450:. The 38 volumes required almost forty years of work, uniting some of the greatest names in zoology. They are still essential references in the field for the groups that are treated in their pages. Ten volumes are dedicated to mammals, nine to insects. Apart from this treatise, he led two collections published by
673:
wrote in a review that Grassé's belief that evolution is directed by some unknown mechanism does not explain anything. He concluded that "to reject what is known, and to appeal to some wonderful future discovery which may explain it all, is contrary to sound scientific method. The sentence with which
702:
negatively reviewed the book commenting that all of "Grassé's arguments have been marshaled against
Darwinian theory before and, in the opinion of most Darwinians, have been adequately countered." Grassé stated that evolution was driven by an internal factor. Regarding the identification of this
703:
factor, Kitts quotes Grassé as saying "perhaps in this area of biology can go no further: the rest is metaphysics". Kitts found this statement unacceptable commenting that "the fundamental issues raised by Grassé's theory of evolution do not even belong to biology, but to some other discipline."
690:
stating that the book was a criticism of neo-Darwinism, with the opinion that paleontology is "the only true science of evolution". Patterson, a paleontologist, disputed this statement. He also noted that Grassé's own theory of neo-Lamarckism was "hard to disentangle, and there were other places
483:(1982, 1983, 1984), a work in three volumes totalling over 2400 pages. In it Grassé compiles all available knowledge concerning termites. It was by studying symbiotic flagellates in termites that he eventually began studying their hosts. In this publication, Grassé introduced the concept of
38:
1007:
by : Elliott, Dr Mark Alan (2007) PhD thesis, Centre for Ideas, Victorian
College of the Arts, University of Melbourne. The thesis explicitly refers to the work of Pierre-Paul Grassé to define stigmergy, chapter
1076:
654:, meaning species which stopped evolving at some point in time and have remained relatively identical to this day regardless of great climatic or geological changes (he cites numerous examples in
727:, Masson (Paris) : viii + 1016 p. – second revised edition in 1939, third edition in 1947, fourth edition in 1948, fifth edition in 1957, sixth edition in 1962, eighth edition in 1966.
385:
on
November 29, 1948, in the anatomy and zoology sector and presided over the institution in 1967. In 1976 he changed sectors, into the newly created animal and vegetal biology sector.
433:
591:
with the theme "paleontology and transformism". The records were published in 1950 by Albin Michel. He united many of the greatest French authorities on the question including
1061:
1046:
1071:
491:"Stigmergy manifests itself in the termite mound by the fact that the individual labour of each construction worker stimulates and guides the work of its neighbour.".
343:. He conducted his first field research trip in Africa in 1933-1934, and returned there several times (1938–1939, 1945, 1948). During these trips he studied
1036:
799:, 676 pp.; Vol. II: Fondation des Sociétés Construction, 613 pp.; Vol. III: Comportement Socialité Écologie Évolution Systématique, 715 pp. Paris: Masson.
425:
650:
in 1977. Against the idea which states that the evolution of living things is the product of their adapting to changes in their environments, he opposes
624:
by French biologists by giving simple patriotic reasons and the historical and social context: Catholic culture favoring support of
Lamarckism whilst
1066:
1056:
580:(1868–1958), were both also supporters of Lamarckism. Only after Grassé's retirement did the chair become occupied by a partisan of Darwinism,
367:
114:
363:
110:
892:
839:
786:
772:
1031:
382:
965:
Search for the Holy
Transformation. Evolution of Living Organisms: Evidence for a New Theory of Transformation by Pierre-P. Grassé
1051:
464:
413:
397:
274:
160:
604:
854:
Hommage à Pierre-Paul Grassé (1895–1985), Professeur honoraire à l’Université de Paris, Membre de l'Académie des
Sciences
429:
938:
677:
1001:, Collective Intelligence in Social Insects in Introduction & Self-Organisation by David Gordon for the AI depot.
666:, p. 302). To explain evolution he instead thinks that you must look at the internal dynamics of living things.
613:
525:
355:
596:
587:
In support of
Lamarck's theories he organised an international congress in Paris in 1947 under the auspices of the
421:
674:
Grassé ends his book is: "It is possible that in this domain biology, impotent, yields the floor to metaphysics."
621:
290:
572:. He occupied the Chair of Evolutionary Biology of the Faculty of Paris, of which the two previous occupiers,
118:
254:, he was forced to interrupt his studies during four years. By the end of the war he was a military surgeon.
417:
358:(1896–1992), and received the Prix Gadeau de Kerville de la Société entomologique de France for his work on
20:
515:. Apart from his numerous scientific publications, he published several works popularising science such as
969:
608:
351:
239:
164:
89:
389:
122:
916:
670:
286:
205:
734:, two volumes, Gallimard (Paris), collection encyclopédie de la Pléiade: xx + 1244 p. et xvi + 1040 p.
309:
1026:
1021:
520:
294:
247:
234:
Grassé began his studies in Périgueux where his parents owned a small business. He went on to study
1041:
925:
691:
where Grassé's reasoning was difficult to follow." According to
Patterson the book did not mention
401:
981:
625:
451:
446:
405:
617:, and by affirming that Lamarck had been unjustifiably slandered and ought to be rehabilitated.
888:
782:
768:
720:
262:
611:(1902–1984). Grassé stated his support for Lamarck in other ways too, like an article in the
462:. Alongside Andrée Tétry, he composed the two volumes dedicated to zoology in the collection
692:
662:, it does not occur in living beings under the constraints of external physical forces (cf.
592:
577:
409:
378:
336:
282:
581:
257:
Grassé continued his studies in Paris, focusing exclusively on science. He obtained his
37:
960:
757:
699:
298:
278:
218:
1015:
947:
749:
686:
651:
639:
600:
266:
214:
381:
as Chair in
Zoology and the Evolution of Beings. Grassé was elected a member of the
573:
269:
to accept a position as professor in the École
Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de
192:
58:
599:(1881–1955), and Maurice Caullery. They were all opponents to certain tenets of
537:
388:
Grassé received numerous honours and titles during his career: commander of the
316:
270:
251:
156:
998:
658:, p. 133). Therefore, evolution is in his opinion a process which is not
569:
359:
100:
921:
Darwinian or 'Oriented' Evolution? L'Evolution du Vivant by Pierre P. Grassé
533:
484:
469:
302:
200:
1004:
428:
in 1962. He was also a member of several academic societies, including the
523:, 1968). He also signed the articles "Évolution" and "Stigmergie" of the
312:(1864–1953) and there discovered techniques for experimental embryology.
305:
235:
196:
1005:
Stigmergic Collaboration: A Theoretical Framework for Mass Collaboration
746:
L'évolution du vivant, matériaux pour une nouvelle théorie transformiste
546:
L’Évolution du vivant, matériaux pour une nouvelle théorie transformiste
344:
258:
243:
210:
152:
203:, writer of over 300 publications including the influential 52-volume
340:
171:
77:
752:). Republished and translated into English in 1977 under the title
739:
Toi, ce petit dieu ! essai sur l'histoire naturelle de l'homme
664:
Necessity-utility is not the primus movens of biological evolution
374:
335:
In 1929, Grassé became professor of zoology at the Université de
588:
315:
In 1926, Grassé became vice-director of the École supérieure de
532:
Grassé also authored many works where he talks of his views on
620:
Some authors, like Marcel Blanc explain the strong support of
301:(1868–1943) who oriented the young Grassé toward the study of
308:. After the departure of Duboscq to Paris, Grassé worked for
444:
Grassé began publishing a very big project in 1946 entitled
347:, and became one of the great specialists on these insects.
779:
L'Homme en accusation : de la biologie à la politique
843:. (Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer) 44 (4): 713-744.
246:
in parallel, including the lectures of the entomologist
905:
Chance, Progress and Complexity in Biological Evolution
748:, Albin Michel (Paris) : 477 p. - (a criticism of
434:
The Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium
261:
in Biology and frequented the laboratory of biologist
656:
Les formes panchroniques et les arrêts de l'évolution
558:
L’Homme en accusation: de la biologie à la politique
507:(1964). He participated in several reviews like the
695:, but this has been well-established in evolution.
339:. He supervised the theses of several students on
273:(1921), where the department of zoology was led by
265:(1868–1956). He abandoned his preparations for the
170:
148:
140:
106:
95:
85:
66:
44:
28:
568:Grassé was a supporter of the French tradition of
513:Bulletin biologique de la France et de la Belgique
458:, has thirteen volumes and the second is entitled
1077:Presidents of the Société entomologique de France
835:French Roots of French Neo-Lamarckisms, 1879–1985
350:In 1935, he became an Assistant Professor at the
881:Les Héritiers de Darwin. L’évolution en Mutation
177:Contribution à l'étude des flagellés parasites
858:Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France
325:Archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale
321:Contribution à l'étude des flagellés parasites
765:Biologie moléculaire, mutagenèse et évolution
554:Biologie moléculaire, mutagenèse et évolution
550:La Défaite de l’amour ou le triomphe de Freud
19:"Grassé" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
903:Lapidus, Rémy Lestienne et Roxanne. (2000).
875:
873:
871:
869:
781:, Albin Michel (Paris) : 354 p.
603:. Other brilliant biologists present were
495:He also created three scientific reviews:
36:
25:
1062:Academic staff of the University of Paris
1047:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
277:(1879–1939). There he frequented several
1072:French military personnel of World War I
818:Obituary: Pierre-Paul Grassé (1895-1985)
472:. He also supervised the edition of the
297:(1897–1969). He became the assistant of
809:
373:After having been briefly mobilized in
323:, in 1926, and it was published in the
988:, INRA Éditions et OPIE : 351 p.
986:Les Entomologistes français. 1750-1950
716:, Armand Collin (Paris) : 224 p..
638:Grassé presents his arguments against
153:École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique
362:and termites. In 1939 he chaired the
7:
767:, Masson (Paris) : 117 p.
741:, Albin Michel (Paris) : 288 p.
424:. He was one of the founders of the
646:(1973), translated into English as
1037:Commanders of the Legion of Honour
426:Société Française de Parasitologie
14:
840:Journal of the History of Biology
797:Anatomie Physilogie Reproduction
907:. SubStance, 29 (1), 91: 39-55.
509:Annales des sciences naturelles
456:Grands problèmes de la biologie
368:Société entomologique de France
199:) – July 9, 1985) was a French
115:Société entomologique de France
1067:20th-century French zoologists
929:. Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 376-378.
824:. Volume 39, No. 1, pp. 79-82.
628:favored support of Darwinism.
460:Précis de sciences biologiques
250:(1881–1973). Mobilized during
161:University of Clermont-Ferrand
1:
1057:University of Bordeaux alumni
973:. Vol. 5, No. 3. pp. 353-355.
943:Evolution of Living organisms
754:Evolution of Living Organisms
682:Evolution of Living Organisms
648:Evolution of Living Organisms
633:Evolution of Living Organisms
605:John Burdon Sanderson Haldane
999:Stigmergy: Invisible Writing
887:ouverte: pp. 10-11, p. 238.
883:. Seuil (Paris), collection
430:New York Academy of Sciences
364:Société zoologique de France
16:French zoologist (1895–1985)
816:Théodoridès, Jean. (1986).
319:. He submitted his theses,
1093:
822:History of Science Journal
725:Précis de biologie animale
597:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
465:Bibliothèque de la Pléiade
354:where he worked alongside
18:
833:Loison, Laurent. (2011).
182:
133:
35:
714:Parasites et parasitisme
614:Encyclopædia Universalis
560:(Albin Michel, 1980)...
526:Encyclopædia Universalis
291:Georges Kuhnholtz-Lordat
1052:Non-Darwinian evolution
951:. 7, September. p. 694.
879:Blanc, Marcel. (1990).
476:(two volumes, Masson).
396:of the universities of
377:, in 1944 he succeeded
217:and was a proponent of
129:of several universities
111:Prix Gadeau de Kerville
21:Grasse (disambiguation)
917:Dobzhansky, Theodosius
852:Pesson, Paul. (1985).
609:George Gaylord Simpson
552:(Albin Michel, 1976),
548:(Albin Michel, 1973),
544:(Albin Michel, 1971),
454:: the first, entitled
240:University of Bordeaux
209:. He was an expert on
191:(November 27, 1895 in
90:University of Bordeaux
1032:People from Périgueux
730:1963: with A. Tétry,
707:Selected publications
671:Theodosius Dobzhansky
644:L'évolution du vivant
479:He also composed the
383:Académie des sciences
331:Teaching and research
287:Josias Braun-Blanquet
119:Académie des sciences
295:Marie Louis Emberger
352:Université de Paris
165:Université de Paris
121:, commander of the
626:Protestant culture
542:Toi, ce petit Dieu
517:La Vie des animaux
497:Arvernia biologica
474:Abrégé de zoologie
447:Traité de zoologie
206:Traité de Zoologie
189:Pierre-Paul Grassé
80:, Dordogne, France
61:, Dordogne, France
30:Pierre-Paul Grassé
505:Biologia gabonica
186:
185:
135:Scientific career
1084:
974:
958:
952:
936:
930:
914:
908:
901:
895:
877:
864:
850:
844:
831:
825:
814:
693:gene duplication
607:(1892–1964) and
578:Maurice Caullery
576:(1846–1908) and
556:(Masson, 1978),
501:Insectes sociaux
390:Légion d'honneur
379:Maurice Caullery
366:and in 1941 the
337:Clermont-Ferrand
310:Eugène Bataillon
293:(1888–1965) and
283:Charles Flahault
279:phytogeographers
123:Légion d'honneur
117:, member of the
73:
55:27 November 1895
54:
52:
40:
26:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1012:
1011:
995:
978:
977:
959:
955:
939:Colin Patterson
937:
933:
915:
911:
902:
898:
878:
867:
851:
847:
832:
828:
815:
811:
806:
709:
678:Colin Patterson
636:
582:Charles Bocquet
566:
468:, published by
442:
356:Germaine Cousin
333:
275:François Picard
248:Jean de Feytaud
232:
227:
81:
75:
71:
62:
56:
50:
48:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1013:
1010:
1009:
1002:
994:
993:External links
991:
990:
989:
976:
975:
961:Kitts, David B
953:
931:
909:
896:
865:
845:
826:
808:
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805:
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800:
789:
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761:
758:Academic Press
742:
735:
728:
717:
708:
705:
700:David B. Kitts
652:living fossils
635:
630:
565:
564:Neo-Lamarckism
562:
493:
492:
441:
438:
332:
329:
299:Octave Duboscq
263:Étienne Rabaud
231:
228:
226:
223:
219:Neo-Lamarckism
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101:Neo-Lamarckism
97:
96:Known for
93:
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83:
82:
76:
74:(aged 89)
68:
64:
63:
57:
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948:New Scientist
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893:2-02-012510-2
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784:
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773:2-225-49203-4
770:
766:
762:
759:
755:
751:
750:neo-Darwinism
747:
743:
740:
736:
733:
729:
726:
723:(1892–1974),
722:
718:
715:
711:
710:
706:
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701:
696:
694:
689:
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687:New Scientist
683:
679:
675:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:neo-Darwinism
634:
631:
629:
627:
623:
618:
616:
615:
610:
606:
602:
601:neo-Darwinism
598:
595:(1866–1951),
594:
593:Lucien Cuénot
590:
585:
584:(1918–1977).
583:
579:
575:
571:
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561:
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394:honoris causa
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369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
330:
328:
326:
322:
318:
317:sériciculture
313:
311:
307:
304:
300:
296:
292:
289:(1884–1980),
288:
285:(1852–1935),
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
229:
224:
222:
220:
216:
215:Neo-Darwinism
213:who rejected
212:
208:
207:
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79:
69:
65:
60:
47:
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39:
34:
27:
22:
985:
970:Paleobiology
968:
964:
956:
946:
942:
934:
924:
920:
912:
904:
899:
884:
880:
863:(9-10): 1-7.
860:
857:
853:
848:
838:
834:
829:
821:
817:
812:
796:
793:Termitologia
792:
778:
764:
753:
745:
738:
731:
724:
713:
697:
685:
681:
676:
668:
663:
659:
655:
647:
643:
642:in his work
637:
632:
619:
612:
586:
574:Alfred Giard
567:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
531:
524:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
494:
481:Termitologia
480:
478:
473:
463:
459:
455:
445:
443:
440:Publications
393:
387:
372:
349:
334:
324:
320:
314:
256:
242:and studied
233:
204:
188:
187:
176:
149:Institutions
144:Entomologist
134:
126:
72:(1985-07-09)
1027:1985 deaths
1022:1895 births
982:Jean Lhoste
791:1982-1986:
719:1935: with
538:metaphysics
271:Montpellier
252:World War I
157:Montpellier
99:Support of
70:9 July 1985
1042:Lamarckism
1016:Categories
963:. (1979).
941:. (1978).
919:. (1975).
804:References
795:. Vol. I:
698:Geologist
669:Biologist
570:Lamarckism
503:(1953) et
360:Orthoptera
267:agrégation
51:1895-11-27
926:Evolution
680:reviewed
660:necessary
534:evolution
485:Stigmergy
470:Gallimard
422:São Paulo
418:Barcelona
392:, doctor
306:parasites
303:protozoan
230:Education
225:Biography
201:zoologist
193:Périgueux
125:, doctor
86:Education
59:Périgueux
984:(1987).
732:Zoologie
721:Max Aron
684:for the
540:such as
521:Larousse
511:and the
499:(1932),
487: :
398:Brussels
345:termites
236:medicine
211:termites
197:Dordogne
885:Science
622:Lamarck
341:insects
259:Licence
244:biology
238:at the
113:of the
891:
785:
777:1980:
771:
763:1978:
744:1973:
737:1971:
712:1935:
452:Masson
414:Madrid
172:Thesis
141:Fields
107:Awards
78:Carlux
410:Ghent
402:Basel
375:Tours
281:like
889:ISBN
783:ISBN
769:ISBN
589:CNRS
536:and
432:and
420:and
406:Bonn
67:Died
45:Born
756:by
155:de
1018::
1008:3.
967:.
945:.
923:.
868:^
861:90
856:.
837:.
820:.
529:.
436:.
416:,
412:,
408:,
404:,
400:,
370:.
327:.
221:.
163:,
159:,
760:.
519:(
195:(
53:)
49:(
23:.
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