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passes through the ascending pipe and the outlet weir. The zero water level corresponding to the height of the outlet weir serves as a reference for plant control. In closed systems, pressurized drum filters are used, whereby the feed water also flows through the pile cloth media from the outside to the inside. The system is controlled here via tank pressure. While in free-flow systems the differential pressure is commonly up to 60 mbar, this may exceed 1 bar in pressurized drum filters.
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support with rhombic cross-section) or plate filters. Disc filters are equipped with removable filter segments arranged around a central effluent tube. The cleaning system, consisting of a suction bar and a filter cleaning pump, is able to clean several discs simultaneously. Suction cleaning is also possible by a central pump and a valve per cleaning system.
320:. Disc filters in particular have high specific filter surface areas of up to 9 m²/m². Due to the low hydraulic losses (max. ca. 50 cm), pile cloth media filters can be operated in a very energy-efficient and cost-effective way (depending on application, solids loading and number of cleaning intervals with approximately 0.3 to 20 Wh/m treated water).
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material – has emerged today to a technically designed filter medium, the so-called pile cloth media. The difference to needle felt is mainly in the flexible structure, so that with pile layers the removal of the retained substances during filter cleaning is much more effective. The world's first Pile Cloth Media
Filtration system was installed in
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Pile Cloth Media
Filters are unaffected by peak loads. The backwash water quantity is directly proportional to the frequency of the cleaning cycles and depends on the pile cloth media used, the solids loading and the behaviour of the filtered substances. The amount of backwash water can be estimated
253:
During filtration operation, suspended solids accumulate in the pile layer. With increasing solids retention by the pile layer, the hydraulic resistance increases, resulting in an increase of the water level or differential pressure. The pile cloth media is permanently and completely submerged during
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The maximum filter velocity is determined by the filter design and is not limited by the filter media. In free-flow systems the maximum filter velocity generally can be up to 8 - 16 (20) m/h. Pressurized drum filters, on the other hand, can be operated with a maximum filter velocity of up to 60 m/h.
163:
pile cloth media are used as filter media, which is the reason for the name of the process. Woven pile clothes have a multidimensional structure consisting of a filter-active fluidizable pile layer and a non-filter-active backing. The backing, made of continuous filament with large non-filter-active
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regulation), outlet weir, emergency overflow and a level measurement. The raw water flows through the fully submerged filter construction from the outside to the inside (outside-in filtration) through the pile cloth media into the central effluent tube, retaining suspended solids. The filtrate then
127:
has fundamentally evolved since through the use of pile cloth media as filter media. Needle felt – needle-punched random fiber nonwoven fabric consisting of a large number of small fibers – were gradually replaced by woven pile cloth media. Three-dimensional fabrics – developed from a paint roller
276:
Pile Cloth Media
Filters can be used in free-flow systems and closed pressure systems. The pile cloth media is mounted either on a disc or drum, which results in the different designs (disc filters and drum filters). Special designs include e.g. pressurized drum filters, diamond filters (grating
264:
Cleaning is performed by rotating the filter disc/drum or by a static filter support with movable cleaning unit. Due to the negative pressure, the pile layer erects (fluidization), so that the solids are removed and vacuumed away. In normal operation mode, the pile layer lies flat against the
301:) and solids content in the feed flow at average and maximum loading. The selection of pile cloth media depends on the effluent requirements and the solids content in the raw water. The pile cloth media properties and the efficiency of the suction cleaning system determine the SLR.
697:
Fundneider, T., Filtration und
Aktivkohleadsorption zur weitergehenden Aufbereitung von kommunalem Abwasser – Phosphor- und Spurenstoffentfernung –. Schriftenreihe IWAR. Vol. 259. 2020, Darmstadt: Verein zur Förderung des Instituts IWAR der Technischen Universität Darmstadt e.
168:
of the pile layer, the higher the solids retention and the smaller the particles that can be separated. Pile cloth media can be defined, among other parameters, by the length of the erected pile , the diameter of the individual filaments , the
265:
backing, so that a filter cake is formed again. Due to biofouling or scaling on the backing, manual or chemical cleaning of the pile cloth media may also be necessary. During vacuum filter cleaning, filtration is not interrupted. Compared to
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pores, serves as a support for the pile layer, which is composed of multiple superimposed filaments or fibers woven into the backing. The solids retention of the pile cloth media is determined only by the pile layer. The finer the individual
216:
or scaling on the backing, which result in an increase in cloth resistance and shorter backwash intervals with time. Fewer cleaning cycles generally extend the lifetime of the pile cloth media until maintenance or replacement. The
707:
Reid, T.K., D. Norton, and M.C. Castillo, Case Study: A Full Scale
Evaluation of Ultra-fine Microfiber Cloth Medium to Achieve a 0.1 mg/L Total Phosphorus Limit. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2014. 2014(20): p.
595:
Grabbe, U., Untersuchungen zur weitergehenden
Abwasserreinigung mit Hilfe textiler Filtermedien - Tuchfiltration und Mikrosiebung -, in Institut für Siedlungswasserwirtschaft und Abfalltechnik. 1998, Leibniz-Universität Hannover:
173:
of the pile layer , the specific weight per unit area of the pile cloth media and the size of the flow-relevant pores of the backing. A defined pore size for pile cloth media or the pile layer does not exist by definition.
753:
Grabbe, U., C.F. Seyfried, and K.-H. Rosenwinkel, Upgrading of waste water treatment plants by cloth-filtration using an improved type of filter-cloth. Water
Science and Technology, 1998. 37(9): p. 143-150.
284:
to hydraulically decouple the pile cloth filter machine from upstream and downstream processes. The filter machine is mounted in a filter tank and is usually equipped with inlet weir (with optional
651:
ATV, Abwasserfiltration. Arbeitsbericht des ATV-Fachausschusses 2.8 "Verfahren der weitergehenden
Abwasserreinigung nach biologischer Behandlung". Korrespondenz Abwasser, 1997. 44(3): p. 524-544.
261:
formed on the outside is removed from the filter media by filter cleaning vacuum pump(s) applying differential pressure via suction bars in reverse flow direction (inside-out cleaning).
151:
744:
Bitter, H., et al., Semi-crystalline microplastics in wastewater plant effluents and removal efficiencies of post-treatment filtration systems. Water
Research X, 2022. 17: p. 100156.
257:
Regular discharge of the accumulated solids is necessary. If the raw water level exceeds a certain level or differential pressure, filter cleaning is triggered. In this process, the
681:
Grabbe, U. and C.F. Seyfried, Analysis of filtration solids loading capacity using cloth media fabrics. Proceedings of the Water
Environment Federation, 2002. 2002(10): p. 374-388.
717:
Lin, H., M. Castillo, and L.W. Johnson, A comparative performance study of two types of cloth filter media applied in municipal wastewater treatment. 2008, Aqua-Aerobic Systems.
548:
Tchobanoglou, G., F.L. Burton, and H.D. Stensel, Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse, ed. M.-H.S.i.C.a.E. Engineering. Vol. Fourth Edition. 2003, McGraw-Hill Education.
642:
Fundneider, T., A. Hernandez, and U. Grabbe, Polstofffiltration zur Wasseraufbereitung: Etablierung einer Technologie. gwf - Wasser|Abwasser, 2022(5): p. 105-110.
726:
Tooker, N.B. and J.L. Darby, Cloth Media Filtration and Membrane Microfiltration: Serial Operation. Water Environment Research, 2007. 79(2): p. 125-130.
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Due to a high achievable SLR of up to >800 g/m/h, Pile Cloth Media Filters are space-saving compared to many other separation processes (such as
297:
The design is based on the pile cloth media and fluid specific solids loading capacity (σ) , solids surface loading rate (SLR) , filter velocity (v
539:
Grabbe, U., Untersuchungen zur weitergehenden Abwasserreinigung mit Hilfe textiler Filtermedien. Korrespondenz Abwasser, 2000. 12: p. 1773-1781.
557:
Tchobanoglous, G., et al., Wastewater engineering: Treatment and Resource recovery. Vol. Fifth Edition. 2014, New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
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of the pile fiber layer has not been detected. The service life of the pile fabrics is influenced by the application and the corresponding
660:
Loy, H., Erfahrungen aus dem Versuchsbetrieb einer Tuchfilteranlage zur Abwasserfiltration. GWF Wasser Abwasser, 1993. 134(5): p. 269-74.
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115:) are used as filter media. During the filter cleaning of the pile layer the filtration process continues and is not interrupted.
774:
735:
Seyfried, C.F. and U. Grabbe, Filter cloth, filter method and filtering device for liquid filtration, PCT, Editor. 1997: Germany.
399:
345:
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273:, no additional backwash water is required for filter cleaning. A backwash water storage tank is therefore not required.
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449:
395:, can be effectively removed depending on the application. The following are examples of potential application areas:
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from liquids. It belongs to the processes of surface filtration and cake filtration where, in addition to the
309:
123:
In the 1970s the Swiss company Mecana S.A. began the development of cloth filtration. The initially applied
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182:
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Nyhuis, G., Suspensaentnahme mittels Tuchfiltration. Korrespondenz Abwasser, 1990. 37(10): p. 1268-1272.
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by the number of filters, filter surface, cleaning duration and frequency. The characteristics of the
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of the pile layer is essential for continuous operation. Depending on the application, conventional
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effects occur over the depth of the pile layer. Pile Cloth Media Filtration represents a branch of
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in medium and large scale. In Pile Cloth Media Filtration, three-dimensional textile fabrics (
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water depend on the backwash frequency, type and quantity of the retained solids.
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both filtration and filter cleaning, so that 100% of the filter surface is used.
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behavior of the backing. Suction cleaning of the pile layer does not prevent
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Pile cloth fabric applied as filter medium for water and wastewater treatment
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456:, pre-filtration before ozonation or granular activated carbon filters)
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quality is not affected by the aging process of the pile cloth media.
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or ultrafibers are used. Common materials applied for pile layers are
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The filter velocity has no direct influence on the effluent quality.
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Free-flow systems consist of a filter unit with inlet and outlet
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Filtration process for water and wastewater treatment
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Diamond filter design with rhombic support structure
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Disc filter design with swing mounted backwash shoes
204:caused by filter cleaning. However, significant
200:Pile cloth media are subject to system-related
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340:Pile Cloth Media Filters are used in
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225:Functionality and design variations
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76:is a mechanical process for the
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452:removal (retention of powdered
400:Industrial wastewater treatment
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74:Pile Cloth Media Filtration
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103:processes and is used for
505:(e.g. heat recovery from
459:Pre-/Post-Filtration for
415:drinking water treatment
365:drinking water treatment
775:Sewage treatment plants
293:Process characteristics
119:History and development
38:, as no other articles
465:Pre-Filtration before
371:. Among other solids,
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171:specific surface area
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136:for the treatment of
513:Stormwater treatment
349:wastewater treatment
109:wastewater treatment
780:1970s introductions
497:Pre-Filtration for
490:Pre-Filtration for
461:moving bed reactors
430:Tertiary filtration
132:(Switzerland) as a
440:Primary filtration
435:Phosphorus removal
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241:Drum filter design
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57:for suggestions.
47:to this page from
509:or surface water)
425:biofilm processes
202:mechanical stress
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101:cloth filtration
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481:Water reuse
445:Road runoff
391:, powdered
363:treatment,
357:road runoff
353:water reuse
187:microfibers
134:disc filter
125:needle felt
764:Categories
708:2405-2416.
596:Hannover."
524:References
507:wastewater
485:irrigation
421:clarifiers
389:phosphorus
346:industrial
214:biofouling
193:(PES) and
177:Effective
141:wastewater
138:paper mill
130:Weinfelden
113:pile cloth
97:filtration
78:separation
53:; try the
40:link to it
385:tire wear
342:municipal
318:footprint
310:flotation
195:polyamide
191:polyester
166:filaments
86:inorganic
43:. Please
407:overflow
286:penstock
219:effluent
179:cleaning
62:May 2024
210:fouling
159:Today,
95:, real
82:organic
494:plants
483:(e.g.
469:(e.g.
330:sludge
197:(PA).
89:solids
36:orphan
34:is an
475:ozone
373:algae
161:woven
105:water
413:and
367:and
359:and
344:and
282:weir
206:wear
107:and
84:and
501:or
473:or
423:in
269:or
80:of
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698:V.
686:^
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471:UV
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299:F
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60:(
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