575:
turn amplitude modulated at 64, 8, or 1bit/s. The spacecraft was unable to aim its antennas, and so had no high-gain dish antenna common on later spacecraft. Instead, the system could introduce a 150W amplifier into its normally 5W transmitter circuit. It was powered by a battery of 28 F-size NiCd cells recharged by the solar paddles, allowing up to eight minutes of high power communications before risking damage to the batteries. Each hour of 5W communications or five minutes of 150W communications required ten hours of recharging the batteries. Unlike later interplanetary spacecraft (
91:
1246:
1976:
533:
599:
31:
574:
and the biggest single improvement in signal encoding on western spacecraft. The spacecraft received the uplink carrier at 401.8 MHz and converted it to a 378.2 MHz signal using a 16/17 coherent oscillator circuit. The telemetry system phase modulated a 512 Hz subcarrier, which was in
544:
prevented continuous operation of the telemetry transmitters. About four operations of 25 min duration were scheduled per day with occasional increases during times of special interest. A total of 138.9 h of operation was completed, and over three megabits of data were received. The major portion of
557:
because their antennas provided grid reception. Data was received until 30 April 1960, after which telemetry noise and weak signal strength made data reception impossible. The spacecraft's signal was detected by
Jodrell Bank from a record distance of 36.2 million km (22.5 million miles) on 26 June
520:
Booster performance during launch was overall excellent considering the numerous earlier difficulties with the Thor-Able vehicle. There were some minor anomalies with the second stage flight control system that resulted in unplanned pitch and roll motions, however, they were not enough to endanger
411:
would conduct a flyby of Venus, but technical issues prevented the launch from occurring until early 1960 by which time the Venus window for the year had closed. Since it was not possible to send the probe to Venus, it would instead merely investigate interplanetary space and
468:
to 12 milligauss. It consisted of a single search coil that was mounted on the spacecraft in such a way that it measured the magnetic field perpendicular to the spin axis of the spacecraft. It could output its measurements in both an analog and a digital
570:, Pioneer 5 used the earliest known digital telemetry system used on spacecraft, codenamed "Telebit", which was a tenfold (or 10 dB) improvement in channel efficiency on previous generation "Microlock" analog systems in use since
524:
The spacecraft returned data collected by the magnetometer on the magnetic field and it measured that the median undisturbed interplanetary field was approximately 5 γ ± 0.5 γ in magnitude. The spacecraft also measured
1826:
424:
The spacecraft was a 0.66 metres (2 ft 2 in) diameter sphere with four solar panels that spanned over 1.4 metres (4 ft 7 in) and it was equipped with four scientific instruments:
540:
The recorded digital data were transmitted at 1, 8, and 64 bit/s, depending on the distance of the spacecraft from Earth and the size of the receiving antenna. Weight limitations on the
382:
196:
1741:
2328:
2012:
617:
529:
particles, and cosmic radiation in the interplanetary region. The micrometeorite counter failed to operate as the data system saturated and failed to operate properly.
1810:
1868:
993:
E. W. Greenstadt (July 1966). "Final
Estimate of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field at 1 A.U. from Measurements made by Pioneer V in March and April 1960".
1655:
1650:
1156:
1414:
2005:
1951:
1117:
554:
1509:
720:
2323:
464:
in the distant field of the Earth, near the geomagnetic boundary, and in interplanetary space. It was capable of measuring fields from 1
1818:
1525:
1475:
1998:
379:
192:
1640:
1493:
1485:
859:
385:
at 13:00:00 UTC with an on-orbit dry mass of 43 kilograms (95 lb). It was a 0.66 metres (2 ft 2 in) diameter
1245:
1454:
1434:
1149:
823:
P. J. Coleman; L. Davis; C. P. Sonett (15 July 1960). "Steady
Component of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field: Pioneer V".
397:
1979:
1794:
1588:
1407:
776:
1060:
1904:
1899:
1660:
1533:
511:
combinations. It was used to measure the amount of meteoritic dust particles and the momentum of these particles.
433:
2333:
1873:
1438:
1331:
1142:
587:(then called Manchester Mark I), a 26-meter radio telescope in Hawaii, and a small helical array in Singapore.
550:
206:
99:
78:
1400:
964:
932:
903:
794:
1726:
1578:
1291:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
682:
396:
Data was received until 30 April 1960. Among other accomplishments, the probe confirmed the existence of
84:
1751:
1326:
1321:
504:
338:
39:
1761:
482:
1771:
1617:
1598:
1002:
871:
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583:, which was not yet available, but a somewhat ad hoc Space Network called SPAN consisting of the 76m
267:
1625:
2037:
2026:
2022:
1610:
1369:
297:
2298:
Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
1956:
1716:
1517:
1501:
604:
580:
475:
363:
260:
490:
detector) to measure cosmic radiation. It was mounted normal to the spin axis of the spacecraft.
1736:
1583:
532:
1557:
716:
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2179:
2123:
2076:
1010:
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612:
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1006:
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1990:
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307:
1087:
90:
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2174:
2157:
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2110:
2103:
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2057:
1909:
1645:
1541:
393:
and achieved a solar orbit of 0.806 × 0.995 AU (121,000,000 by 149,000,000 km).
2274:
2216:
2202:
2190:
2050:
1354:
1227:
1222:
737:
465:
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441:
332:
888:
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1217:
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526:
390:
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1359:
1304:
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571:
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487:
1032:
883:
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1930:
1894:
1842:
1462:
1381:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1179:
622:
576:
413:
182:
2251:
2138:
1961:
498:
445:
136:
2239:
2209:
2162:
2128:
2082:
2064:
1863:
1834:
1802:
1731:
1709:
1605:
1593:
1392:
30:
2117:
2092:
1778:
1756:
1635:
1630:
1549:
437:
386:
2306:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
1014:
1935:
1766:
1704:
1699:
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1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1134:
531:
407:
The original mission plan was for a launch in
November 1959 where
375:
371:
287:
277:
430:
triple coincidence omnidirectional proportional counter telescope
1889:
972:
940:
911:
802:
690:
658:
63:
1994:
1396:
1138:
370:
used to investigate interplanetary space between the orbits of
1423:
1124:
558:
1960, although it was much too weak by then to acquire data.
1244:
765:. NF-31/Vol 4, No. 3. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967.
1129:
436:
and observe terrestrial trapped radiation. It could detect
389:
with 1.4 metres (4 ft 7 in) span across its four
404:
was the most successful probe in the
Pioneer/Able series.
292:
0.9931 AU (148,570,000 km; 92,310,000 mi)
282:
0.7061 AU (105,630,000 km; 65,640,000 mi)
860:"Interplanetary Magnetic Field and the Auroral Zones"
362:, and nicknamed the "Paddle-Wheel Satellite") was a
1944:
1923:
1882:
1856:
1787:
1571:
1447:
1342:
1314:
1256:
1172:
503:(or micrometeorite detector) that consisted of two
306:
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286:
276:
266:
256:
251:
225:
220:
202:
188:
178:
163:
158:
142:
132:
127:
111:
98:
77:
69:
59:
51:
887:
625:(also measured interplanetary magnetic field like
618:Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
1130:Space Technology Laboratories Documents Archive
1034:An Interplanetary Communication System abstract
959:
957:
777:"Vintage Micro: The First Interplanetary Probe"
2302:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
2006:
1408:
1150:
579:and beyond), this spacecraft did not use the
8:
1062:Payload Command Receiver/Doppler Transponder
21:
1026:
1024:
795:"Pioneer 5: Proportional Counter Telescope"
677:
675:
2013:
1999:
1991:
1415:
1401:
1393:
1157:
1143:
1135:
645:
643:
89:
29:
20:
2329:Derelict satellites in heliocentric orbit
1089:Project Thor-Able 4 Final Mission Report
965:"Pioneer 5: Micrometeorite Spectrometer"
416:would have to wait another three years.
378:. It was launched on 11 March 1960 from
639:
904:"Pioneer 5: Search-Coil Magnetometer"
7:
1095:. STL/TR. 25 May 1960. pp. 4–25
933:"Pioneer 5: Ion Chamber and GM Tube"
1795:Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer
1526:Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
1031:G. E. Miller; J. E. Taber (1959).
16:NASA interplanetary mission (1960)
14:
1975:
1974:
858:J. W. Dungey (15 January 1961).
713:The Observer's Book of Astronomy
597:
380:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
1125:NASA's Solar System Exploration
775:Andrew LePage (17 April 2015).
414:an actual mission to the planet
536:Pioneer 5 with test equipment.
398:interplanetary magnetic fields
101:
1:
1435:List of heliophysics missions
545:the data was received by the
55:Interplanetary space research
715:. Frederick Warne & Co.
2324:Spacecraft launched in 1960
167:11 March 1960, 13:00:07 UTC
146:43.2 kilograms (95 lb)
115:3 months, 15 days
2350:
1661:Orbiting Solar Observatory
1626:Intercosmos 26 (Koronas I)
1534:Solar Dynamics Observatory
761:"The Pioneer Spacecraft".
651:"Pioneer 5 - NASA Science"
2296:
2045:
1970:
1430:
1242:
742:Encyclopedia Astronautica
320:
316:
247:
243:
216:
212:
154:
150:
123:
119:
47:
28:
1439:List of solar telescopes
1332:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
884:10.1103/PhysRevLett.6.47
845:10.1103/PhysRevLett.5.43
551:Jodrell Bank Observatory
366:space probe in the NASA
1059:A. Good (1 June 1960).
864:Physical Review Letters
825:Physical Review Letters
555:Hawaii Tracking Station
486:(which functioned as a
474:Neher-type integrating
1579:Apollo Telescope Mount
1250:
711:Patrick Moore (1962).
547:Lovell radio telescope
537:
420:Design and instruments
2093:Solrad mass simulator
1727:Pioneer 6, 7, 8 and 9
1584:Coronas F (Koronas F)
1327:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
1322:Pioneer Venus project
1248:
995:Astrophysical Journal
892:on 24 September 2017.
781:www.drewexmachina.com
535:
257:Reference system
171:1960-03-11UTC13:00:07
128:Spacecraft properties
2029:Orbital launches in
1424:Solar space missions
1249:Pioneer 11 at Saturn
454:rotating search coil
238:Last signal received
1370:Linda Salzman Sagan
1007:1966ApJ...145..270G
969:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
937:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
908:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
876:1961PhRvL...6...47D
837:1960PhRvL...5...43C
799:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
687:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
448:with E > 13 MeV.
278:Perihelion altitude
70:Harvard designation
25:
1618:Hinotori (Astro-A)
1518:Parker Solar Probe
1251:
605:Spaceflight portal
581:Deep Space Network
538:
483:Geiger-Müller tube
476:ionization chamber
383:Launch Complex 17A
252:Orbital parameters
183:Thor DM 18-Able IV
2311:
2310:
1988:
1987:
1390:
1389:
738:"1960 Chronology"
722:978-0-723-21575-2
347:
346:
288:Aphelion altitude
239:
233:
2341:
2257:Korabl-Sputnik 3
2180:Korabl-Sputnik 2
2124:Korabl-Sputnik 1
2034:
2033:
2032:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1992:
1978:
1977:
1849:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1807:
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1779:Yohkoh (Solar-A)
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1538:
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1506:
1502:Hinode (Solar-B)
1498:
1490:
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1479:
1467:
1459:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1394:
1228:Pioneer P-31 (Z)
1223:Pioneer P-30 (Y)
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894:
893:
891:
886:. Archived from
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849:
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813:
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791:
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772:
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655:science.nasa.gov
647:
607:
602:
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585:Lovell Telescope
237:
231:
174:
172:
159:Start of mission
112:Mission duration
103:
94:
93:
87:
33:
26:
2349:
2348:
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2334:Pioneer program
2314:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2292:
2041:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2019:
1989:
1984:
1966:
1940:
1919:
1915:Solar Sentinels
1878:
1852:
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1821:
1813:
1805:
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1421:
1391:
1386:
1377:Pioneer anomaly
1338:
1310:
1252:
1240:
1218:Pioneer P-3 (X)
1213:Pioneer P-1 (W)
1168:
1166:Pioneer program
1163:
1114:
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613:Pioneer program
603:
598:
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593:
566:In common with
564:
518:
460:to measure the
440:with E > 75
434:solar particles
422:
368:Pioneer program
364:spin-stabilized
354:(also known as
343:
342:
336:
327:
324:Pioneer program
312:311.6 days
236:
234:
230:
170:
168:
88:
83:
43:
38:mounted to its
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12:
11:
5:
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2287:Vostok-1K No.4
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2227:
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2152:Vostok-1K No.1
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2020:
2018:
2017:
2010:
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1925:
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1350:Pioneer plaque
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1329:
1318:
1316:
1315:Venus missions
1312:
1311:
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1301:
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1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1258:
1257:Later missions
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1230:
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1203:
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1174:
1173:Early missions
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1113:
1112:External links
1110:
1107:
1106:
1079:
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1020:
1015:10.1086/148761
1001:(1): 270–295.
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562:Communications
560:
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514:
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512:
496:micrometeorite
491:
470:
462:magnetic field
449:
421:
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344:
339:Pioneer 6 to 9
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232:Last telemetry
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221:End of mission
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193:Cape Canaveral
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2:
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2319:
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2301:
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2289:
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2284:
2282:
2281:Discoverer 19
2279:
2277:
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2272:
2270:
2269:Discoverer 18
2267:
2265:
2264:
2263:Explorer S-56
2260:
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2255:
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2250:
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2238:
2236:
2235:Discoverer 17
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2224:Discoverer 16
2221:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2185:Discoverer 15
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:Discoverer 14
2173:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2158:Discoverer 13
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2145:Discoverer 12
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2111:Luna E-3 No.2
2108:
2106:
2105:
2104:Luna E-3 No.1
2101:
2099:
2098:Discoverer 11
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2058:Discoverer 10
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2024:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:Solar Cruiser
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1835:Solar-C EUVST
1833:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:Taiyo (SRATS)
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:Koronas-Foton
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1542:Solar Orbiter
1540:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1052:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
986:
974:
970:
966:
960:
958:
954:
942:
938:
934:
928:
925:
913:
909:
905:
899:
896:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
854:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
819:
816:
804:
800:
796:
790:
787:
782:
778:
771:
768:
764:
758:
755:
743:
739:
732:
729:
724:
718:
714:
707:
704:
692:
688:
684:
678:
676:
672:
660:
656:
652:
646:
644:
640:
633:
628:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
606:
595:
590:
588:
586:
582:
578:
573:
569:
561:
559:
556:
552:
548:
543:
534:
530:
528:
522:
521:the mission.
515:
510:
506:
502:
500:
497:
492:
489:
485:
484:
478:
477:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:
455:
450:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:
425:
419:
417:
415:
410:
405:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:
341: →
340:
335:
334:
330:←
326:
325:
319:
315:
311:
309:
305:
301:
299:
295:
291:
289:
285:
281:
279:
275:
271:
269:
265:
262:
259:
255:
250:
246:
242:
229:30 April 1960
228:
224:
219:
215:
211:
208:
205:
201:
198:
194:
191:
187:
184:
181:
177:
166:
162:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
135:
131:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
104:
97:
92:
86:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
32:
27:
24:
19:
2303:
2299:
2285:
2275:Pioneer P-31
2273:
2261:
2244:
2222:
2217:Mars 1M No.2
2215:
2208:
2203:Mars 1M No.1
2201:
2191:Pioneer P-30
2189:
2167:
2150:
2143:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2051:Discoverer 9
2049:
1843:
1772:
1721:
1641:ICE / ISEE-3
1611:
1599:
1563:(since 1994)
1558:
1553:(since 2006)
1545:(since 2020)
1537:(since 2010)
1529:(since 1995)
1521:(since 2018)
1513:(since 2013)
1505:(since 2006)
1497:(since 2015)
1489:(since 2021)
1486:CHASE (Xihe)
1481:(since 2022)
1466:(since 2023)
1458:(since 1997)
1355:Eric Burgess
1303:
1296:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1233:
1232:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1118:
1097:. Retrieved
1088:
1082:
1070:. Retrieved
1061:
1054:
1042:. Retrieved
1033:
998:
994:
988:
976:. Retrieved
968:
944:. Retrieved
936:
927:
915:. Retrieved
907:
898:
889:the original
870:(2): 47–48.
867:
863:
853:
831:(2): 43–46.
828:
824:
818:
806:. Retrieved
798:
789:
780:
770:
762:
757:
745:. Retrieved
741:
731:
712:
706:
694:. Retrieved
686:
662:. Retrieved
654:
626:
565:
539:
523:
519:
501:spectrometer
494:
480:
473:
457:magnetometer
452:
429:
423:
408:
406:
401:
395:
391:solar panels
359:
355:
350:
349:
348:
333:Pioneer P-31
331:
322:
268:Eccentricity
261:Heliocentric
235:26 June 1960
226:Last contact
133:Manufacturer
73:1960 Alpha 1
52:Mission type
35:
22:
18:
1757:Spartan 201
1474: [
1365:Frank Drake
736:Mark Wade.
683:"Pioneer 5"
542:solar cells
527:solar flare
356:Pioneer P-2
298:Inclination
189:Launch site
164:Launch date
143:Launch mass
2318:Categories
2246:Transit 3A
2230:Explorer 8
2197:Courier 1B
2169:Courier 1A
2134:Transit 2A
2088:Transit 1B
1360:Carl Sagan
1305:Pioneer 11
1298:Pioneer 10
978:31 January
946:31 January
917:31 January
808:31 January
747:31 January
696:31 January
664:1 December
634:References
572:Explorer 1
568:Explorer 6
509:microphone
488:cosmic ray
481:Anton 302
466:microgauss
432:to detect
203:Contractor
2300:underline
2071:Pioneer 5
1945:Sun-Earth
1931:Pioneer E
1895:Pioneer H
1883:Cancelled
1737:Prognoz 6
1722:Pioneer 5
1463:Aditya-L1
1382:Pioneer H
1292:Pioneer E
1286:Pioneer 9
1279:Pioneer 8
1272:Pioneer 7
1265:Pioneer 6
1234:Pioneer 5
1207:Pioneer 4
1200:Pioneer 3
1193:Pioneer 2
1186:Pioneer 1
1180:Pioneer 0
1119:Pioneer 5
763:NASAFacts
627:Pioneer 5
623:Mariner 2
577:Mariner 2
505:diaphragm
446:electrons
409:Pioneer 5
402:Pioneer 5
351:Pioneer 5
85:1960-001A
79:COSPAR ID
42:launcher.
40:Thor-Able
36:Pioneer 5
23:Pioneer 5
2252:SOLRAD 2
2139:SOLRAD 1
1980:Category
1962:ACRIMSAT
1874:Sundiver
1857:Proposed
1752:SolarMax
1099:6 August
1072:6 August
1068:. STL/TR
1044:6 August
1040:. STL/TR
591:See also
553:and the
499:momentum
60:Operator
2304:italics
2240:TIROS-2
2210:Samos 1
2163:Echo 1A
2129:Midas 2
2083:TIROS-1
2065:Midas 1
1864:ADAHELI
1827:TRACERS
1819:SWFO-L1
1803:PROBA-3
1788:Planned
1773:Ulysses
1732:PROBA-2
1710:Solwind
1656:MinXSS2
1651:MinXSS1
1606:GOES 13
1600:Genesis
1594:ESRO 2B
1448:Current
1343:Related
1121:Profile
1003:Bibcode
872:Bibcode
833:Bibcode
516:Mission
479:and an
469:format.
438:photons
207:Douglas
169: (
100:SATCAT
2118:Echo 1
2038:1961 →
2023:← 1959
1848:(2031)
1838:(2028)
1830:(2025)
1822:(2025)
1814:(2025)
1806:(2024)
1798:(2024)
1742:RHESSI
1717:PICARD
1636:ISEE-2
1631:ISEE-1
1612:Helios
1589:EURECA
1550:STEREO
1494:DSCOVR
719:
387:sphere
360:Able 4
358:, and
308:Period
272:0.1689
197:LC-17A
179:Rocket
1952:SORCE
1936:OSO C
1905:OSO K
1900:OSO J
1844:Vigil
1811:PUNCH
1767:TRACE
1747:SOLAR
1705:OSO 8
1700:OSO 7
1695:OSO 6
1690:OSO 5
1685:OSO 4
1680:OSO 3
1675:OSO B
1671:OSO 2
1666:OSO 1
1622:IMP-8
1478:]
1471:ASO-S
1236:(P-2)
1093:(PDF)
1066:(PDF)
1038:(PDF)
376:Venus
372:Earth
302:3.35°
2077:S-46
2031:1960
1924:Lost
1890:AOSO
1869:SETH
1572:Past
1559:Wind
1510:IRIS
1101:2015
1074:2015
1046:2015
980:2008
973:NASA
948:2008
941:NASA
919:2008
912:NASA
810:2008
803:NASA
749:2008
717:ISBN
698:2008
691:NASA
666:2022
659:NASA
507:and
444:and
374:and
64:NASA
1957:SXI
1455:ACE
1123:by
1011:doi
999:145
880:doi
841:doi
549:at
442:MeV
137:TRW
102:no.
2320::
1476:fr
1437:-
1023:^
1009:.
997:.
971:.
967:.
956:^
939:.
935:.
910:.
906:.
878:.
866:.
862:.
839:.
827:.
801:.
797:.
779:.
740:.
689:.
685:.
674:^
657:.
653:.
642:^
493:A
472:A
451:A
428:A
400:.
195:,
107:27
2014:e
2007:t
2000:v
1673:/
1416:e
1409:t
1402:v
1158:e
1151:t
1144:v
1103:.
1076:.
1048:.
1017:.
1013::
1005::
982:.
950:.
921:.
882::
874::
868:6
847:.
843::
835::
829:5
812:.
783:.
751:.
725:.
700:.
668:.
629:)
173:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
