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with the capacity of the patio, Pikillaqta could hold a ceremony for people from other Wari settlements. Great amounts of chicha (an alcoholic beverage produced by fermenting corn) was drunk. Maize and chicha were very important in rituals, they were sacred so they appeared often in ceremonies. Even though the plaza was the focal point of the ceremonies, other places at
Pikillaqta show some important ceremonial use. Niched halls were important religious buildings (McEwan 2005:152). There were 18 of these structures. The halls were looted but they may once have held sacred objects and offerings. In Wari art, ceremonies were depicted with a ceremonial pole coming out of the center of niched halls along with offerings, plants, and felines shown in a sacred context. The functions of the niched halls then were probably ceremonially and ritually used because the halls match up with other Wari sites and art. Small conjoint buildings were also present at the site for ritual use (McEwan 2005:158). There were 501 structures of these rooms. A small number of people could gather here for ritual feasting on a smaller more private scale. Sector four of the small conjoint buildings could have been a place where mummies were held and visited. Small fire hearths were found in them where offerings to the deceased could have been made. The Wari thought it was important to keep in touch with the mummies so they could watch over the living so they were regularly visited. There were four chambers included in the small conjoint rooms and one contained a large stone that the Wari couldn't move. They built their structure around this and the rock was then probably used as a sacred object.
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stages in the abandonment: the part where the Wari left and then a giant fire after that. The site was abandoned before much of architecture was complete. Sector 2 of the site was finished architecturally and used according to research. After that part was finished, sectors 1, 4 and then sector 3 were worked on in that order. In sector 1, two excavations showed that the interior walls of the structure were not plastered with clay or white gypsum. In Unit 47 there was evidence of an offering shown there so it was in the process of being built but not complete. Section 4 had most of the architecture finished with some incomplete walls and unfinished floors. In sector 3 Unit 34 showed little amount of completion; the building was full of sterile soil, the walls were unfinished, the floor was not laid, and the offerings in there were not placed in the corners. The door was blocked and sealed in clay probably because it was abandoned during construction. Abandonment occurred during construction of sectors 1, 3 and 4. The sealing of a number of key doorways occurred so unwanted visitors would have trouble entering some structures. Some buildings were sealed off completely with clay. Valuable goods were not found at hand on site and this could explain why very few artifacts were found anywhere at the site.
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alongside deities and supernaturals. Canals, reservoirs, aqueducts were at
Pikillaqta along with terraces and cultivated fields. Pikillaqta economically controlled the area through agriculture. There was a hydraulic network in Pikillaqta that led through canals and agriculture fields to help the people. Water for irrigation was brought in mainly by the rainfall, which leads to the hydraulic system. August through December there was hardly any rain and the artificial irrigation system was used. December through January there was plenty of rain and artificial irrigation was not used much. May through June was the harvest season and irrigation was used when it was needed. Canals were built of stone and were connected to the Lucre River and Chelke stream. There are over 48 thousand meters of canal in the system with canal A and Canal B being the longest and connected to Pikillaqta. Canal A provided water for irrigation at terraces 1, 2, 3, and 4 and was connected to aqueducts. Canal A provided for the most important buildings in the center of Pikillaqta. These feats of hydro-engineering supported crop production and provided the people with water. In one unit of the trash middens two grinding stones were found and these were rare finds because of the scarcity surface evidence.
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were found in gray soil during McEwan's excavations. A bronze spike was the only other object found in this pit. In another pit, bone fragments were found with green stains indicating they were buried with copper, however copper was not found in the pit, and a few shell artifacts were found. Looting occurred in many of these pits which has resulted in the loss of multiple artifacts from the burial chambers. Multiple buildings and ceremonial pits show signs of looting. The looters cleared out possible grave goods that could have been buried with skeletons, especially if they were valuable. In Wall Tomb 1, a man and woman were found. Small turquoise-colored stone beads were present with the remains. The remains were placed in the wall at time of construction in seated position. In the second wall tomb the body was also seated upright but fell over at some point.
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Emilio Harth-Terre next published ground plans of
Pikillaqta in 1959 but made no attempt to excavate. William Sanders assessed architectural surface remains and further subdivided the site in the 1960s, but ultimately only searched two buildings. Mary Glowacki conducted a ceramic analysis of the site in 1996. Most questions and current knowledge about Pikillaqta were finally answered when Gordon McEwan excavated Pikillaqta on three separate occasions: in 1978-79, 1981–82, and 1989–90. In the 1989-90 excavation extensive research was done on the architecture and on trash middens. McEwan divided the site into four sectors to research them more easily.
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insist that elites or leaders would have held everything in check and working order. Kinship was important for the Wari. Many decisions and ceremonies were revolved around fictive kinship and ancestor worship. The main Wari deity in Wari religion was
Waricocha. Waricocha was the "staff god" who controlled life and death. He was the creator of all things, the universe, sun, moon, and civilization. On pottery and in art Waricocha was shown with a staff in each hand and with rays coming out of his head. These showed divine power and at the end of the rays animals, like pumas and condors, were attached along with maize.
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floors suggests the fire was deliberate. Sectors 1 and 2 had been destroyed by fire. McEwan believed they were trying to expand their control and eventually the splitting of the Wari led to the end of the reign of the empire. After the fire looters at unknown times came through the site and got into some of the burials on site. They are the only known people to be active on the site before archaeologists investigated. Pikillaqta is open for visitors to view the ruins of the large complex.
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so far from the Middle
Horizon period. The figurines ranged in size from 18 to 52 millimetres. There were turquois processing locations and workshops at Pikillaqta. Stone carving was also present in the city and could have been a specialization. The architecture for the buildings would have needed long precise time to build because they are connected and so big. Specialization of bronze arsenic was also present at the site. There were many artifacts made out of bronze.
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network. The pottery in
Pikillaqta was also traded in, Okros and Wamanga style pottery were two of the main styles and they were made around the area. Pikillaqta was one of the biggest Wari sites so other goods were probably traded in and out of the area and housed in the many buildings at Pikillaqta. Many people came around for the ceremonies so a lot of items were probably traded or brought in with them.
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cavities and tooth wear than male found in tomb. Wall Tomb 2 had a female aged 17–20. The partial skeleton from Unit 49 was aged 16–18. Out of the 10 skulls excavated, McEwan and his team examined three of them. One skull displayed cranial deformation and another had three healed trephinations. No clear evidence showed the signs of death in the remains in at
Pikillacta.
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Specialization could be found in the bluish-green figurines found at
Pikillaqta. Two different sets of 40 votive turquoise figurines were found in grave lots. This was an important number because it showed state organization as an administrative unit and rank. These were also the only figurines found
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Pikillaqta is a village of the Wari people. Wari was the centre village and other cities like
Pikillaqta were influenced by it. The Wari also inhabited many other sites around the area. The site was occupied from about 550 to 1100 AD. Its main use was for ceremonies and the site was not complete
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Middens of
Pikillaqta contain over 5000 bones, most of which belonged to camelids, guinea pigs, and other small rodents. McEwan posited these were primary sources of sustenance along with maize. Projectile points were also found in the middens—possibly used to kill and prepare the animals with which
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Pikillaqta is located 3,200 meters above sea level in the Lucre Basin of the eastern Valley of Cusco, an area characterized by grassy hills mixed with rock and sand. The climate is cold and arid, averaging 300 millimeters of precipitation per month during winter and spring and 106 millimeters during
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A few burials were uncovered during excavations at Pikillaqta. Two wall tombs, a few offering pits, and one room held skeletal remains. In the niched halls (Unit 10), 10 skulls were found in an offering pit. Seven were found during earlier excavations which were found in red soil. Three more skulls
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were heavily fortified (McEwan 1996:169). Pikillaqta may have been large feasting site. There was a large patio or plaza in the middle of the complex that probably was the center of the administrative rituals and religious practices. Rulers and their kin would come together and feast and drink, and
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The history of workers and excavations at Pikillaqta is almost a century old and wrought with superficial, expedient assessments. Luis Valcarcel was the first to study Pikillaqta archaeologically—in 1927—but only found two green-stoned figurines and did not publish his findings until years later.
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The last part of the abandonment stage was marked by a massive fire. The Wari sealed up and tried to protect the site as if intending to return. McEwan believed after they left, local people wanted to destroy the site and set it ablaze. Completely carbonized beams and burning on the underside of
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Pikillaqta was occupied from about 550 to 1100 AD and around 1100 AD is when it was ultimately abandoned. Reasoning for this is not exact but it could have been because of a crisis in the empire or that the Wari were trying to expand somewhere else then planning to come back. There were two
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Items like turquoise bluish-green stone were traded into the area. They were used for figurines and bluish-green stone was not found in the area. Other stones, gemstones, and minerals were exchanged around the area and according to Anita Cook Pikillaqta may have been the center of the big trade
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There was no distinct evidence that showed inequality at the site of Pikillaqta but there were probably different classes. People of higher power and prestige would have been needed to watch over and control the events and ceremonies of the large-scale site. Evidence form other Wari sites would
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Four nearly complete skeletons and ten other skulls were found at the site. Wall Tomb 1 included an adult male and female. The male was aged 35–45, and his skull displayed evidence of a healed fracture from blow to face, cranium deformation, and gum disease. The female was aged 35–50, had more
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Maize was found in one of the excavations carried out by McEwan along with 20 well-preserved beans. Maize was an important crop, farmed by the people of Pikillaqta as a major source of food through substantial irrigation systems. Maize was important to Wari culture and was painted on pottery
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Archaeological investigations of Pikillaqta were most recently undertaken by the Peruvian Ministry of Culture between 2017 and 2018. This work included digging test pits, trenches, and excavating around Pikillaqta's central plaza.
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At around A.D. 650, the Wari erected Pikillaqta, a huge fortified complex covering 25 hectares (250,000 square meters) south of the Cusco valley. Pikillaqta was garrisoned and all five entrances to the valley accessible from the
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McEwan, Gordon F., 1986 Wari Empire in the southern Peruvian highlands: a view from the provinces. Nature of Wari: a Reappraisal of the Middle Horizon Period in Peru: 53–71
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late spring, summer, and fall. Temperature ranges between 60 degrees Fahrenheit in the warmest months, but easily reaches freezing in colder seasons.
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2001 Pikallacta, Huaro and the greater Cuzco region: new interpretations of Wari occupation in the southern highlands. Boletin de arqueologia: 31-49
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Cook, Anita G., 1992 Stone ancestors: idioms of imperial attire and rank among Huari figurines. Latin American Antiquity: 341–364
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527:. Gordon Francis McEwan. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. 2005.
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572:"Archaeological Investigations at Pikillacta, a Wari Site in Peru"
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433:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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663:Pikillaqta photos, including two panoramas
524:Pikillacta : the Wari Empire in Cuzco
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453:Learn how and when to remove this message
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
43:This article includes a list of general
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215:34.208 km (13.208 sq mi)
652:, University of Iowa Press, Iowa city.
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2376:Archaeological sites in Cusco Region
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431:adding citations to reliable sources
2386:Tourist attractions in Cusco Region
650:Pikillacta:The Wari Empire in Cuzco
295:20 kilometres (12 mi) east of
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49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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623:Glowacki, Mary and Gordon McEwan
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1910:Quriwayrachina, La ConvenciĂłn
333:Agriculture and canal systems
2381:Archaeological sites in Peru
699:Archaeological sites in Peru
643:Journal of field Archaeology
576:Journal of Field Archaeology
2015:Tampu Mach'ay, Huancavelica
104:View of a Pikillaqta sector
27:Archaeological site in Peru
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1610:Ă‘awpallaqta, Huanca Sancos
1100:Huamanmarca, La ConvenciĂłn
570:McEwan, Gordon F. (1996).
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648:McEwan, Gordon F., 2005,
311:Geography and environment
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2210:Wamanmarka, Chumbivilcas
1905:Quriwayrachina, Ayacucho
1765:Pumamarka, San Sebastián
1695:Pirca Pirca, La Libertad
369:Trade and specialization
1410:Llaqta Qulluy, Tayacaja
1200:Inka Wasi, Huancavelica
360:Leadership and religion
307:when it was abandoned.
64:more precise citations.
2055:The Toads of Wiraqucha
1505:Mawk'allaqta, La UniĂłn
1495:Mawk'allaqta, Castilla
1405:Llaqta Qulluy, Conayca
1185:Inka Tampu, Vilcabamba
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320:History of excavations
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266:A street of Pikillaqta
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1755:Pukara, Vilcas Huamán
1500:Mawk'allaqta, Espinar
1400:Llaqta Qulluy, Acoria
1320:Kunturmarka, Ayacucho
1230:Inti Watana, Urubamba
1220:Inti Watana, Ayacucho
1180:Inka Tampu, Huayopata
301:Quispicanchi Province
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188:13.61667°S 71.71472°W
143:Quispicanchi Province
2345:Yanaqi - Qillqamarka
1900:Quriwayrachina, Anta
1620:Ă‘awpallaqta, Lucanas
1615:Ă‘awpallaqta, Fajardo
1520:Mawk'allaqta, Sandia
1515:Mawk'allaqta, Paruro
1510:Mawk'allaqta, Melgar
1415:Llaqta Qulluy, Vilca
1360:Laguna de las Momias
1175:Inka Raqay, Ayacucho
1170:Inka Raqay, ApurĂmac
760:Awkimarka (ApurĂmac)
715:Ahuila Gencha Machay
427:improve this section
193:-13.61667; -71.71472
1995:Soro Mik'aya Patjxa
1890:Qurimarka, ApurĂmac
1805:Purunllacta, Soloco
1770:Pumamarka, Urubamba
1195:Inka Wasi, Ayacucho
1115:Huaycán de Pariachi
910:Choquequirao Puquio
870:Chauchilla Cemetery
765:Awkimarka (Huánuco)
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1800:Purunllacta, Cheto
1660:Paracas Candelabra
1325:Kunturmarka, Pasco
1225:Inti Watana, Calca
342:they were buried.
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1740:Pukara, Coporaque
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1065:Huaca Huallamarca
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2215:Wamanmarka, Lima
2050:Templo del Zorro
1895:Qurimarka, Cusco
1385:Llamachayuq Qaqa
1365:Lauricocha Caves
1350:K'allapayuq Urqu
1335:Kusichaka valley
1080:Huaca San Marcos
1055:Huaca del DragĂłn
1050:Huaca de la Luna
720:Amaru Marka Wasi
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2391:Wari culture
2285:Wayna Q'inti
2275:Wat'a, Cusco
2235:Waqra Pukara
2185:Vilcashuamán
1955:Sacsayhuamán
1885:Quri Winchus
1815:Pusuquy Pata
1790:Puqin Kancha
1750:Pukara, Puno
1674:
1445:Machu Q'inti
1430:Machu Picchu
1295:Killarumiyuq
1245:Intipa Ă‘awin
1165:Inka Mach'ay
1140:Huchuy Qosqo
1070:Huaca Prieta
1015:Hatun Machay
995:Gran Pajatén
905:Choquequirao
900:Choquepuquio
895:Chipaw Marka
845:Cerro Pátapo
649:
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425:Please help
413:
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290:Wari culture
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255:Wari culture
147:Cusco Region
76:
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48:
2330:Wiñay Wayna
2325:Willkaraqay
2310:Wila Wilani
2265:Wari Willka
2255:Waraqu Urqu
2200:Waman Pirqa
2105:Tunay Q'asa
2085:Toro Muerto
2035:Taqrachullu
2025:Tanqa Tanqa
2020:Tampukancha
2010:Tambomachay
2005:Tambo Totem
1875:Qunchamarka
1865:Qullqapampa
1775:Pumaq Hirka
1725:Puka Pukara
1690:Pinkuylluna
1680:Pikimach'ay
1595:Nazca Lines
1590:Muyuq Marka
1575:Mullu Q'awa
1550:Mirq'imarka
1525:Mawk'ataray
1460:Maray Qalla
1450:Mallkuamaya
1435:Machu Pirqa
1425:Machu Colca
1380:Llamachayuq
1315:Kuntur Wasi
1210:Inkilltambo
1135:Huayrapongo
1095:Hualpayunca
1090:Huacramarca
1030:Hatun Uchku
1000:Gran Vilaya
800:Buena Vista
755:Awkin Punta
480:Chuqi Pukyu
395:Abandonment
191: /
167:Coordinates
70:August 2021
62:introducing
2370:Categories
2320:WilcahuaĂn
2260:Warawtampu
2230:Waqlamarka
2180:Vilcabamba
2135:Uskallaqta
2100:Tunanmarca
2045:Tarmatambo
1980:Sillustani
1965:Sayacmarca
1950:Runkuraqay
1880:Qunchupata
1855:Quillarumi
1835:Qillqatani
1730:Puka Tampu
1705:Pirhuaylla
1675:Pikillaqta
1670:Patallaqta
1645:Pachatusan
1640:Pachacamac
1555:Miyu Pampa
1545:Miraflores
1485:Markapukyu
1480:Markansaya
1475:Markahirka
1465:Marayniyoq
1420:Llaqtapata
1355:K'ipakhara
1340:Khichuqaqa
1235:Intikancha
1215:Inti Punku
1205:Inkapintay
1045:Honcopampa
1040:Hatunmarka
1035:Hatun Usnu
985:El ParaĂso
980:El Ingenio
955:Coricancha
945:Condorcaga
935:Colcampata
925:Cochabamba
890:Chichakuri
880:Chawaytiri
865:Chanquillo
855:Chacamarca
840:Cerro BaĂşl
745:Auga Punta
506:Pikillaqta
491:References
485:Rumiqullqa
271:Pikillaqta
207:Settlement
179:71°42′53″W
176:13°37′00″S
93:Pikillaqta
45:references
18:Pikillacta
2250:Waraqayuq
2245:Warahirka
2205:Wamanilla
2175:Ventarron
2150:Usnu Muqu
2110:Tupu Inka
2090:Trinchera
2040:Tarahuasi
2030:Tantarica
2000:Susupillu
1960:Sara Sara
1935:Rumicolca
1915:Qasa Pata
1870:Qulu Qulu
1825:Qaqapatan
1795:Puruchuco
1735:Puka Urqu
1655:Pañamarca
1635:Pacatnamu
1605:Ninamarca
1600:Nina Kiru
1585:Muyu Urqu
1580:Muyu Muyu
1570:Mulinuyuq
1275:Kanamarka
1255:Iskuqucha
1160:Ingatambo
1110:Huankarán
960:Cumbemayo
950:Cota Coca
930:Cochapata
860:Chan Chan
820:Carachupa
815:Cao Viejo
795:Bandurria
780:Ayawayq'u
775:Ayamachay
725:Arhuaturo
645:: 169–186
635:: 720–724
633:Antiquity
596:0093-4690
551:cite book
414:does not
353:altiplano
233:Abandoned
2300:Wichqana
2075:Titiqaqa
1970:Sayhuite
1940:Rumiwasi
1860:Quishuar
1780:Pumawasi
1760:Pukarani
1715:Pirwayuq
1685:Pilluchu
1665:Paraccra
1390:Llamayuq
1330:Kuntuyuq
1265:Jinkiori
1150:Inca Uyo
970:El Brujo
915:ChurajĂłn
885:Cheqollo
805:Cahuachi
785:Azángaro
770:Aya Muqu
543:85813538
474:See also
443:May 2016
251:Cultures
139:Location
2305:Wich'un
2295:Wichama
2160:Uyu Uyu
2155:Usqunta
1945:Runayoc
1925:Raqch'i
1810:Pusharo
1785:Punkuri
1560:Molloko
1535:Miculla
1455:Mameria
1395:Llamuqa
1375:Llactan
1280:Kanichi
1105:Huamboy
990:Garagay
965:Cutimbo
825:CarajĂa
615:Sources
435:removed
420:sources
299:in the
275:Quechua
241:Periods
225:Founded
220:History
58:improve
2340:Yanaca
2240:Waqutu
2195:Vitcos
2130:Urpish
2115:T'akaq
2095:TĂşcume
2065:Tinyaq
1990:SĂłndor
1975:SechĂn
1930:Revash
1850:Quiaca
1840:Qillqa
1710:Piruro
1650:Paiján
1540:Millka
1370:LayzĂłn
1310:Kukuli
1305:Kuelap
1300:Kotosh
1145:Huiñao
940:Collor
740:Aspero
710:Acaray
604:530502
602:
594:
541:
531:
521:"29".
282:llaqta
280:flea,
157:Region
47:, but
2350:Yaynu
2315:Wilca
2270:Waruq
2070:TipĂłn
2060:Tikra
1985:Sipán
1830:Qenko
1720:PĂsac
1565:Moray
1530:Mazur
1490:Marpa
1285:Kenko
1125:Huari
920:Chuya
830:Caral
730:Asana
600:JSTOR
297:Cusco
161:Andes
1260:Isog
592:ISSN
557:link
539:OCLC
529:ISBN
418:any
416:cite
278:piki
236:1200
212:Area
204:Type
151:Peru
584:doi
429:by
228:500
2372::
598:.
590:.
580:23
578:.
574:.
553:}}
549:{{
537:.
513:^
303:.
149:,
145:,
691:e
684:t
677:v
606:.
586::
559:)
545:.
456:)
450:(
445:)
441:(
437:.
423:.
273:(
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
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