393:(Sudac-sson) was located. All of these rancherias had many, very fertile, irrigated fields on either bank of the river and on the islands in it. The former rancherias Coatoydag, (Kino's San Andres, near modern Blackwater) and Comacson had disappeared and the small village Kino named Soación or Sudaisón between them had grown into the large Sudac-sson. Sedelmayr observed that the agriculture of the Pima Villages had improved noting the introduction of ditch irrigation and new crops of cotton and wheat grown with irrigation at Sudac-sson. The introduction of cotton and weaving cloth from it may have been by Sobopuri refugees who had grown it before being driven out of the lower San Pedro River valley by the Apache in the 1730s.
593:
966:), appointed on February 18, 1859, as Special Agent for the Pima and Maricopa Indians. Agent St. John also conducted a census of the villages later that year, when presents were being distributed among the villages by the Indian Agency, showing 3,770 Pimas and the 472 Maricopas. This population census is thought to be inaccurate, probably due to this distribution of presents, showing almost 400 fewer persons than the 1858 count, too few children and overstating the adult population. The census records the Pima Villages as:
468:, wherein Font says that the Pima Indians of Sutaquison (Sedelmayr's Sudac-sson) were asked the reason for moving their village away from the Gila River bank to open land away from the river. "They replied that they had changed its site because on account of the groves and woods on its banks they could defend themselves but ill against the Apaches, but that by living apart from the river they were able to have a clear field for pursuing and killing the Apaches when they came against their town."
365:
122:
25:
585:, transmitted from Europe to places like New York and New Orleans, then to Missouri or Texas where it claimed many lives, then by trails through the Southwest and Northern Mexico to California. In the next years 200,000 victims died of cholera in Mexico, including many in the villages of the Pima and Maricopa along the
437:
The attacks of the Apache on the Pima
Villages also now began. Too distant to rely on the help of the garrison at Tucson, the Pima Villages developed their own unique militia organization capable of offense and defense. It had its antecedents in the Pima auxiliaries used by the Spanish garrisons from
455:
Their mode of warfare rose above the level of economic raiding or retaliation, with little of the individual search for plunder or recognition and became more of a professional operation. This system was not achieved all at once. Persistent Apache raids over decades led this military organization to
630:
which was submitted to and appeared in the report of G. Bailey, Special Agent Indian
Department. That census listed their captains, warriors, women and children, and total population. It found 8 Pima villages, and 2 Maricopa villages, (El Juez Tarado being a village for both tribes), on a 15-mile
528:
In 1825, Colonel
Mariano de Urrea, the civil and military governor of Sonora, wrote a report listing the names and locations of the Pima Villages on the road from Tucson to the Gila River and downstream along the south bank. The first village upstream on the Gila River, 36 leagues from Tucson,
421:
Under attack by the Apache, the
Spanish evacuated the Sobaipuri from the valley of the upper San Pedro River to the valley of the Santa Cruz River in the early 1760s, where a new settlement developed. In 1768, where Father Kino had established the visita of Mission San Xavier del Bac. At
446:
Unlike the
Sobaipuri, the Pima of the Gila villages over the next few decades developed their own military organization against the Apache. It required universal military service by able bodied males, its warriors trained with fighting skills, organization and efficiency equal to a
577:"There are eight villages of Pimos, and more than 10,000 souls, so the interpreter (who is a Maricopa) informs us; the villages are all on this side of the river, and of course in Mexican territory... The Maricopas, the interpreter says, number a thousand, in three villages."
413:. He was then pursued to the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers. Peace negotiations failing, Jabanimó and his men were driven from a hilltop and fled into the local wetlands for safety. Otherwise the villages remained friendly with the Spanish but independent.
451:
garrison. It had a system of sentinels, active patrols on the frontiers of their lands, and rapid communication between its villages. It was headed by a single leader, with both civil and military authority over all others, each village having its own
Captain.
982:. El Cerro No. 1 and No. 2. made ten villages for the Pima. Beside Hormiguerito they were the smallest villages, apparently new villages, indicating the expansion of farms for the trade with the Mail company and the military in the late 1850s.
512:
The expedition record of
Captain Romero says they traveled up to the Gila River and passed through the Pima Villages and then through the Maricopa villages on their way to the Colorado River. The first Maricopa village they encountered was now
561:
After the 1820s, the
Maricopa, under relentless pressure from the Yuma and other tribes, and population loss from epidemics, had been compelled to leave the Gila below Gila Bend and join the Pima in the Middle Gila region. By the time of the
1249:
G. Bailey, Special Agent Indian
Department, Report 77, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, accompanying the Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, For the Year 1858, Wm. A. Harris, Printer, Washington,
605:
Even after they had moved to the vicinity of the Pima
Villages, the Maricopa were attacked by the Yuma and their allies, but for the last time, when the coalition of their enemies were defeated on June 1, 1857, in the
1252:, pp. 202–208. A report about the Indians of the so called Territory of Arizona, including census tables of the Maricopas, Pimas and Papagos furnished by Lieutenant A. B. Chapman, First Dragoons, U. S. Army.
321:," lay above Oyadaibuc on the Gila and two more villages of Pimas above them before Comacson was reached. The Spanish counted 530 Pimas living in the villages from Oyadaibuc to Soación on the Gila in 1699.
442:
serving there for more than half a century. Originally recruited from Pimas on the upper Santa Cruz, its rolls included other native people, perhaps some warriors from the Pima Villages may have enlisted.
985:
That year the reservation was also first surveyed for the Indian Agency, by A. B. Gray, at that time a surveyor of mining properties in Arizona, and who was formerly with the Mexican Boundary Commission.
273:, the leader of Kino's military escort, first encountered them in 1694. A census taken by Manje in 1697 and 1699 found 1118 people in 5 villages along the Gila, within the boundary of the modern
409:
in 1751. They burned the padre's house and temporary chapel at the Mission San Xavier. Later in 1756, Jabanimó attacked the mission again but was driven off with loss by the Spanish garrison of
1239:
The 1859 census found 420 people in Aranca No. 2, if close to correct it would make the total of the 1857 Pima population about 4,537. Wilson, Peoples of the Middle Gila, p. 141
1304:
The great West: railroad, steamboat, and stage guide and hand-book, for travellers, miners, and emigrants to the western, northwestern, and Pacific states and territories
1349:
1123:, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1908, pp. 29–30, Note a. From pp. 48–52 of a translated manuscript account of Font's visit to the Pima Villages in 1775.
1359:
1354:
485:
389:(Kino's Tusonimo), and 10 leagues further down the Gila River, that ran entirely underground in the dry season and emerged where the largest ranchería of
427:
456:
reach its peak efficiency in the mid 19th century. It also led to the relocation of their villages away from the Gila River. This according to Padre
255:
1364:
1302:
592:
978:, Casa Blanca, Cochinilla, Arenal No. 1, El Cerro No. 1, El Cerro No. 2, Arizo del Agua, Arenal No. 2. The Maricopa Villages were: Sacaton and
235:
610:
by the allied army of Pima–Maricopa warriors. Fugitive Maricopa people from villages destroyed in the war, settled above the Pima Villages at
434:
was established to protect the missions and the region of the Santa Cruz River valley generally from the Apache who now began raiding there.
1369:
438:
1694. Later there was an eighty-man strong, Pima Company with Spanish officers organized in 1782. In 1787 it occupied the old presidio at
251:
160:. First, recorded by Spanish explorers in the late 17th century as living on the south side of the Gila River, they were included in the
1211:
1326:
Fig.3 The surveyed reservation and Pima and Maricopa fields and villages, 1859 (from the A. B. Gray survey); from, David H. DeJong,
108:
332:
or Tumagoidad, (which Kino named San Matias del Tulum). Tutumaoyda lay on the south side of the Gila River a few miles from modern
525:. From there they found the Maricopa lands extended down river to 4 leagues below Agua Caliente as they had in the 18th century.
431:
504:, commander of the Tucson presidio, was organized to return the priest to his mission and pioneer a route to the Californias.
1184:
461:
46:
42:
89:
381:
in 1744, found the Pima of the Middle Gila River living in three rancherías, one league west of Casa Grande was one called
951:
61:
1163:, Privately Printed Edited and Published by Marjorie Tisdale Wolcott, McBride Printing Company, Los Angeles, 1929, p. 45
274:
184:. These were the Pima villages encountered by American fur trappers, traders, soldiers and travelers along the middle
153:
305:
six leagues downstream from Soación and three leagues (7.5 miles) upstream on the Gila from its conjunction with the
68:
518:
501:
259:
959:
566:
the Maricopa villages, were all located east of the Sierra Estrella, on the Gila River, below the Pima Villages.
353:
1175:
161:
75:
1074:, Researched and Written for the Gila River Indian Community, Sacaton, Arizona, 1999, pp. 22, 24, 26–28, 30–31
586:
570:
201:
35:
333:
57:
328:
lived in villages to the west along the lower Gila River between Oyadaibuc and their westernmost village
294:
1047:
975:
708:
573:
who was traveling to California through the Pima Villages, wrote in the diary of is trip to California:
157:
134:
1011:
542:
270:
1118:
1003:
963:
727:
607:
563:
538:
306:
209:
193:
1015:
955:
1344:
1023:
971:
888:
689:
534:
173:
165:
822:
656:
1051:
1043:
522:
205:
1007:
481:
329:
121:
386:
310:
290:
1248:
1207:
1201:
1180:
1031:
1026:, population 510. The remaining Maricopa also occupied two other villages in the same locale:
1019:
967:
905:
746:
670:
627:
611:
530:
497:
390:
382:
286:
282:
243:
1325:
476:
Soon after Mexico achieved its independence, interest in reopening land communications with
378:
337:
298:
278:
197:
364:
348:
near the mouth of the Gila River. To the east of the Pima Villages lay the villages of the
82:
999:
803:
489:
477:
325:
302:
189:
149:
239:
1072:
Peoples of the Middle Gila: A Documentary History of the Pimas and Maricopas, 1500s–1945
623:
345:
341:
266:
181:
626:, First Dragoons, U. S. Army, made the first U. S. census of the Maricopas, Pimas and
1338:
126:
521:, and the next Maricopa village they encountered was 25 leagues down the river near
1027:
979:
883:
765:
550:
514:
231:
1328:
Stealing the Gila: The Pima Agricultural Economy and Water Deprivation, 1848–1921
1176:
The plains across: the overland emigrants and the trans-Mississippi West, 1840–60
406:
402:
265:
The villages of the Akimel O’odham were located along the Gila River before the
169:
145:
24:
144:, sometimes mistakenly called the Pimos Villages in the 19th century, were the
1308:
457:
185:
133:
is in the center of the view with mountains in the background," watercolor by
130:
995:
784:
546:
349:
340:
along the lower Gila river lay to the west between the Cocomaricopa and the
314:
247:
541:, population 1,200; fourth, 1 league downstream from La Tierra Amontonada,
517:
only 7 leagues below the Pima Villages near the Gila's confluence with the
994:
The 1860 U. S. census records the Pima Villages and their populations as:
596:
Maricopa and Pimas Villages, Military District of New Mexico, mapped 1858
448:
293:(400 people, the largest), three leagues downstream from Tusonimo, then
614:, which appeared in the first American census soon after its founding.
582:
545:, population 600; fifth, 1.5 leagues downstream from El Apache Parado,
537:, population 1,200; third, 0.75 leagues downstream from El Hormiguero,
493:
177:
591:
439:
410:
363:
120:
1161:
Pioneer notes from the diaries of Judge Benjamin Hayes, 1849–1875
950:
The Pima Villages and some of their lands were included in the
533:, population 400; second, 1 league downstream from Buen Llano,
480:
was revived with the arrival of a Dominican missionary, Father
1121:
Twenty-Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology
954:
in 1859. An Indian Agency was established at Casa Blanca with
18:
1307:. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 93 – via
549:, population 600; sixth, 7 leagues downstream from La Agua,
344:, their hostile neighbors, whose villages were on the lower
631:
stretch of the Gila River. The Pima Villages listed were:
356:, from the junction of the San Pedro River with the Gila.
281:
or Tuesan (130 people) one league (2.5 miles) west of the
1179:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. 408–10.
484:, in Tucson in 1823. He and three companions walked from
622:
A few months after the Battle of Pima Butte, Lieutenant
426:
in 1692, the visita was expanded, fortified and renamed
289:(200 people), four leagues downstream from Tucsan, then
1203:
Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A–M
180:
and from September 1830 they were part of the state of
172:
to 1823. Then from 1824 to 1830, they were part of the
1050:
published in 1866 reported that it was 423 miles from
336:. A twenty-seven league (about 67.5 mile) unpopulated
309:. A further 132 Akimel O’odham were in the village of
238:. In 1691–1692, he established three missions in the
16:
Historical villages of the Pima people of Arizona, US
1119:
Frank Russell, "The Pima Indians", Extract from the
553:, population 900 of mixed Maricopa and Pima people.
405:("Raven’s head"), an old chief, participated in the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
401:Some of the warriors of the Pima Villages led by
1331:, University of Arizona Press, 2009, p. 55
317:. A later map by Kino showed three villages of "
1109:Wilson, Peoples of the Middle Gila, pp. 68–69
385:(Kino's Tuesan); four leagues downstream lay
8:
200:made their lands part of the United States,
188:from 1830s into the later 19th century. The
1054:to Pimo Villages via the roads of the day.
297:four leagues downstream from Coatoydag and
862:
633:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
551:El Hueso Parado de Pimas y Cocomaricopas
492:, crossing the Colorado River among the
1063:
770:Cadrillo del Mundo, Ariba Aqua Bolando
236:Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert
1350:Geography of Maricopa County, Arizona
486:Misión Santa Catarina Virgen y Mártir
129:with the Gila River in the distance;
7:
417:Apache raids and militia development
47:adding citations to reliable sources
860:The Maricopa Villages listed were:
252:Mission San Cayetano del Tumacácori
196:left them part of Mexico. The 1853
1360:Native American history of Arizona
1355:Geography of Pinal County, Arizona
269:explorers Father Kino and Captain
262:, all south of the Pima Villages.
234:had been tasked with establishing
14:
168:of Sonora, Ostimuri y Sinaloa or
432:Presidio San Augustin del Tucson
23:
675:Ojo de Burro, Yaiela del Arispa
34:needs additional citations for
1365:History of Arizona by location
1200:Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2008).
496:. A military expedition under
460:'s journal in 1775, quoted in
277:. From east to west there was
1:
952:Gila River Indian Reservation
324:Captain Manje wrote that 960
313:to the west near what is now
256:Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi
472:Mexican period, 1821 to 1853
428:San Cosme y Damián de Tucsón
221:Spanish period, 1694 to 1821
152:villages in what is now the
1370:Gila River Indian Community
1046:a traveller's guide to the
581:With the forty-niners came
275:Gila River Indian Community
154:Gila River Indian Community
1386:
1289:Peoples of the Middle Gila
1173:Unruh, John David (1993).
1098:Peoples of the Middle Gila
1085:Peoples of the Middle Gila
601:American period, from 1853
208:, they became part of the
1276:People of the Middle Gila
1263:People of the Middle Gila
1228:People of the Middle Gila
1206:. ABC-CLIO. p. 101.
1159:Benjamin Ignatius Hayes,
1148:People of the Middle Gila
1135:People of the Middle Gila
960:Butterfield Overland Mail
368:Pima territory in 1700 CE
352:running southward on the
1301:Hall, E. Hepple (1866).
958:, (station agent of the
162:Viceroyalty of New Spain
587:Southern Emigrant Trail
571:Benjamin Ignatius Hayes
202:Territory of New Mexico
1022:, population 394, and
597:
430:. On August 20, 1775,
373:Jacobo Sedelmayr, 1744
369:
138:
125:"View overlooking the
1030:, population 250 and
595:
367:
158:Pinal County, Arizona
146:Akimel O’odham (Pima)
135:John Russell Bartlett
124:
608:Battle of Pima Butte
564:California Gold Rush
557:California Gold Rush
539:La Tierra Amontonada
424:San Cosmé del Tucson
360:18th century to 1821
319:mixed Pimas and Opas
210:Territory of Arizona
194:Mexican American War
43:improve this article
964:Casa Blanca Station
618:1857 Chapman census
377:The visiting Padre
326:Cocomaricopa or Opa
301:at the foot of the
295:Soación or Sudaisón
174:Estado de Occidente
150:Pee-Posh (Maricopa)
1087:, pp. 44–45, 51–52
1052:San Diego Barracks
1044:American Civil War
1034:, population 144.
1018:, population 232,
1014:, population 257,
1010:, population 504,
1006:, population 323,
1002:, population 577,
998:, population 523,
875:Women and children
646:Women and children
598:
569:In December 1849,
370:
260:San Xavier del Bac
206:American Civil War
139:
1291:, p. 166, Table 1
941:
940:
858:
857:
808:La Mano del Mundo
713:Cabeza del Aquila
283:Casa Grande Ruins
250:. These were the
226:Late 17th century
119:
118:
111:
93:
1377:
1313:
1312:
1298:
1292:
1285:
1279:
1272:
1266:
1259:
1253:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1170:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1144:
1138:
1131:
1125:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1081:
1075:
1070:John P. Wilson,
1068:
863:
634:
543:El Apache Parado
519:Santa Cruz River
466:The Pima Indians
379:Jacobo Sedelmayr
198:Gadsden Purchase
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1335:
1334:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1269:
1260:
1256:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1128:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:, pp. 47–48, 69
1095:
1091:
1082:
1078:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1040:
992:
948:
946:St. John census
620:
603:
559:
510:
490:Baja California
482:Félix Caballero
478:Alta California
474:
419:
399:
375:
362:
354:San Pedro River
342:Quechan or Yuma
303:Sierra Estrella
228:
223:
218:
190:Mexican Cession
115:
104:
98:
95:
58:"Pima villages"
52:
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40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
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346:Colorado River
244:Tohono O'odham
227:
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192:following the
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1205:
1204:
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1193:
1188:
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1178:
1177:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1130:
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1099:
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1090:
1086:
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907:
904:
903:
899:
896:
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871:
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865:
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657:Antonio Soule
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629:
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624:A. B. Chapman
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535:El Hormiguero
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366:
359:
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351:
347:
343:
339:
338:no man's land
335:
334:Agua Caliente
331:
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246:(Papago) and
245:
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207:
204:. During the
203:
199:
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175:
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163:
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155:
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147:
143:
142:Pima Villages
136:
132:
128:
127:Pimo villages
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1327:
1303:
1296:
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1174:
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1155:
1150:, pp. 71–73.
1147:
1142:
1137:, pp. 69–71.
1134:
1129:
1120:
1114:
1105:
1097:
1092:
1084:
1079:
1071:
1066:
1041:
1028:Hueso Parado
993:
984:
976:Hormiguerito
949:
942:
924:
891:, Head Chief
866:Village name
859:
841:
823:Aranca No. 2
804:Aranca No. 1
659:, Head Chief
637:Village name
621:
604:
580:
568:
560:
527:
515:Hueso Parado
511:
475:
465:
454:
445:
436:
423:
420:
400:
376:
323:
318:
264:
240:Pimería Alta
232:Eusebio Kino
229:
141:
140:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1004:Casa Blanca
990:1860 census
980:Huesoparada
728:Casa Blanca
502:José Romero
407:Pima Revolt
170:New Navarre
1345:Gila River
1339:Categories
1309:HathiTrust
1186:0252063600
1058:References
1038:After 1860
1024:Hormiguero
1008:Cachanillo
972:Hormiguero
968:Buen Llano
827:Boca Dulce
671:Buen Llano
531:Buen Llano
458:Pedro Font
330:Tutumaoyda
307:Salt River
242:among the
186:Gila River
166:Provincias
164:, then in
131:Pima Butte
69:newspapers
996:Agua Raiz
910:Juan Jose
789:Francisco
523:Gila Bend
449:presidial
387:Tussonimo
350:Sobaipuri
315:Gila Bend
311:Oyadaibuc
291:Coatoydag
248:Sobaipuri
1287:Wilson,
1278:, p. 149
1274:Wilson,
1261:Wilson,
1226:Wilson,
1146:Wilson,
1133:Wilson,
1096:Wilson,
1083:Wilson,
1020:El Llano
906:Socatoon
872:Warriors
869:Captains
751:Tabacaro
747:Chemisez
643:Warriors
640:Captains
612:Socatoon
500:Captain
403:Jabanimó
391:Sudacsón
383:Tuquisan
299:Comacson
287:Tusonimo
99:May 2018
1032:Sacaton
1012:Cerrito
628:Papagos
583:cholera
547:La Agua
494:Cocopah
462:Russell
285:, then
267:Spanish
230:Father
216:History
83:scholar
1210:
1183:
1000:Arenal
878:Total
854:4,117
732:Chelan
649:Total
498:Brevet
397:Revolt
279:Tucsan
182:Sonora
178:Mexico
137:, 1852
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
925:Total
851:2,965
848:1,152
842:Total
508:1820s
440:Tubac
411:Tubac
271:Manje
90:JSTOR
76:books
1250:1858
1208:ISBN
1181:ISBN
937:518
919:204
900:314
817:991
798:770
779:263
760:312
741:535
722:212
703:643
684:391
464:'s,
148:and
62:news
962:at
934:326
931:192
916:128
897:198
894:116
836:–
814:700
811:291
795:535
792:235
776:158
773:105
757:210
754:102
738:425
735:110
719:175
700:503
697:140
681:259
678:132
488:in
176:of
156:in
45:by
1341::
974:,
970:,
913:76
716:37
589:.
258:,
254:,
212:.
1311:.
1216:.
1189:.
833:–
830:–
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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