965:). It was only the second time the publication had appeared, but it has subsequently become an annual publication The organisational framework which Maestri created was later applied without major modification in several subsequent censuses and other government-mandated exercises in statistical data capture. In addition to overseeing the production and distribution of governmental statistical reports, keeping the records up to date in respect of certain fast moving data, and developing the necessary systems to support these tasks in a period during which the statistical usage and practice was undergoing rapid change, Maestri's responsibilities also included participation at a considerable number of international conferences. He himself organised and international congress of statisticians at
856:
administration. Each province should be guaranteed a wide-reaching level of freedom in respect of matters relating to its own territories. Maestri was an enthusiastic believer in a regional tier of government - between the national government in Turin (or
Florence or Rome) and the municipal council in the town hall: "Between the provincial level and central government to maintain and intermediate territorially defined administrative level, called 'the region', in order to ensure a homogenous and well balanced landscape, populated as it were by a single familial grouping, with its own coherent nature, organically derived administration, and a shared set of origins, traditions, customs and interests".
981:(which had not actually been used as a theatre for many years). According to one commentator the Florence congress conferred "international fame" on Pietro Maestri. A section of it was expressly dedicated to the statistics of municipal authorities, a particularly timely concern during a period in which, in many countries and regions of western Europe, agricultural depression caused by newly transportable food imports from America, along with the lure of wage levels that were generally higher and more consistent in the factories than in the fields, meant that urban dwellers were outnumbering rural dwellers for the first time in history. He also continued frequently to team up with
273:
factory work". Industry, he had concluded, "gathers together those accustomed to squalor and hunger, and measures their output as though they were industrial steam engines. More and more products are produced. The more the factory workers produce, the more they have to produce, until one day you reach the point where there is no one left to buy what is produced. The market is glutted. The doors of the factory are inexorably closed. Industry has created a population of production workers which is now transmuted into a population of
851:. In order to avoid unnecessary shocks to the people affected, it was necessary that unification should be a gradual process. A precipitate rush to "maximum administrative unity" would mean working towards a "general liquidation of people's interests" which would run contrary to the best interest of a "population who have just emerged from a crisis". Maestri recommended, instead, a "régime combining political unity and administrative decentralisation" which both the ancient and the newly acquired provinces of the
331:
future political institutions could only be determined once the war was over, but without yielding in its "people's war" supportive attitude to the national guard, constitutional principles and universal suffrage. The relatively conciliatory spirit in respect of moderate-liberal opinion was summed up in a strikingly "constructive mission statement" printed and signed by the two editors on 26 March 1848: "Our political approach, for now, is to be helpful, supportive and obedient to the provisional government" (
1000:. Details of their dispute are not available, but it led to Maestri being suspended from his position for a month, with a corresponding loss of salary. Well before the end of the year the minister had "moved on", and Maestri evidently had no further career threatening difficulties with the politicians. Nevertheless, some of the most formidable books of his final years, concerning topics in Economics and Statistics, were published outside the ambit of the government Statistics Directorate.
212:, this made them, by definition, opponents of the political status quo. An important - and particularly lengthy - article that Maestri contributed to "Gazzetta medica di Milano" focused on various aspects of the need for reform of the criminal justice system. Maestri's views on the issues came to wider attention and triggered a lively debate that drew in, among others, the young economist-activist
1186:"Tra la Provincia e il Governo centrale dovevasi mantenere quella circoscrizione territoriale ed amministrativa intermedia, che chiamasi Regione, e che risulta da un'omogenea e ben proporzionata superficie di paese, popolata quasi a dire da una sola famiglia, ed avente un tipo naturale proprio, un organismo amministrativo, ed una comunanza di origine, di tradizioni, di consuetudini e di interessi"
610:) which signals the start of Maestri's development, during the later 1850s, from political activist and street fighter to student of the re-emerging discipline of Statistics and influential politic-economic commentator. It also bears testimony to the way in which by this time he had become one of many on the political left on western Europe whose thinking had been heavily influenced by the
31:
191:, graduating in 1841. As a student he began to engage clandestinely in politics. belonging to what he later described as a "secret society of democratic students". They engaged in competitive political discussion at lengthy secret meetings, and also gathered little collections of "politically subversive" books and journals which they shared around.
1168:"Un mercato comune - scriveva - sarebbe il vero dinamometro delle industrie italiane, il quale porrebbe le cose a luogo e insegnerebbe a ciascuna parte d'Italia a far quello che è più acconcia a fare e non disperdere in inutili e minute gare e in infelici ripetizioni le forze necessarie per sostenere la lotta con l'industria transalpina e transmarina".
961:. Elsewhere it is reported that Maestri was already installed as a senior government official by the end of 1861, and that Italy's first census, conducted on 31 December 1861, was organised under his capable direction. The resulting data and analysis appeared in 1864 in the "Italian Statistical Yearbook 1864" (
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analysis and publication of the 1861 census findings) and for some years after that. After 1870, use of the word "compartimenti" was increasingly set aside in favour of "regioni" when defining these geographical units, however. Even so, it was not till 1912 that the "Annuario
Statistico Italiano" (
826:
A recurring theme reflected in
Maestri's articles and essays is the tension between centralisation and decentralisation of political power. He emerges as a federalist. In an article published in "Gente latina" on 7 November 1859 (and in other contributions in other publications dating from around
1149:
electoral district in the first ballot for election of
January 1849 only 198 did so. Under most circumstances the election would have progressed to a second "run-off" ballot whereby it would have been mathematically impossible for one or other of the candidates not to win an overall majority of
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pointed in the same direction. (A second volume would appear in 1864.) A prescient theme is
Maestri's passionate advocacy of an Italian economic union: "A common market would be a real dynamometer for Italian industry ... teaching each part of Italy what it is able to do best, without wasting
272:
to Paris and London". Based on his experiences he included some trenchant observations on the causes of industrial crises which are contextualised as much in terms of socio-economic philosophy as of medicine. His time in Paris and London had evidently forced him to confront the "true nature of
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was quite unsuitable (except, perhaps, for France). Nevertheless, despite his disappointment at the centralising instincts of the Cavour government, Pietro was no longer subject to any residual ban. In 1862 he returned to settle in Italy where, for the most part, he now avoided commenting on
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would have to accept "as the practical route to unification". National government competence should cover the great questions of foreign policy and domestic policy. Each municipal and parish level administration should have the maximum possible autonomy when it came to municipal and local
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and his
Austrian backers appeared imminent, while power was still shared in the meantime through an informal and unstable understanding between street politicians and a three man "provisional republican government". The idea of a merger between the Roman Republic and Tuscany, which would have
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journalism, and a test of the skills of its two young editorial-controllers. It was, of course, unflinching in its backing for republicanism and democracy, but it was nevertheless non-confrontational in its attitude to the provisional government in Milan, accepting that the detailed nature of
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Passeranno anche le celebrazioni del
Centenario, si chiuderanno le cateratte dei discorsi coi quali gli oratori dei vari partiti cercheranno di rivendicare al proprio partito il maggior merito delle Cinque Giornate, e rimarranno soltanto dei volumi che avranno forse la vita di pochi mesi e poi
476:. Maestri secured a majority of the votes cast, but not an overall majority of the votes of those entitled to vote, but then on 3 February 1849 his election was annulled on the grounds that fewer than a third of those entitled to vote had actually done so. Following the proclamation of the
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Regions were officially designated as "compartimenti" rather than as "regioni" in government publications in 1864 (which may have been the first time that any word was needed to define groupings of provinces that
Maestri had drawn up "according to their topographical cohesion", as part of the
497:, who at the end of March 1849 had his role within the triumvirate strengthened when he accepted the title of "dictator", apparently with the support of the French government, which viewed the continuing political crisis on the Italian peninsula with intensifying concern. Returning again to
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L'industria "...raccoglie le popolazioni squallide ed affamate, e ne misura il lavoro coi moti della vaporiera; i prodotti si accumulano sui prodotti; più si crea e più è forza creare, finché un giorno non vi sia più chi compri - il mercato è colmo. Allora le porte dell'officina si chiudono
146:. Although he trained as a physician, he is better remembered for his activism in support of a democratic and liberated Italy, as well as for his subsequent career as an economist-statistician. He inherited a passion for statistics from his father, and worked for the government after
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Although Milan came back under
Austrian control in the high summer of 1848, many other territories hitherto inside the Austrian sphere of influence on the Italian peninsula retained their liberties for many more months. It was not till August 1849 that
916:. France was one of the two major states in western Europe where central governments had been systematically and effectively gathering power to themselves for at least five centuries. There was something tantalisingly logical and pre-packaged in
326:. The newspaper was unusual, even among democratic-republican publications of the time, in the extent to which it demonstrated a concern with social problems. The "Voce" was aimed at a mass audience but represented an interesting experiment in
525:", issued on 12 August 1849, included a lengthy listing of Milanese who would not be able to return home "because of their unjustifiable perseverance in support of revolution and their subversive tendencies". Pietro Maestri was back on the run.
602:, because they thought it had become clear that the Mazzinian vision for Italy totally ignored the social dimension. Of particular significance during this period was a thoughtful contribution that Maestro produced for the 1851 edition of the
202:. The two of them shared a passion for medicine, strongly oriented towards contextualisation within a social plan. They also shared, on the political front, a youthful dedication to the cause of democratic-republicanism. As inhabitants of
248:
earlier in the 1830s. Mazzini became a prodigious and inspiring author during his time in
England, and by the time Maestri met him in London he was an iconic figure among young Italian men committed to the causes of what was known as
581:
was a defining disappointment to the patriot generation of 1848: the two and a half years that followed, exiled in Turin, provided an opportunity to take stock. For Pietro Maestri this brought about a lasting falling out with
997:
696:, an economic review magazine committed to liberalism and free trade. In addition to trying to explain Italy to the French, he also committed himself to reporting the events in France to his compatriots on the south side of
936:
According to at least one source, on 21 April 1862 Maestri was still living in France when he was appointed by royal decree to a post as head of the Statistics Directorate which had been established the previous year at the
261:). He nevertheless later claimed to have identified a risk, even in 1845, that Mazzini might succumb to "the usual tendency of , and substitute thoughts based on theory for the need for insurrectionary action".
183:, where he worked between 1801 and 1848. Although he inherited a love of statistical studies from his father, when it came to his university choices Pietro Maestri enrolled in 1835 at the Medical Faculty of the
1352:
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to organise an improvised ambulance service. The expulsion of the Austrian troops meant an end to censorship and unleashed a proliferation of leaflets, pamphlets and newspapers. Maestri teamed up with
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was on his engagement as a student-scholar of Statistics and on his associated journalistic output. One of his channels was the "Revue franco-italienne", a literary journal founded by the exiled
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in November 1854. His contributions bear testimony to his growing fascination with the application of statistical method to economic questions. The "Italian Statistical Yearbook 1857-58" (
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162:, to demonstrate the extent to which, during a time of rapid social and economic change, government statistics could become a tool to build understanding of social facts and developments.
362:, on 7 July 1848, Maestri was summoned to become a member of the "Extraordinary Central Committee for arming the national guard In 28 July 1848 Pietro Maestri, together with
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941:. The appointment came with the "Class 1" grade in the hierarchy of government officials. Rome, though it had been declared as the capital city of Italy in 1861, was
763:). The purpose of Maestri's diplomacy was to ensure that the volunteer army doctors who were supporting the anti-Austrian struggle were fairly allocated between the "
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following a long siege, a famine and a destructive cholera epidemic, came back under Austrian control. As Milan capitulated in July/August 1848, Pietro Maestri and
1886:"Territorio e societĂ . Le province campane dopo l"UnitĂ .... La difficile costruzione dell'identitĂ territoriale: la geografia amministrativa .... Footnote 146"
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hospital. Starting in 1843 he also became a contributor to "Gazzetta medica di Milano", a newly-founded journal produced by his student near-contemporary
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412:, accusing the Sardinian leader of "treachery", on account of the Sardinian army's failure to resist the Austrian recapture of Milan more effectively.
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1177:"...attendere ad un lavoro di liquidazione generale degli interessi, incompatibile con le condizioni dei popoli usciti appena adesso da una crisi."
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Over the next couple of years Maestri became ever more prolific. Publications to which he contributed included "Gente latina" and "l'Espérance".
449:. In Florence between November 1838 and January 1849 he was a leading promoter of the Provisional Central Committee created as a precursor to a
1283:"Maestri, Pietro. - Nacque a Milano il 23 febbr. 1816 da Antonio, vicedirettore della ContabilitĂ centrale di Lombardia, e da Rachele Magistrati"
450:
158:, although for Maestri Statistics were very much a device of politics and national economics. It would be left to his successor in the post,
441:, where he arrived on 13 September 1848 in order to organise the republican forces there on behalf of Mazzini. Subsequently he moved on the
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and resumed his life as an increasingly prominent commentator on the twin themes of politics and economics, primarily with respect to Italy.
370:, joined the "Committee of Public Safety" which struggled in vain to organise resistance against the Austrian army, now greatly reinforced
286:
2109:
This is a two paragraph announcement starting at the bottom of the third column on the page and continuing at the top of the fourth column
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was concluded, it had become obvious to commentators (and to subsequent generations of historians), that the Austrians had lost out.
700:. Of particular significance, in this connection, is a series of articles he wrote under the series title "La Francia contemporanea" (
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transformation of most or all of the Italian peninsula into an independent republic dedicated to the ideals of liberalism and democracy
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565:. (Piedmont-Sardinia remained a resolutely - if sometimes also uneasily - independent kingdom, sandwiched in the mountains between
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the same time) he positioned himself in opposition to the excessive "top down" centralising philosophy apparent in the way that the
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votes cast, but it was determined that the low level of turn-out for the first ballot meant that there should be no second ballot.
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1865:. Dipartimento di Studi Letterari, Linguistici e Comparati, Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale". pp. 187–222, 201
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inesorabilmente ...... L'industria aveva creato una popolazione di operai e ora li trasmuta in una popolazione di proletarii".
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constitutional matters, and successfully re-invented himself as a high-flying pioneering establishment economist-statistician.
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Although there is mention of his having worked as a physician, in terms of his public footprint the focus of Maestri's life in
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586:. He moved instead to join up with a group of federalist dissident fellow veterans of the fighting in 1848/49 around
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returned to power in Florence through the threat of an imminent Austrian invasion at the end of the same month, In
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further antagonised Austria, failed to gain significant traction with the most powerful member of the governing trio,
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888:. Since 1948 there has been a sustained programme of devolution, transferring power from the central government to
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and their supporters, that the fighting was over. It was time for diplomacy. Long before November 1859, when the
625:
since 1849, Maestri was not involved in the insurrectionary preparations of the brief and in itself inconsequential
1540:
Gli Ultimi tristissimi fatti di Milano narrati dal Comitato di Pubblica Difesa. Signed by F. Restelli and P. Maestri
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in Rome where, during the early months of 1849, he was one of the most prominent supporters of that development.
257:. Maestri later reported that he had been favourably impressed by Mazzini, whom he thought a "giovine eccellente" (
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on 15 August 1848, providing a factual but emotionally charged account of the sad events that marked an end to
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322:), a daily tabloid-sized newspaper published in Milan between 26 March and 29 July 1848, with a cover price of
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1159:"...per la loro ingiustificabile perseveranza nelle mene rivoluzionarie e per le sovvertitrici loro tendenze".
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811:, and indeed Pietro Maestri had fought on the winning side. In September 1859 Pietro Maestri returned to
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1932:. Direzione Generale della Statistica e del Lavoro & Tipografia Nazionale di G. Bertero & C., Roma
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Through the preceding four months Maestri had vented an implacably republican opposition to any merger of
179:. Antonio Maestri, his father, became a vice-president and the Central Government Accounting Office for
155:
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1725:. Dipartimento di Storia, Archeologia, Geografia, Arte, Spettacolo dell'UniversitĂ degli Studi di Firenze
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that troubled the authorities in Milan in 1853. It was presumably as part of an enduring legacy in the
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244:, living in conditions of some material hardship, since 1837, following the failure of uprisings against
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returned with a much larger army and reimposed Austrian control Pietro Maestri was imprisoned in the
268:, Maestri contributed to "Gazzetta medica di Milano" a lively set of "Reminiscences on the trip by a
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already familiar to any student of his commentaries written a decade earlier, following the events
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andranno ad alimentare l'insaziabile voracitĂ dei topi che la fanno da padroni nelle biblioteche.
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Atti della ottava riunione degli scienziati italiani tenuta in Genova dal 14 al 29 settembre 1846
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594:. Convinced that a successful launch of Italian democracy should and would need to be based on
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L'Italia alla esposizione universale di Parigi nel 1867, rassegna critica descrittiva illustrata
1856:"La costruzione della nazione e la nascita delle societĂ geografiche in Italia .... Footnote 26"
1425:"Diario dell'ottavo congresso degli scienziati italiani convocati in Genova nel settembre 1846"
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with its autonomy formally intact). Nevertheless, in the 60 page booklet he produced with
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771:. Neither Cavour nor Garibaldi would have dared take on the army of the armies of the
333:"Il nostro motto politico è, per ora, aiuto, soccorso, obbedienza al Governo provvisorio"
293:. He is identified in the participants' listing as a "surgeon at the Milan Sanatorium" (
759:(who was in effect serving as his own Minister for War in the government that he led in
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vital resources sustaining activities more efficiently performed elsewhere and abroad".
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that he was nevertheless one of those who found themselves send into exile by a nervous
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loved to take his allies and enemies by surprise, and when he unexpectedly concluded
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1464:"Memoria ed ereditĂ del quarantotto milanese dalle Cinque giornate a fine secolo"
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In 1845, wishing to complete his education, Maestri undertook a lengthy visit to
2169:"Elenco Completo Membri e Soci" su Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere, 2014
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501:, Maestri participated in that city against the French who, following recent
154:). He was something of a pioneer in the field of government statistics and
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Le misure del Regno: Direzione di statistica e municipi nell’Italia liberale
1200:) switched from the word "compartimento/compartimenti" to "regione/regioni".
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653:, where he would continue to make his home for the better part of a decade.
598:, the men now accused Mazzini, Maestri's former mentor, of what they termed
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1136:"Comitato centrale straordinario per l'armamento della guardia nazionale".
843:. What Maestri wrote at this time comes as powerful confirmation of the
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only in September 1870. Between 1860 and 1865 Italy was governed from
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It is likely that Pietro Maestri would have found much to commend in the
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and equivalent territories into which the Italian peninsula was divided
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1921:, Direttore Generale della Statistica e del Lavoro (compiler) (1912).
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Atti del Parlamento Subalpino - Discussioni della Camera dei Deputati
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Per cura di Cesare Correnti e Pietro Maestri (co-compilers) (1864).
924:, but for Pietro Maestri the centralising model that so appealed to
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Following his graduation he took a post as a medical assistant at a
295:"...medico chirurgo presso la casa de salute di della citta Milano"
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was surrendered to the French at the start of July 1849, and with
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957:. Maestri's relocation did not, therefore, involve any move to
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557:. In April 1850 Maestri moved on again, this time settling in
460:, in January 1849 Maestri stood for election to the short-lived
446:
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to take a lead in organising the National Statistical Council (
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and major cities. In 1860, however, vision that inspired the
835:
sought simply to incorporate the western half of what had been
645:. Required to leave Turin, Maestri initially made his way to
2235:
Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia, Firenze, 1870, p. 808.
2221:
Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia, Firenze, 1869, p. 429.
2202:
Eusebio cav. e Carraro Fiorioli della Lena (Giuseppe) (1869).
2192:
Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia, Firenze, 1868, p. 306.
335:). At least one source reports that Maestri fought valiantly
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Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia, Firenze, 1867, p. 58
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Notabilato e rappresentanza politica in Campania (1861-1882)
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in Autumn/Fall 1867. The congress itself took place in the
521:, with the Austrians firmly back in control, the so-called "
437:. Almost immediately Maestri moved on again, this time to
1107:
Commander of the Order of Merit of Saint Michael of Bavaria
2139:. Tip. Scolastica di S. Franco e figli. 1867. p. 380.
1785:"Cernuschi, Enrico. - Nato a Milano il 19 febbr. 1821 ..."
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on 11 July 1859 it meant, to the bitter disappointment of
747:. He also did valuable work as an intermediary between
484:
to campaign for a unification of the Roman Republic with
1692:. Parlamiento Italiano, Roma. 3 February 1849. p. 6
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Knight Second Class of the Order of Saint Anna of Russia
621:
Having become politically and personally distanced from
1582:
Professor Paul Ginsborg; Paul Ginsborg (26 July 1979).
953:. In 1865 its provisional capital was transferred to
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without the military and diplomatic muscle provided by
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during February 1849, Maestri was at once sent back to
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2184:
1407:
Istituto veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti (1870).
1053:
Commander of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
509:- the sea port for Rome - on 25 April 1949. After
876:which in most cases more or less correspond to the
468:. His rival for the votes of the electors in the
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1683:"Camera dei deputati .... Prima sessione del 1849"
1451:. Tipografia Ferrando. 30 August 1847. p. 44.
1379:"Maestri, Pietro. - Studioso della statistica ..."
900:selected for the newly united Italy came not from
285:In September 1846 Dr. Pietro Maestri attended the
1515:. Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana (Treccani)
1471:(19). OpenEdition Journals: Laboratoire italien.
150:as Director of the National Statistical Council (
142:(28 February 1816 – 4 July 1871) was an Italian
1716:"28 luglio 1849: Leopoldo II rientra a Firenze"
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939:Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce
692:, Maestri became a regular contributor to the
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1083:Knight of the Order of Philip the Magnanimous
8:
1959:. Progretto Storia di Milano. Archived from
1897:UniversitĂ degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
1328:Ministero per i beni e le attivita culturali
1095:Commander of the Order of the Crown of Italy
1059:Knight of the Imperial Order of Franz Joseph
1012:on 4 July 1871 following "a short illness".
1863:Bolletino della Societa Geografica Italiana
1324:Il Risorgimento ... I Personaggi Principali
1101:Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
1038:4 April 1861: Corresponding Member of the
216:and the distinguished aristocrat-economist
678:"Annuario statistico italiano del 1857-58"
29:
18:
2282:Italian people of the Italian unification
1951:Paolo Colussi (compiler) (6 March 2011).
1476:
1065:Knight of the Order of the Zähringer Lion
989:) and in other data collection projects.
1355:. Biblioteca Nazionale Braidense, Milano
973:while plenary sessions were held at the
708:review journal, "Politecnico" after the
637:government under its recently installed
1213:
1119:
1040:Lombard Academy of Sciences and Letters
992:In 1868 Maestri had a falling out with
963:"Annuario statistico italiano del 1864"
537:, and from there, in February 1850, to
433:and then made their way back inland to
175:Pietro Maestri was born and grew up in
2152:
2142:
2086:
2076:
1765:
1755:
1618:
1608:
1588:. CUP Archive. pp. 252–294, 271.
1564:
1554:
1543:. Tipografia Svizzera Italiana, Lugano
608:loosely, "Economic-Political Yearbook"
1957:Cronologia di Milano dal 1861 al 1870
1071:Knight of the Order of the Polar Star
922:blueprint for a modern European state
7:
2136:Medaglia d'argento al valor militare
2049:Unbounded nationalism: Florence 1867
1788:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
1513:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
1287:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
305:In 1848 Maestri participated in the
1537:; Pietro Maestri (16 August 1848).
505:, intervened by landing an army at
408:, Maestri was bitterly critical of
351:. He nevertheless escaped death.
1353:"Commemorazione di Pietro Maestri"
987:la "Giunta centrale di statistica"
724:returned. Maestri enlisted as a
287:8th Congress of Italian Scientists
152:la "Giunta centrale di statistica"
14:
2277:People of the Revolutions of 1848
2115:, Firenze. 5 July 1871. p. 3
1427:. Giovanni Ferrando, Genova. 1846
680:) which he produced jointly with
2046:Nico Randeraad (February 2020).
1749:Proclama di Radetzky (12 agosto)
1027:Silver Medal for Military Valour
606:"Annuario economico-politico" (
596:socialist principals of the time
218:Carlo Ilarione Petitti di Roreto
114:Political and economicommentator
2208:. Succ. Le Monnier. p. 23.
1993:. Tipografia Letteraria, Torino
1478:10.4000/laboratoireitalien.1267
1198:"Italian Statistical Year Book"
1145:Of 607 entitled to vote in the
751:, chief medical officer of the
733:"Cacciatori delle Alpi" brigade
649:, and then moved on in 1854 to
410:King Charles Albert of Sardinia
1984:"Annuario statistico italiano"
1923:"Annuarìo Statistico Italiano"
1077:Knight of the Legion of Honour
406:Milan's summer of independence
289:which was held, that year, at
1:
1671:. Soliani. 1849. p. 818.
1585:The Mazzinians and the French
451:National Constituent Assembly
318:to launch "Voce del popolo" (
309:, joining up with his friend
116:Government chief statistician
1991:Anno II ... Seconda Edizione
1783:Franco Della Peruta (1979).
892:and, within the regions, to
743:in the struggle to liberate
495:Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi
391:Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
130:Rachele Magistrelli (mother)
16:Italian risorgimento-patriot
2054:Manchester University Press
1854:Floriana Galluccio (2012).
1462:Gianluca Albergoni (2013).
898:constitutional arrangements
56:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
2303:
1930:Seconda Serie Vol. II-1912
839:into what was left of the
741:Sardinian-Pietmontese army
376:Charles Albert of Sardinia
354:Towards the final part of
171:Provenance and early years
2017:"Statistica e demografia"
1884:Ermanno Battista (2017).
866:1948 Italian constitution
575:Milanese uprising of 1848
474:the Abbot Antonio Rosmini
240:, who had been exiled in
28:
1818:"Resistenze e autonomie"
1816:Giovanni Favero (2001).
1507:Giuseppina Lupi (2002).
737:proto-partisan operation
573:.) The failure of the
224:Travels and observations
127:Antonio Maestri (father)
1008:Pietro Maestri died at
860:Government statistician
769:"Cacciatori delle Alpi"
753:"Cacciatori delle Alpi"
739:created to support the
694:Journal des Ă©conomistes
631:insurgencies of 1848/49
472:electoral district was
1377:Antonio Monti (1934).
845:federalist preferences
616:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
503:régime change in Paris
389:into the neighbouring
360:summer of independence
207:taking its orders from
2272:Physicians from Milan
2267:Italian statisticians
1919:Giovanni Montemartini
1382:Enciclopedia Italiana
670:risorgimento-activist
341:Field Marshal Radesky
337:as an insurrectionist
320:"Voice of the people"
259:"excellent young man"
111:risorgimento-activist
2056:. pp. 126–145.
1752:. 1849. p. 148.
789:the Austrian emperor
765:Royal Sardinian Army
523:Radesky Proclamation
488:where the return of
349:by the Imperial army
270:hypochondriac doctor
144:risorgimento-patriot
1279:Franco Della Peruta
853:"Savoyard monarchy"
841:Kingdom of Sardinia
553:and, beyond Savoy,
533:He made his way to
466:Kingdom of Sardinia
416:The fight continues
372:recently victorious
236:. He met up with
185:University of Padua
97:University of Padua
2262:Italian physicians
1535:Francesco Restelli
1509:"Griffini, Romolo"
1016:Awards and honours
872:"regioni d'Italia"
822:A vision for Italy
639:head of government
462:Second Legislature
445:and from there to
402:Francesco Restelli
398:Napoleon nightmare
364:Francesco Restelli
345:Castello Sforzesco
307:March insurrection
253:and impatient for
156:probability theory
2287:People from Milan
1723:Storia di Firenze
1714:Christian Satto.
1668:Il popolano: 1849
1637:"Maestri, Pietro"
1595:978-0-521-22077-4
947:papal authorities
627:February 6 revolt
590:, also including
563:Piedmont-Sardinia
561:, the capital of
541:, on the eastern
423:the Venice region
246:Austrian hegemony
187:where he studied
137:
136:
2294:
2236:
2233:
2222:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2179:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2140:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1988:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1927:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1890:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1860:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1835:. pp. 42–76
1822:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1720:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1687:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1480:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1351:(20 July 1871).
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1320:"Maestri Pietro"
1316:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1275:
1201:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1105:(before 1870):
1099:(before 1870):
1093:(before 1870):
1087:(before 1869):
1081:(before 1869):
977:"Teatro Mediceo"
975:Medici Theatre (
801:Treaty of ZĂĽrich
749:Agostino Bertani
592:Giuseppe Ferrari
588:Enrico Cernuschi
584:Giuseppe Mazzini
549:leading towards
427:Giuseppe Mazzini
395:emerged from the
238:Giuseppe Mazzini
200:Agostino Bertani
73:
71:
48:28 February 1816
47:
45:
33:
19:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2151:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2085:
2075:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1764:
1754:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1617:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1563:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1413:. p. 2268.
1406:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1349:Giuseppe Sacchi
1347:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1318:
1317:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1277:
1276:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1051:17 June 1866:
1025:15 June 1859:
1018:
1006:
983:Cesare Correnti
868:which features
862:
837:Lombardo-Veneto
824:
781:French dictator
773:Austrian Empire
718:
682:Cesare Correnti
674:Giacinto Carini
659:
612:proto-socialist
577:to trigger the
571:Austrian empire
531:
529:Political exile
418:
387:Lombardo-Veneto
316:Romolo Griffini
303:
283:
226:
181:Lombardo-Veneto
173:
168:
133:
115:
113:
109:
93:Alma mater
88:
75:
69:
67:
58:
49:
43:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2300:
2298:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2223:
2211:
2194:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2126:
2096:
2062:
2038:
2021:L'Unificazione
2013:Antonio Golini
2004:
1974:
1943:
1910:
1895:. "CORE" i.A.
1876:
1846:
1805:
1775:
1736:
1703:
1674:
1658:
1641:L'Unificazione
1628:
1594:
1574:
1526:
1499:
1454:
1438:
1416:
1399:
1366:
1340:
1304:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1138:
1129:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1043:
1042:
1030:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1005:
1002:
994:Emilio Broglio
971:Uffizi Gallery
861:
858:
831:government in
823:
820:
777:French support
745:Northern Italy
726:doctor-surgeon
720:In April 1859
717:
714:
702:"France Today"
658:
655:
530:
527:
515:the Grand Duke
490:the Grand Duke
478:Roman Republic
417:
414:
368:Manfredo Fanti
302:
299:
282:
279:
225:
222:
214:Carlo Cattaneo
204:a puppet state
172:
169:
167:
164:
140:Pietro Maestri
135:
134:
132:
131:
128:
124:
122:
118:
117:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
76:
74:(aged 55)
64:
60:
59:
50:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
23:Pietro Maestri
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2299:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2080:
2065:
2063:9781526147530
2059:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2039:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1963:on 2011-09-27
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1931:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1612:
1597:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1558:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1400:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
990:
988:
984:
980:
978:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
934:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:North America
899:
895:
894:the provinces
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
873:
867:
859:
857:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
821:
819:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
731:
727:
723:
715:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
683:
679:
675:
671:
668:
664:
656:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:mountain pass
544:
540:
536:
528:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:Civitavecchia
504:
500:
496:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
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428:
424:
415:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
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388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
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361:
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352:
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346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
308:
300:
298:
296:
292:
288:
280:
278:
276:
271:
267:
264:Back home in
262:
260:
256:
252:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
223:
221:
219:
215:
211:
208:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
170:
165:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
129:
126:
125:
123:
119:
112:
108:
105:
103:Occupation(s)
101:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
65:
61:
57:
53:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
2204:
2197:
2174:
2165:
2135:
2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2108:
2105:"Necrologio"
2099:
2067:. Retrieved
2048:
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2020:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1990:
1977:
1965:. Retrieved
1961:the original
1956:
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1929:
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1899:. p. 60
1892:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1862:
1849:
1837:. Retrieved
1829:Il Poligrafo
1824:
1796:. Retrieved
1787:
1778:
1748:
1727:. Retrieved
1722:
1694:. Retrieved
1689:
1677:
1667:
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1647:, Roma. 2011
1640:
1631:
1599:. Retrieved
1584:
1577:
1545:. Retrieved
1539:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1512:
1502:
1490:. Retrieved
1467:
1457:
1447:
1441:
1429:. Retrieved
1419:
1409:
1402:
1390:. Retrieved
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545:side of the
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2257:1871 deaths
2252:1816 births
2153:|work=
2087:|work=
1953:".... 1863"
1766:|work=
1619:|work=
1565:|work=
1147:Borgomanero
1046:Other Civil
1033:Academician
910:Switzerland
890:the regions
886:before 1860
730:Garibaldi's
647:Switzerland
635:Piedmontese
470:Borgomanero
429:escaped to
393:(which had
324:5 centesimi
160:Luigi Bodio
66:4 July 1871
2246:Categories
2113:La Nazione
1208:References
943:"captured"
849:of 1848/49
767:" and the
706:Cattaneo's
698:Mont Blanc
339:. After
281:Networking
255:revolution
70:1871-07-05
44:1816-02-28
2155:ignored (
2145:cite book
2089:ignored (
2079:cite book
1768:ignored (
1758:cite book
1621:ignored (
1611:cite book
1567:ignored (
1557:cite book
1487:2117-4970
945:from the
912:but from
870:Regions (
805:Garibaldi
793:Garibaldi
688:While in
166:Biography
107:Physician
2025:Treccani
2015:(2011).
1792:Treccani
1645:Treccani
1386:Treccani
1291:Treccani
1281:(2006).
1021:Military
1010:Florence
967:Florence
955:Florence
930:his king
918:Napoleon
878:kingdoms
779:. The
716:More war
710:1859 war
667:Sicilian
569:and the
551:Chambéry
543:Piedmont
482:Florence
456:Back in
443:Florence
374:against
189:Medicine
78:Florence
2119:15 July
2069:15 July
2031:14 July
1997:15 July
1967:16 July
1936:15 July
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1075:1867:
1069:1867:
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1057:1867:
906:Austria
882:duchies
623:Mazzini
486:Tuscany
464:of the
380:Custoza
328:Lombard
311:Bertani
121:Parents
82:Tuscany
68: (
2060:
2027:, Roma
1833:Padova
1794:, Roma
1592:
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1388:, Roma
1293:, Roma
926:Cavour
914:France
829:Cavour
809:Cavour
797:Cavour
704:) for
567:France
555:France
439:Venice
435:Lugano
242:London
234:London
210:Vienna
1987:(PDF)
1926:(PDF)
1889:(PDF)
1859:(PDF)
1821:(PDF)
1719:(PDF)
1686:(PDF)
1114:Notes
1004:Death
951:Turin
833:Turin
813:Paris
787:with
761:Turin
728:with
690:Paris
663:Paris
657:Paris
651:Paris
604:Turin
559:Turin
535:Genoa
519:Milan
458:Turin
431:Genoa
356:Milan
291:Genoa
266:Milan
230:Paris
196:Milan
177:Milan
86:Italy
52:Milan
2157:help
2121:2021
2091:help
2071:2021
2058:ISBN
2033:2021
1999:2021
1969:2021
1938:2021
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1871:2021
1841:2021
1800:2021
1770:help
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1590:ISBN
1569:help
1549:2021
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1494:2021
1483:ISSN
1433:2021
1410:Atti
1394:2021
1361:2021
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959:Rome
928:and
807:and
755:and
735:, a
539:Susa
511:Rome
499:Rome
447:Rome
366:and
301:1848
232:and
148:1861
63:Died
38:Born
1473:doi
920:'s
908:or
722:war
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