
1032:, a 3rd millennium BC statue found in the ancient city-state of
969:
643:
547:
413:
3614:
2611:
984:
age, along the ancient trade route between Afghanistan and the
338:. Lapis lazuli artifacts, dated to 7570 BC, have been found at
2577:
811:, Pakistan, Canada, Italy, India, and in the United States in
263:
186:
1108:
variety sapphire. In his book on stones, the Greek scientist
2607:
306:, lapis lazuli is a rock composed primarily of the minerals
2590:"Why a Medieval Woman Had Lapis Lazuli Hidden in Her Teeth"
1680:"Why a Medieval Woman Had Lapis Lazuli Hidden in Her Teeth"
1002:
780:, approximately 2000 BC, the Harappan colony, now known as
688:
Lapis lazuli seen through a microscope (x240 magnification)
278:
266:
248:
242:
201:
171:
1008:
Lapis was also used in ancient Persia, Mesopotamia by the
189:
165:
503:, which came to mean 'heaven' or 'sky'. To disambiguate,
260:
236:
227:
183:
159:
150:
136:
130:
2295:, John S. Latsis Public Benefit Foundation, 2015, p. 32.
1848:"Lapis lazuli: Mineral information, data and localities"
630:(metallic yellow). Some samples of lapis lazuli contain
563:
The most important mineral component of lapis lazuli is
1051:. Lapis jewellery has been found at excavations of the
1044:, uses lapis lazuli inlays for the irises of the eyes.
1759:
Senning, Alexander (2007). "lapis lazuli (lazurite)".
1204:
bald clean-shaven male worshipper head, 2600–2500 BC;
2054:
Chivers, Tristram; Elder, Philip J. W. (2013-06-21).
692:
The intense blue color is due to the presence of the
464:
453:
272:
230:
195:
153:
139:
124:
2170:
2168:
2004:
Reinen, Dirk; Lindner, Gottlieb-Georg (1999-01-01).
1877:"Lazurite: Mineral information, data and localities"
1400:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1074:
Jewelry made of lapis lazuli has also been found at
486:
is the etymological source of both the English word
481:
275:
257:
245:
224:
198:
180:
168:
147:
133:
127:
4431:
4269:
4056:
3646:
3529:
3472:
3394:
3165:
3102:
3041:
3003:
2996:
2956:
2858:
2812:
2805:
2645:
254:
221:
177:
144:
103:
A mixture of other minerals, often including pyrite
99:
89:
84:
1793:
1657:
2497:Bowersox, Gary W.; Chamberlin, Bonita E. (1995).
1624:Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute
767:province in north-eastern Afghanistan, where the
1398: – town in Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan
1181:A bovine with eyes decorated with lapis lazuli.
1359:Large lapis lazuli specimen from Afghanistan's
1347:Elephant carved from lapis lazuli. Length 7 cm.
1131:There are many references to "sapphire" in the
2337:Real Diamonds and Precious Stones of the Bible
1825:. International Colored Gemstone Association.
1392: – Precious stone resembling lapis lazuli
3626:
2623:
1711:"Lapis Lazuli: The Early Phases of its Trade"
943:19th-century lapis lazuli and diamond pendant
835:, lapis was ground and processed to make the
526:
459:
448:
33:"Lazuli" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
2282:Moment of Science site, Indiana Public Media
1796:An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English
711:) in the crystal. The presence of disulfur (
476:
47:
40:"Lapis" redirects here. For other uses, see
1459:(2009), National Gallery Company, London, (
1222:Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures
668:Lapis lazuli usually occurs in crystalline
520:
510:
504:
498:
3633:
3619:
3611:
3000:
2809:
2630:
2616:
2608:
759:Lapis lazuli is found in limestone in the
2413:
2111:
1972:
1590:
1572:
574:of the sodalite family, with the formula
432:show that Lapis lazuli was introduced to
2481:Afghanistan's Blue Treasure Lapis Lazuli
2437:Labistour, Marion; Yeats, W. B. (1966).
2372:"Vermeer's Palette: Natural Ultramarine"
1800:. New York: Dover Publications. p.
1653:
1651:
1649:
960:Art of ancient Egypt § Lapis lazuli
784:, was established near the lapis mines.
68:Lapis lazuli in its natural state, with
1763:Elsevier's Dictionary of Chemoetymology
1668:Alessandro Bongioanni & Maria Croce
1423:
1171:
882:
2305:Schumann, Walter (2006) . "Sapphire".
1813:
1811:
46:
2604:virtues and story at birthstone.guide
2255:from the original on 30 December 2012
2245:"Ebih-Il, the Superintendent of Mari"
1754:
1752:
405:. Ultramarine has also been found in
7:
1513:
1511:
1436:Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
477:
460:
449:
1519:"Excavation Bhirrana | ASI Nagpur"
1365:National Museum of Natural History
1256:(Iraq); Metropolitan Museum of Art
622:. Most lapis lazuli also contains
14:
4640:Archaeological sites in Rajasthan
2213:Monthly, Jewellery (2015-04-02).
1792:Weekley, Ernest (1967). "azure".
1709:Herrmann, Georgina (April 1968).
1407: – Variety of the color blue
2580:The New Student's Reference Work
2483:, Front Porch Publishing, 2011,
2354:"In His Image Devotional Bible"
1690:from the original on May 8, 2020
1678:Zhang, Sarah (January 9, 2019).
1352:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1295:Ancient Egyptian plaque with an
1288:
1276:
1261:
1245:
1229:
1194:
1174:
1146:used lapis lazuli paint, in the
936:
909:
904:A polished block of lapis lazuli
897:
885:
880:, can be substituted for lapis.
322:, lapis lazuli was mined in the
217:
120:
62:
2501:. Tucson, AZ: Geoscience Press.
2378:from the original on 2021-11-23
2335:Pearlie Braswell-Tripp (2013),
2225:from the original on 2017-08-28
2215:"A complete guide to Gemstones"
2195:from the original on 2015-10-03
2181:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 86–87.
2094:from the original on 2022-06-16
2036:from the original on 2022-06-16
1937:from the original on 2017-09-22
1887:from the original on 2020-04-03
1858:from the original on 2020-01-29
1829:from the original on 2020-03-21
1767:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p.
1529:from the original on 2020-08-04
1497:from the original on 2015-10-03
1483:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 86–87.
968:Ancient Egyptian cult image of
1658:Bowersox & Chamberlin 1995
342:, which is the oldest site of
1:
1455:David Bomford and Ashok Roy,
1005:from the 3rd millennium BC.
546:which is the source that the
334:province in modern northeast
2175:Moorey, Peter Roger (1999).
1477:Moorey, Peter Roger (1999).
776:. During the height of the
774:Egypt–Mesopotamia relations
482:
465:
454:
364:funeral mask of Tutankhamun
298:that has been prized since
4658:
2415:10.1186/s40494-020-00364-5
1961:Pure and Applied Chemistry
1238:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1208:, shell, lapis lazuli and
974:Metropolitan Museum of Art
957:
436:approximately in the late
290:for short, is a deep-blue
39:
32:
28:Lapis Lazuli (Fabergé egg)
25:
18:
3567:
2525:. Toronto: Firefly Books.
2479:Bakhtiar, Lailee McNair,
1149:Girl with a Pearl Earring
1121:Girl with a Pearl Earring
1063:, the relief carvings of
778:Indus Valley civilisation
344:Indus Valley civilisation
61:
52:
26:For the Fabergé egg, see
2499:Gemstones of Afghanistan
2291:Alcestis Papademetriou,
2060:Chemical Society Reviews
2010:Chemical Society Reviews
1386: – Silicate mineral
330:, and in other mines in
19:Not to be confused with
3686:Basaltic trachyandesite
3666:Alkali feldspar granite
3132:Nickel silver (alpacca)
2602:Lapis Lazuli birthstone
35:Lazuli (disambiguation)
2307:Gemstones of the World
1128:
977:
799:); and to the west of
689:
538:in Russia, and in the
527:
521:
511:
505:
499:
472:From the Persian, the
42:Lapis (disambiguation)
4076:Banded iron formation
3473:Other natural objects
2523:Firefly Guide to Gems
1974:10.1515/pac-2017-0502
1457:A Closer Look- Colour
1379:Dvārakā–Kamboja route
1118:
967:
958:Further information:
687:
567:(25% to 40%), a blue
362:. It was used in the
358:, and as far away as
2948:Wire wrapped jewelry
2928:Repoussé and chasing
2573:"Lapis Lazuli"
2135:, Elsevier, p. 185.
2122:Read, Peter (2005).
1254:Royal Cemetery at Ur
1162:William Butler Yeats
1053:Predynastic Egyptian
954:In the ancient world
823:Uses and substitutes
674:contact metamorphism
3490:Ebonite (vulcanite)
1565:2016NatSR...626555S
1059:(3300–3100 BC). At
723:) and tetrasulfur (
296:semi-precious stone
49:
4432:Specific varieties
2835:Jewellery designer
2530:Wise, Richard W.,
2506:Herrmann, Georgina
2278:2013-10-04 at the
2158:2019-10-27 at the
2130:2016-11-24 at the
2072:10.1039/C3CS60119F
1553:Scientific Reports
1367:(Washington, D.C.)
1129:
978:
690:
658:, and sulfur-rich
369:By the end of the
318:. As early as the
4635:Metamorphic rocks
4617:
4616:
3862:Nepheline syenite
3608:
3607:
3525:
3524:
3395:Organic gemstones
2992:
2991:
2360:978-1-4143-3763-0
2344:978-1-4797-9644-1
2188:978-1-57506-042-2
2066:(14): 5996–6005.
1778:978-0-444-52239-9
1574:10.1038/srep26555
1490:978-1-57506-042-2
1465:978-1-85709-442-8
1220:); Museum of the
1030:Statue of Ebih-Il
1026:Epic of Gilgamesh
455:lāžavard/lāževard
428:Excavations from
320:7th millennium BC
107:
106:
4647:
4559:Rapakivi granite
4271:Metamorphic rock
4058:Sedimentary rock
3927:Quartz monzonite
3635:
3628:
3621:
3612:
3052:Britannia silver
3001:
2810:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2609:
2586:
2584:
2575:
2526:
2519:Oldershaw, Cally
2502:
2467:
2466:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2402:Heritage Science
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2368:
2362:
2352:
2346:
2333:
2327:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2302:
2296:
2289:
2283:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2243:Claire, Iselin.
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2172:
2163:
2162:, Gemstone Buzz.
2150:
2144:
2120:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2022:10.1039/A704920J
2001:
1995:
1994:
1976:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1923:10.1039/b910469k
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1823:www.gemstone.org
1815:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1766:
1756:
1747:
1746:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1655:
1644:
1643:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1594:
1576:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1474:
1468:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1428:
1401:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1292:
1280:
1269:Ancient Egyptian
1265:
1249:
1233:
1198:
1183:Fertile Crescent
1178:
1144:Johannes Vermeer
940:
913:
901:
889:
750:
749:
748:
734:
733:
732:
722:
721:
720:
710:
709:
708:
621:
620:
619:
611:
610:
602:
601:
593:
592:
584:
583:
572:silicate mineral
554:Science and uses
530:
524:
514:
508:
502:
490:(via Old French
485:
480:
479:
468:
463:
462:
457:
452:
451:
366:(1341–1323 BC).
292:metamorphic rock
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
274:
269:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
251:
250:
247:
244:
239:
238:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
216:
208:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
174:
173:
170:
167:
162:
161:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
126:
119:
66:
55:Metamorphic rock
50:
4657:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4427:
4371:Pseudotachylite
4265:
4052:
3984:Tephriphonolite
3642:
3639:
3609:
3604:
3563:
3521:
3510:Spondylus shell
3468:
3390:
3161:
3147:Stainless steel
3098:
3082:Sterling silver
3042:Precious metal
3037:
3005:Precious metals
2988:
2952:
2854:
2801:
2641:
2636:
2570:
2557:at Gemstone.org
2551:
2517:
2496:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2443:Critical Survey
2436:
2435:
2431:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2381:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2353:
2349:
2334:
2330:
2321:
2317:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2290:
2286:
2280:Wayback Machine
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2249:Musée du Louvre
2242:
2241:
2237:
2228:
2226:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2196:
2189:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2160:Wayback Machine
2151:
2147:
2132:Wayback Machine
2121:
2117:
2110:
2106:
2097:
2095:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2039:
2037:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1938:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1890:
1888:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1832:
1830:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1727:10.2307/4199836
1708:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1647:
1626:. 72/73: 1–42.
1621:
1620:
1616:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1500:
1498:
1491:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1399:
1375:
1368:
1357:
1348:
1345:
1336:
1333:
1324:
1321:
1312:
1309:
1300:
1293:
1284:
1281:
1272:
1266:
1257:
1250:
1241:
1240:(New York City)
1234:
1225:
1199:
1190:
1189:, 889-853 B.C.
1179:
1170:
1158:
1141:
1082:Pliny the Elder
998:Shahr-e Sukhteh
976:(New York City)
962:
956:
951:
949:History and art
944:
941:
932:
914:
905:
902:
893:
890:
862:zinc phosphates
825:
757:
747:
744:
743:
742:
740:
739:structure. The
731:
728:
727:
726:
724:
719:
716:
715:
714:
712:
707:
704:
703:
702:
700:
682:
672:as a result of
618:
615:
614:
613:
609:
606:
605:
604:
600:
597:
596:
595:
591:
588:
587:
586:
582:
579:
578:
577:
575:
561:
556:
458:, also written
426:
271:
253:
241:
235:
220:
211:
210:
194:
176:
164:
158:
143:
123:
114:
113:
80:
75:(specimen from
45:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4622:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4564:Rhomb porphyry
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4406:Talc carbonate
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4275:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4008:
4007:
4006:
3999:Trachyandesite
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3922:Quartz diorite
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:Types of rocks
3640:
3638:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3615:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3571:Related topics
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2943:Wire sculpture
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2599:
2598:, January 2019
2587:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2550:
2549:External links
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2528:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2503:
2494:
2491:
2489:978-0615573700
2475:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2439:"Lapis Lazuli"
2429:
2388:
2363:
2347:
2328:
2322:Theophrastus,
2315:
2297:
2284:
2266:
2235:
2205:
2187:
2164:
2145:
2115:
2112:Oldershaw 2003
2104:
2046:
1996:
1967:(3): 463–475.
1947:
1917:(5): 716–718.
1897:
1881:www.mindat.org
1868:
1852:www.mindat.org
1839:
1819:"Lapis Lazuli"
1807:
1784:
1777:
1748:
1701:
1670:
1661:
1645:
1614:
1539:
1507:
1489:
1469:
1448:
1432:"lapis lazuli"
1422:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1405:Shades of blue
1402:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1180:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1157:
1154:
1140:
1137:
1036:in modern-day
955:
952:
950:
947:
946:
945:
942:
935:
933:
915:
908:
906:
903:
896:
894:
891:
884:
824:
821:
756:
753:
745:
729:
717:
705:
681:
678:
616:
607:
598:
589:
580:
560:
557:
555:
552:
517:Middle English
496:Medieval Latin
444:. Indeed, the
425:
422:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
82:
81:
67:
59:
58:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4653:
4652:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4524:Litchfieldite
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4489:Hyaloclastite
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4336:Litchfieldite
4334:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3897:Phonotephrite
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:Hyaloclastite
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3636:
3631:
3629:
3624:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3575:Body piercing
3573:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3464:Tortoiseshell
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:Bench jeweler
2818:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2628:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2540:9780972822329
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2236:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2141:0-7506-6449-5
2138:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1948:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1898:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1540:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1390:Lapis armenus
1388:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1133:Old Testament
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1040:, now in the
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
999:
995:
992:, and at the
991:
987:
983:
975:
971:
966:
961:
953:
948:
939:
934:
931:
927:
923:
919:
912:
907:
900:
895:
888:
883:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
838:
834:
830:
822:
820:
818:
814:
810:
807:, Argentina,
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
770:
766:
762:
754:
752:
738:
698:
697:radical anion
695:
686:
679:
677:
675:
671:
666:
664:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
626:(white), and
625:
573:
570:
566:
558:
553:
551:
549:
545:
542:mountains in
541:
537:
532:
529:
523:
518:
513:
507:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
475:
470:
467:
456:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
423:
421:
419:
415:
412:
408:
407:dental tartar
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
283:
214:
206:
117:
111:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
83:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:
57:
56:
51:
43:
36:
29:
22:
4534:Luxullianite
4514:Lapis lazuli
4513:
4459:Blue Granite
4386:Serpentinite
4361:Metapsammite
4111:Conglomerate
4033:Trondhjemite
4011:Trachybasalt
3952:Pantellerite
3852:Monzogranite
3797:Hornblendite
3782:Granodiorite
3648:Igneous rock
3600:Wearable art
3595:Phaleristics
3590:Metalworking
3495:Gutta-percha
3271:Lapis lazuli
3270:
3057:Colored gold
2938:Stonesetting
2595:The Atlantic
2593:
2579:
2555:Lapis lazuli
2531:
2522:
2498:
2480:
2474:Bibliography
2449:(1): 13–16.
2446:
2442:
2432:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2380:. Retrieved
2366:
2350:
2336:
2331:
2323:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2292:
2287:
2269:
2257:. Retrieved
2238:
2227:. Retrieved
2218:
2208:
2197:. Retrieved
2177:
2153:Lapis lazuli
2148:
2123:
2118:
2107:
2096:. Retrieved
2063:
2059:
2049:
2038:. Retrieved
2016:(2): 75–84.
2013:
2009:
1999:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1939:. Retrieved
1914:
1910:
1900:
1889:. Retrieved
1880:
1871:
1860:. Retrieved
1851:
1842:
1831:. Retrieved
1822:
1795:
1787:
1762:
1721:(1): 21–57.
1718:
1714:
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1684:The Atlantic
1673:
1664:
1623:
1617:
1559:(1): 26555.
1556:
1552:
1542:
1531:. Retrieved
1523:excnagasi.in
1522:
1499:. Retrieved
1479:
1472:
1456:
1451:
1439:. Retrieved
1435:
1426:
1297:Eye of Horus
1159:
1147:
1142:
1130:
1119:
1110:Theophrastus
1101:
1097:
1091:
1080:
1073:
1065:Thutmose III
1046:
1007:
986:Indus Valley
979:
852:
848:oil painting
826:
786:
761:Kokcha River
758:
691:
667:
662:
569:feldspathoid
562:
533:
506:lapis lazulī
491:
487:
471:
438:Ubaid period
427:
385:, including
368:
303:
287:
110:Lapis lazuli
109:
108:
53:
48:Lapis lazuli
4423:Whiteschist
4314:Greenschist
4294:Cataclasite
4284:Amphibolite
4211:Phosphorite
4161:Itacolumite
4086:Calcarenite
3932:Quartzolite
3867:Nephelinite
3837:Lamprophyre
3792:Harzburgite
3750:Napoleonite
3723:Charnockite
3718:Carbonatite
3708:Blairmorite
3671:Anorthosite
3537:Art jewelry
3361:Tiger's eye
3266:Labradorite
3216:Chrysocolla
3211:Chrysoberyl
3127:Mokume-gane
3104:Base metals
2876:centrifugal
2845:Silversmith
2720:Ferronnière
2670:Belt buckle
2665:Belly chain
1411:Ultramarine
1363:mountains.
1087:Virgin Mary
1018:Babylonians
990:Mesopotamia
930:Virgin Mary
922:Renaissance
918:Middle Ages
855:ultramarine
842:for use in
840:ultramarine
833:Renaissance
801:Lake Baikal
559:Composition
536:Lake Baikal
509:("stone of
434:Mesopotamia
403:Virgin Mary
379:Renaissance
375:ultramarine
371:Middle Ages
350:burials in
336:Afghanistan
85:Composition
77:Afghanistan
4624:Categories
4589:Teschenite
4574:Shonkinite
4549:Pietersite
4544:Novaculite
4454:Borolanite
4439:Adamellite
4356:Metapelite
4324:Calcflinta
4289:Blueschist
4279:Anthracite
4261:Wackestone
4241:Travertine
4186:Lumachelle
4166:Jaspillite
4121:Diamictite
4043:Websterite
4028:Troctolite
4004:Benmoreite
3964:Shonkinite
3937:Rhyodacite
3917:Pyroxenite
3887:Peridotite
3847:Lherzolite
3822:Kimberlite
3812:Ignimbrite
3807:Icelandite
3787:Granophyre
3696:Shoshonite
3371:Tourmaline
3316:Prasiolite
3191:Aventurine
3062:Crown gold
2964:Draw plate
2913:Metal clay
2850:Watchmaker
2840:Lapidarist
2825:Clockmaker
2700:Collar pin
2695:Chatelaine
2382:2022-06-23
2259:10 October
2229:2017-08-28
2199:2020-11-08
2098:2022-06-16
2040:2022-06-16
1941:2018-04-20
1911:Chem. Comm
1891:2020-02-13
1862:2020-02-13
1833:2020-02-13
1533:2020-08-21
1501:2020-11-08
1418:References
1396:Sar-i Sang
1361:Hindu Kush
1160:The poet,
1152:painting.
1100:in Latin,
994:Bronze Age
872:, or dyed
813:California
769:Sar-i Sang
765:Badakhshan
763:valley of
660:löllingite
652:hornblende
442:Badakhshan
430:Tepe Gawra
360:Mauritania
332:Badakhshan
326:mines, in
324:Sar-i Sang
294:used as a
73:inclusions
4630:Gemstones
4604:Variolite
4594:Theralite
4584:Tachylite
4569:Rodingite
4539:Mangerite
4519:Larvikite
4504:Jasperoid
4499:Jadeitite
4464:Epidosite
4418:Tectonite
4411:Soapstone
4376:Quartzite
4346:Migmatite
4331:Itabirite
4309:Granulite
4251:Turbidite
4231:Sylvinite
4226:Siltstone
4216:Sandstone
4201:Oil shale
4181:Limestone
4156:Gritstone
4151:Greywacke
4146:Geyserite
4136:Evaporite
4126:Diatomite
4101:Claystone
4066:Argillite
3979:Tachylyte
3947:Comendite
3892:Phonolite
3882:Pegmatite
3857:Monzonite
3832:Lamproite
3827:Komatiite
3767:Foidolite
3728:Enderbite
3691:Mugearite
3517:Toadstone
3454:Operculum
3381:Variscite
3376:Turquoise
3356:Tanzanite
3291:Moonstone
3286:Marcasite
3281:Malachite
3206:Carnelian
3181:Amazonite
3168:gemstones
3142:Pinchbeck
3087:Argentium
3077:Shibuichi
3018:Palladium
2997:Materials
2933:Soldering
2923:Polishing
2898:Engraving
2893:Enameling
2859:Processes
2830:Goldsmith
2765:Tie chain
2740:Neck ring
2730:Lapel pin
2639:Jewellery
2455:0011-1570
2424:211540737
2324:On Stones
2125:Gemmology
2080:1460-4744
2030:1460-4744
1991:102593589
1983:1365-3075
1735:0021-0889
1632:0045-9801
1583:2045-2322
1224:(Chicago)
1098:sapphirus
1069:Cleopatra
1014:Assyrians
1010:Akkadians
982:Neolithic
782:Shortugai
694:trisulfur
640:enstatite
348:Neolithic
328:Shortugai
300:antiquity
100:Secondary
4579:Taconite
4554:Pyrolite
4479:Ganister
4449:Aphanite
4444:Appinite
4366:Phyllite
4351:Mylonite
4319:Hornfels
4299:Eclogite
4196:Mudstone
4171:Laterite
4131:Dolomite
4048:Wehrlite
4023:Trachyte
4016:Hawaiite
3994:Tonalite
3989:Tephrite
3942:Rhyolite
3907:Porphyry
3877:Obsidian
3762:Essexite
3713:Boninite
3703:Basanite
3661:Andesite
3585:Gemology
3559:Fineness
3550:(purity)
3485:Bog-wood
3432:Precious
3412:Ammolite
3351:Sunstone
3341:Sodalite
3336:Sapphire
3296:Obsidian
3236:Fluorite
3226:Diopside
3186:Amethyst
3166:Mineral
3157:Tungsten
3152:Titanium
3067:Electrum
3023:Platinum
2908:Kazaziye
2903:Filigree
2881:lost-wax
2780:Toe ring
2770:Tie clip
2745:Pectoral
2735:Necklace
2710:Cufflink
2685:Bracelet
2680:Bolo tie
2660:Barrette
2521:(2003).
2463:41553715
2376:Archived
2276:Archived
2253:Archived
2223:Archived
2193:Archived
2156:Archived
2128:Archived
2092:Archived
2088:23628896
2034:Archived
1935:Archived
1931:20087497
1885:Archived
1856:Archived
1827:Archived
1688:Archived
1640:43610686
1601:27222033
1527:Archived
1495:Archived
1373:See also
1202:Sumerian
1187:Sumerian
1106:corundum
1094:sapphire
996:site of
870:sodalite
844:frescoes
817:Colorado
737:sodalite
663:geyerite
648:hauynite
636:diopside
565:lazurite
483:lāzaward
466:lājevard
411:medieval
391:Perugino
387:Masaccio
356:Caucasus
352:Mehrgarh
340:Bhirrana
308:lazurite
94:Lazurite
21:Lazulite
4599:Unakite
4529:Llanite
4494:Ijolite
4469:Felsite
4401:Suevite
4236:Tillite
4176:Lignite
4116:Coquina
4081:Breccia
3974:Syenite
3902:Picrite
3817:Ijolite
3777:Granite
3745:Diorite
3740:Diabase
3656:Adakite
3580:Fashion
3554:Finding
3402:Abalone
3311:Peridot
3276:Larimar
3261:Kyanite
3246:Howlite
3231:Emerald
3221:Diamond
3094:Tumbaga
3072:Shakudō
3028:Rhodium
2979:Mandrel
2918:Plating
2871:Casting
2866:Carving
2775:Tie pin
2750:Pendant
2725:Genital
2715:Earring
2585:. 1914.
2534:, 2016
2293:Mycenae
1743:4199836
1609:4425978
1592:4879637
1561:Bibcode
1441:6 April
1212:; from
1210:bitumen
1168:Gallery
1139:Vermeer
1126:Vermeer
1076:Mycenae
1049:scarabs
928:or the
878:howlite
859:hydrous
837:pigment
829:mosaics
755:Sources
624:calcite
576:(Na,Ca)
522:Lazulum
512:lazulum
500:lazulum
446:Persian
424:History
418:scribes
399:Vermeer
383:Baroque
316:calcite
304:lāžward
90:Primary
4509:Kenyte
4484:Gossan
4381:Schist
4341:Marble
4304:Gneiss
4206:Oolite
4071:Arkose
3969:Sovite
3959:Scoria
3912:Pumice
3872:Norite
3842:Latite
3772:Gabbro
3757:Dunite
3735:Dacite
3681:Basalt
3676:Aplite
3544:(mass)
3480:Bezoar
3386:Zircon
3346:Spinel
3321:Quartz
3256:Jasper
3241:Garnet
3137:Pewter
3122:Copper
3117:Bronze
3044:alloys
3033:Silver
2984:Pliers
2974:Hammer
2886:vacuum
2813:People
2806:Making
2790:pocket
2690:Brooch
2655:Anklet
2582:
2538:
2487:
2461:
2453:
2422:
2358:
2342:
2185:
2139:
2086:
2078:
2028:
1989:
1981:
1929:
1775:
1741:
1733:
1694:May 9,
1638:
1630:
1607:
1599:
1589:
1581:
1487:
1463:
1384:Hauyne
1214:Nippur
1206:gypsum
1102:sappir
1061:Karnak
1057:Naqada
1042:Louvre
1016:, and
926:Angels
874:jasper
866:Spinel
805:Angola
793:Ovalle
791:(near
670:marble
656:nosean
632:augite
628:pyrite
585:(AlSiO
494:) and
478:لازورد
474:Arabic
461:لاجورد
450:لاژورد
395:Titian
354:, the
312:pyrite
286:), or
70:pyrite
4474:Flint
4396:Slate
4391:Skarn
4256:Varve
4221:Shale
4141:Flint
4096:Chert
4091:Chalk
3548:Carat
3542:Carat
3530:Terms
3505:Shell
3459:Pearl
3449:Nacre
3439:Ivory
3427:Black
3422:Coral
3417:Copal
3407:Amber
3366:Topaz
3325:smoky
3196:Beryl
3176:Agate
3112:Brass
2957:Tools
2795:strap
2785:Watch
2760:Tiara
2705:Crown
2675:Bindi
2647:Forms
2459:JSTOR
2420:S2CID
1987:S2CID
1739:JSTOR
1636:JSTOR
1605:S2CID
1156:Yeats
1055:site
1038:Syria
1022:seals
809:Burma
797:Chile
789:Andes
680:Color
603:(S,SO
544:Chile
540:Andes
488:azure
288:lapis
4246:Tufa
4191:Marl
4106:Coal
4038:Tuff
3500:Hair
3331:Ruby
3306:Opal
3301:Onyx
3251:Jade
3013:Gold
2969:File
2755:Ring
2536:ISBN
2485:ISBN
2451:ISSN
2356:ISBN
2340:ISBN
2261:2012
2183:ISBN
2137:ISBN
2084:PMID
2076:ISSN
2026:ISSN
1979:ISSN
1927:PMID
1773:ISBN
1731:ISSN
1715:IRAQ
1696:2020
1628:ISSN
1597:PMID
1579:ISSN
1485:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1443:2024
1218:Iraq
1034:Mari
1020:for
970:Ptah
920:and
857:and
846:and
815:and
644:mica
612:,Cl)
548:Inca
528:azul
492:azur
416:and
414:nuns
397:and
381:and
314:and
4609:Wad
3444:Jet
3200:red
2410:doi
2068:doi
2018:doi
1969:doi
1919:doi
1769:224
1723:doi
1587:PMC
1569:doi
1124:by
876:or
868:or
617:1–2
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