248:. "The federal government supports the concept of self-government being exercised by Aboriginal nations or other larger groupings of Aboriginal people." but does not accept that an aboriginal people may exercise this right without first negotiating it. Negotiation and legislation of self-government can result in domestic, dependent status similar to that of Indian nations in the United States of America, whose governments are defined by Act of Congress. Canada has not generally accepted Pimicikamak's policy of exercising its inherent right. The government of Canada prefers to deal with
51:
671:
Pimicikamak self-determination is governed by its treaty relationship with the Crown, see also: Galit A. Safarty, "International Norm
Diffusion in the Pimicikamak Cree Nation: A Model of Legal Mediation", (2007) 48 Harv. Int. Law J. 441, at pp.449 - 450: "Most groups are not aspiring for statehood when seeking self-determination, but rather the survival of their cultural communities."
211:. Modern written Pimicikamak customary law is subject to acceptance by consensus of a general assembly of the Pimicikamak public. The roles of the Secretary to the Councils as keeper of customary laws and as the interface between the oral Cree traditional government and the written English world it faces may have arisen in the 1990s.
220:
entity composed of the members of all four councils). The councils are subject to
Pimicikamak law. Pimicikamak law requires the Executive Council to give effect to national policy. Because the traditional councils can call an Executive Council election at any time, and its members are the Band Council members
1031:
The government of Canada initially rejected this change but accepted it after extraordinary voter participation in a
Pimicikamak election in 1999; see: Galit A. Sarfaty, "International Norm Diffusion in the Pimicikamak Cree Nation: A Model of Legal Mediation", (2007) 48 Harvard Int. Law J. 441, at p.
670:
Self-determination may be seen as challenging territorial integrity of the state, see, e.g., Vita
Gudeleviciute, "Does the Principle of Self-determination Prevail over the Principle of Territorial Integrity?", Int. J. Baltic Law, Vytautas Magnus University School of Law, (2005) Volume 2, no. 2.;
219:
Pimicikamak's four councils derive from its traditional form of governance by the elders and women. Each council is elected by its own constituency under its own rules and functions in its own roles by consensus. National policy is established by consensus of the Four
Councils (itself a single
636:
E.g., the aboriginal signatories "duly convened in council" undertook "on behalf of all other
Indians inhabiting the tract within ceded" to "maintain peace and good order between ... themselves and other tribes of Indians, and between themselves and others of Her Majesty's subjects"; see
523:, 3 S.C.R 1010; this was a case about aboriginal title but "Self-government claims are subject to the same analytical framework as other Aboriginal rights claims." See Mary Hurley, "Aboriginal Title: The Supreme Court of Canada Decision in Delgamuukw v. British Columbia",
602:
at Norway House on
September 24; in a letter dated October 11, 1875, to the Minister of the Interior Morris said, "We found that there were two distinct bands of Indians, the Christian Indians of Norway House, and the Wood or Pagan Indians of Cross Lake", in
396:
said "These customary laws are not written down. They are handed down by tradition from one generation to another. Yet beyond doubt they are well established and have the force of law within the community."
63:
A modern
Pimicikamak leader is quoted as saying: "Our ancestors governed themselves in our territory since time immemorial. Pimicikamak did not have rulers. It had leaders. Leadership was based on
83:
society. "A leader held his position as long as he had the respect of the people." As well, oral history says that Elders (the
Council of Fire) and women played distinct roles in governance.
119:'s ancestors to survive as a people in a harsh environment for thousands of years. Many stories say that the elders had a role in speaking of the law and the women had a role in organizing
912:, accessed 18 August 2008; this support is not mentioned in a progress report issued 3 years later, "2000 PROGRESS REPORT ON GATHERING STRENGTH - CANADA'S ABORIGINAL ACTION PLAN",
75:
elders says that traditional government under customary law (PimicikamÄk okimÄkÄnak) was based on consensus, like other Cree governments. Customary law is well-recognized in the
257:
594:
As with other treaty records, there are questions about the accuracy of the official text; it has internal inconsistencies, such as the purported signing
September 20 at
536:
Galit A. Sarfaty, "International Norm Diffusion in the Pimicikamak Cree Nation: A Model of Legal Mediation", (2007) 48 Harvard International Law Journal 441, at p. 473,
1494:
863:"Aboriginal Self-Government: The Government of Canada's Approach to Implementation of the Inherent Right and the Negotiation of Aboriginal Self-Government",
1036:, accessed 18 August 2008; Sarfaty attributes Canada's decision to accept the Pimicikamak law to "intense pressure" by indigenous and international groups.
487:
Oral history says that summer gatherings usually congregated at Sipiwesk Lake. In winter, survival needs led the people to disperse within its territory.
284:
has a respectful relationship with the Pimicikamak government. In 2002, the Manitoba Minister of Northern and Aboriginal Affairs, the late Honorable
1171:
412:, the Court said "such rules, whether they result from custom, tradition, agreement, or some other decision making process, are 'laws' in the
1086:
552:"Treaty 5 Between Her Majesty The Queen And The Saulteaux And Swampy Cree Tribes Of Indians At Beren's River And Norway House With Adhesions"
925:"The Government of Canada's Approach to Implementation of the Inherent Right and the Negotiation of Aboriginal Self-Government" (1995),
654:
598:
of a Treaty with a boundary that included Pimicikamak territory -- Lieutenant-Governor Morris' dispatch shows he did not expect to meet
334:
1054:
At Cross Lake on 16 December 2002; two other Manitoba cabinet members and a former federal Minister of Indian Affairs, the Honorable
948:, (1831) 5 Peters, 1.U.S. Chief Justice Marshall said, "They may more correctly, perhaps, be denominated domestic dependent nations."
929:
313:
36:
1332:
867:
1458:
1425:
1377:
892:
551:
461:
443:
1011:
823:
730:
123:
society. Both came into play at summer gatherings. The Pimicikamak constitution derives from those times. It rests upon
620:
604:
1372:
1327:
707:
311:
Galit A. Sarfaty, "International Norm Diffusion in the Pimicikamak Cree Nation: A Model of Legal Mediation", (2007) 48
1347:
958:
842:, s. 30(c); The Chief may also call an election at any time, otherwise the term of the Executive Council is 5 years.
203:. They deal with making laws in writing, defining who is a Pimicikamak citizen and electing an Executive Council.
1312:
1164:
976:
503:
179:"Pimicikamakās traditional government is quite new, and yet it is also ancient." Beginning in 1996, parts of the
31:. Pimicikamak is related to, but constitutionally, legally, historically and administratively distinct from, the
1499:
1407:
1367:
1322:
1317:
1079:
295:
has acknowledged Pimicikamak's government and traditional councils and formally met with its traditional chiefs.
191:
in written laws in English. They are based upon self-determination, the inherent right of self-government, the
1468:
1382:
1352:
1307:
1297:
1272:
1473:
1463:
1435:
1402:
1392:
1387:
1362:
1342:
1292:
1282:
1119:
1107:
611:, Belfords, Clarke & Co., Toronto (1880), p. 148; evidently the Treaty boundary was amended accordingly.
456:
261:
249:
32:
1453:
1430:
1357:
1337:
1287:
1277:
1267:
884:
355:
281:
245:
167:
and laws. The official written text of the Treaty implicitly depends upon the continuance of Pimicikamak
1397:
1157:
1137:
766:
750:
688:
1302:
1131:
1072:
253:
252:, a domestic, dependent, municipal form of government established by Act of Parliament. Under this
50:
788:
64:
796:
241:
188:
128:
44:
992:
524:
1181:
426:
24:
651:
331:
236:
has not acknowledged Pimicikamak's customary government in modern times. Its policy is that
1018:, accessed 7 August 2008; s. 26 provides that the Chief and Council of the Nation shall be,
650:
John Miswagon, "A Government of our Own", Frontier Centre for Public Policy, 21 April 2005,
368:
330:
John Miswagon, "A Government of our Own", Frontier Centre for Public Policy, 21 April 2005,
208:
124:
987:
Under Canadian law, the Band and Band Council do not have aboriginal or Treaty rights; see
500:
256:
legislation and the terms of various agreements, the Band Council acts as the agent of the
79:
of the U.S., U.K. and Canada. Pimicikamak leaders were respected persons, possibly of the
1015:
933:
913:
896:
871:
827:
734:
711:
658:
578:
507:
338:
237:
168:
926:
778:
The Women's Council, the Council of Elders, the Youth Council and the Executive Council.
1055:
519:
In Canada, it may be significant that indigenous governments can show continuity; see:
265:
200:
132:
108:
104:
100:
1488:
1149:
1125:
804:
285:
152:
92:
76:
474:
A sub-arctic climate, classified as Dfc: Tom L. McKnight & Darrel Hess (2000). "
171:. It appears that, until the 1990s, no other part of Pimicikamak law was codified.
1417:
908:
Government of Canada, "Gathering Strength: Canada's Aboriginal Action Plan" (1997),
889:
864:
595:
409:
393:
184:
164:
156:
68:
555:
1008:
820:
727:
549:
They were George Garriock and Proud McKay; see Canada's record of Treaty 5 text:
1095:
413:
204:
192:
180:
160:
120:
116:
96:
72:
19:
371:"governed all property belonging to anyone domesticated and living with them."
268:. Since 1999, several Band Councils have taken and held office pursuant to the
1033:
971:
672:
599:
537:
318:
224:, the Band Council tends to regard Pimicikamak national policy as persuasive.
159:
on behalf of Pimicikamak. It had the effect of amending and partly codifying
144:
704:
288:, set a precedent by formally addressing the Pimicikamak National Assembly.
1249:
1244:
909:
292:
196:
112:
80:
1259:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
769:, accessed 4 September 2008; there designated "Secretary to the Council".
638:
148:
1445:
478:", Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation, Prentice Hall, p. 232.
289:
438:
Sharon Venne, "Understanding Treaty 6: An Indigenous Perspective", in
1191:
1064:
792:
233:
111:
laws. These were passed down orally through stories, ceremonies and
28:
767:
http://pimicikamak.ca/html%20pages/Laws/Pimicikamak/First%20Law.html
751:
http://pimicikamak.ca/html%20pages/Laws/Pimicikamak/First%20Law.html
689:
http://pimicikamak.ca/html%20pages/Laws/Pimicikamak/First%20Law.html
496:
See, e.g., Sarah Carter, "A Guide to the UK Legal System" (2001),
641:, www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/pr/trts/trty5_e.html, accessed 5 August 2008.
49:
497:
352:
Muskekowuck Athiniwuck: Original People of the Great Swampy Land
244:
in Canada and that this right is recognized and affirmed by the
1153:
1068:
39:
that provides services on behalf of the Canadian Government.
993:
http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/Jdb-txt/SC/07/17/2007BCSC1700.pdf
525:
http://dsp-psd.tpsgc.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/bp459-e.htm
390:
R. v Secretary of State For Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
427:
https://www.uwinnipeg.ca/academic/ic/rupert/bird/story.html
1045:
Letter Premier Doer to Pimicikamak Okimawin, August, 1999.
652:
http://www.fcpp.org/main/publication_detail.php?PubID=1043
332:
http://www.fcpp.org/main/publication_detail.php?PubID=1043
501:
http://www.llrx.com/features/uk2.htm#UK%20Legal%20System
914:
http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/R32-192-2000E.pdf
131:, characteristics it shares with the government of the
927:
http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/pr/pub/sg/plcy_e.html#PartI
135:. It has since evolved into a modern customary form.
765:, ss. 7, 12, 18, 21, 23, 25, 33 - 35, 40-43, 46, 47;
585:, Belfords, Clarke & Co., Toronto (1880), p. 143.
379:, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque (1958).
425:
For example, see Louis Bird, "Swampy Cree Stories",
1444:
1416:
1258:
1189:
258:
Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development
795:. The rules for Executive Council elections are
865:http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/pr/pub/sg/plcy_e.html
377:Felix. S. Cohen's Handbook of Federal Indian Law
890:http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/const/annex_e.html
67:and especially upon respect that was earned."
1009:http://www.pimicikamak.ca/law/LAWoELEf_cor.DOC
821:http://www.pimicikamak.ca/law/LAWoELEf_cor.DOC
728:http://www.pimicikamak.ca/law/LAWoELEf_cor.DOC
1165:
1080:
627:, Belfords, Clarke & Co., Toronto (1880).
54:The Pimicikamak Flag - Photo: Jackson Osborne
8:
1034:http://www.harvardilj.org/attach.php?id=125
787:The Executive Council exercises the entire
673:http://www.harvardilj.org/attach.php?id=125
538:http://www.harvardilj.org/attach.php?id=125
319:http://www.harvardilj.org/attach.php?id=125
115:that formed part of a culture that enabled
1172:
1158:
1150:
1087:
1073:
1065:
799:, with a maximum term of five years, see:
705:http://www.pimicikamak.ca/law/LAWoCITf.DOC
476:Climate Zones and Types: The Kƶppen System
910:http://www.ahf.ca/pages/download/28_13342
991:, 2007 BCSC 1700, paras. 469 & 470;
625:The Treaties of Canada with the Indians
609:The Treaties of Canada with the Indians
583:The Treaties of Canada with the Indians
304:
989:Tsilhqot'in Nation v. British Columbia
459:considered the use of oral history in
440:Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada
195:and updated traditional principles of
1495:First Nations governments in Manitoba
701:The Pimicikamak Citizenship Law, 1999
7:
1022:, the Chief and Council of the Band.
272:instead of the federal legislation.
946:Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia
367:" laws, customs and usages" of the
852:The Pimicikamak Election Law, 1999
840:The Pimicikamak Election Law, 1999
817:The Pimicikamak Election Law, 1999
803:; other elections are governed by
801:The Pimicikamak Election Law, 1999
724:The Pimicikamak Election Law, 1999
14:
314:Harvard International Law Journal
91:Like other indigenous peoples in
1333:Little Grand Rapids First Nation
577:Alexander Morris named it "The
1459:North Spirit Lake First Nation
1378:St. Theresa Point First Nation
1005:Pimicikamak Election Law, 1999
521:Delgamuukw v. British Columbia
462:Delgamuukw v. British Columbia
444:University of British Columbia
375:, 2 Tex. 342 (1844); cited in
358:Press, Winnipeg (2002), p. 23.
270:Pimicikamak Election Law, 1999
1:
1426:Cumberland House First Nation
661:, accessed 24 September 2008.
341:, accessed 24 September 2008.
276:Manitoba government relations
228:Canadian government relations
175:Modern constitutional changes
1373:Red Sucker Lake First Nation
1328:Kinonjeoshtegon First Nation
995:, accessed 21 November 2008.
753:, accessed 4 September 2008.
568:, accessed 5 September 2008.
527:, accessed 6 September 2008.
429:, accessed 6 September 2008.
406:Campbell v. British Columbia
207:government is an example of
1348:Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation
763:The First Written Law, 1996
747:The First Written Law, 1996
685:The First Written Law, 1996
1516:
978:, accessed 22 August 2008.
936:, accessed 18 August 2008.
916:, accessed 18 August 2008.
675:, accessed 15 August 2008.
540:, accessed 15 August 2008.
321:, accessed 15 August 2008.
260:in delivering programs to
1408:York Factory First Nation
1368:Poplar River First Nation
1323:Hollow Water First Nation
1318:Grand Rapids First Nation
1268:Berens River First Nation
1103:
830:, accessed 7 August 2008.
510:, accessed 7 August 2008.
408:, 2000 BCSC 1123, citing
1469:Poplar Hill First Nation
1383:Sayisi Dene First Nation
1353:Norway House Cree Nation
1308:Garden Hill First Nation
1298:Fisher River Cree Nation
1273:Black River First Nation
975:, R.S.C., 1985, c. I-5,
899:, accessed 29 July 2008.
737:, accessed 31 July 2008.
714:, accessed 31 July 2008.
691:, accessed 31 July 2008.
446:Press, Vancouver (1997).
240:is an inherent right of
1474:Sandy Lake First Nation
1464:Pikangikum First Nation
1436:Shoal Lake First Nation
1403:Wasagamack First Nation
1393:Tataskweyak Cree Nation
1388:Shamattawa First Nation
1363:Pauingassi First Nation
1343:Mosakahiken Cree Nation
1313:God's Lake First Nation
1293:Cross Lake First Nation
1283:Bunibonibee Cree Nation
1120:Cross Lake First Nation
1108:Pimicikamak Cree Nation
457:Supreme Court of Canada
250:Cross Lake First Nation
143:On September 24, 1875,
33:Cross Lake First Nation
1454:Deer Lake First Nation
1431:Red Earth First Nation
1358:Opaskwayak Cree Nation
1338:Manto Sipi Cree Nation
1288:Chemawawin Cree Nation
1278:Bloodvein First Nation
1122:(statutory government)
1116:(customary government)
1114:Pimicikamak government
957:Known officially as a
885:Constitution Act, 1982
416:constitutional sense."
356:University of Manitoba
282:government of Manitoba
246:Constitution of Canada
147:and two others signed
59:Traditional government
55:
47:and has a unique form.
41:Pimicikamak government
1398:War Lake First Nation
1138:Cross Lake (Manitoba)
442:, Michael Asch, ed.,
99:was constituted as a
87:Original constitution
53:
1303:Fox Lake Cree Nation
1132:Cross Lake, Manitoba
819:, ss. 15 & 23,
789:executive authority
392:, 2 All E.R. 118,
1110:(alternative term)
1014:2011-07-06 at the
932:2008-10-01 at the
895:2007-03-20 at the
870:2008-10-01 at the
826:2011-07-06 at the
733:2011-07-06 at the
710:2011-07-06 at the
657:2007-10-09 at the
506:2012-06-03 at the
350:Victor P. Lytwyn,
337:2007-10-09 at the
242:aboriginal peoples
232:The government of
56:
45:self-determination
37:statutory creation
1482:
1481:
1184:: Treaty Five
1182:Numbered Treaties
1147:
1146:
1134:(main settlement)
465:, 3 S.C.R. 1010.
187:were updated and
127:and is largely un
25:indigenous people
1507:
1500:Cree governments
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621:Alexander Morris
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558:on 14 April 2001
554:. Archived from
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317:441, at p. 443,
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209:direct democracy
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1128:(reserved land)
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560:. Retrieved
556:the original
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185:constitution
183:traditional
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165:constitution
157:Norway House
142:
90:
69:Oral history
62:
43:is based on
40:
18:
17:
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1096:Pimicikamak
1058:, attended.
205:Pimicikamak
193:Rule of Law
181:Pimicikamak
161:Pimicikamak
121:Pimicikamak
117:Pimicikamak
107:as well as
97:Pimicikamak
73:Pimicikamak
35:which is a
20:Pimicikamak
1489:Categories
1020:ex officio
972:Indian Act
600:Tepastenam
222:ex officio
145:Tepastenam
113:traditions
1250:Treaty 11
1245:Treaty 10
1190:Numbered
293:Gary Doer
197:democracy
151:with the
105:spiritual
81:Midewiwin
65:consensus
1260:Manitoba
1240:Treaty 9
1235:Treaty 8
1230:Treaty 7
1225:Treaty 6
1220:Treaty 5
1215:Treaty 4
1210:Treaty 3
1205:Treaty 2
1200:Treaty 1
1192:Treaties
1012:Archived
930:Archived
893:Archived
868:Archived
854:, s. 26.
824:Archived
797:codified
731:Archived
708:Archived
655:Archived
639:Treaty 5
581:"; see:
504:Archived
335:Archived
215:Councils
189:codified
149:Treaty 5
139:Treaty 5
129:codified
109:temporal
71:told by
1446:Ontario
791:of the
562:14 July
290:Premier
266:reserve
262:Indians
254:federal
1140:(lake)
1098:people
793:nation
234:Canada
125:custom
29:Canada
23:is an
1032:479,
414:Dicey
299:Notes
1180:The
959:Band
564:2016
498:LLRX
455:The
280:The
199:and
388:In
264:on
155:at
27:in
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807:.
566:.
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