475:
632:
conceived as harsh treatment of women by
Chipewyan males." In the Pimicikamak world view, women are symbolically associated with water, life, the direction west, and the color red. The Women's Council is viewed by some as first in precedence of the Pimicikamak councils. The reason given is that all members of the Councils received the gift of life from women, beginning the circle of life. Consistent with their historical status, the Women's Council has key roles in
650:
524:
1116:"he fact that land occupied a central position in the traditional world did not necessarily mean there was a comprehensive monopolistic concept of power applicable to all matters, to every person and thing within a rigorously laid-out geometric boundary that was unique and fixed in space." Ghislain Otis, "Territoriality, Personality, and the Promotion of Aboriginal Legal Traditions", in
631:
Historically, women appear to have had higher status in Cree societies than that accorded by contemporaneous
European and some other aboriginal civilizations. "Cree women enjoyed a degree of autonomy that confounded European men who married Aboriginal women." "Crees viewed with contempt what they
1413:
Lindsay & Brown, The
History of the Pimicikamak People to the Treaty Five Period”, p. 87; J. Johnston, Map of Part of the North West Territory, including the Province of Manitoba, Exhibiting the several Tracts of Country ceded by the Indian Treaties 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 (1877), from Early
434:, desired to migrate to the western shore of Lake Winnipeg ...". Morris tells that upon arriving at Norway House, "We found that there were two distinct bands of Indians, the Christian Indians of Norway House, and the Wood or Pagan Indians of Cross Lake." The latter were represented by
458:
as a modern-day treaty. Pimicikamak regards an 8 May 1998 document signed by representatives of Canada, Manitoba and
Manitoba Hydro as a treaty. From the colonial perspective, some treaties with aboriginal peoples have been termed "a different method of
714:
or law-givers of
Pimicikamak. They were the repository of the wisdom that enabled the Pimicikamak people to survive. Consistent with the traditional role, the Council of Elders must approve written laws by consensus. In recent times the fallout of the
1483:, the Minister of the government of Canada responsible for its approval of the agreement has publicly expressed the same view; see: Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development, Evidence, Warren Allmand, March 9, 1999,
1744:, accessed 22 August 2008; women also participate in the other three councils: Galit A. Sarfaty, "International Norm Diffusion in the Pimicikamak Cree Nation: A Model of Legal Mediation", (2007) 48 Harv. Int. Law J. 441, n. 178 at p. 476,
1695:
Sarfaty attributes these roles to the influence of international human rights norms: Galit A. Sarfaty, "International Norm
Diffusion in the Pimicikamak Cree Nation: A Model of Legal Mediation", (2007) 48 Harv. Int. Law J. 441, at p. 475,
1666:"Women are water people because we are life-givers. We are part of the creation, we look after our communities and children. Water is the lifeblood of Mother Earth, flowing through her veins, the rivers and lakes." Eugenie Mercredi, in
1191:, ed. Law Commission of Canada, UBC Press, Vancouver (2007), p. 145, emphasizing "the importance of the material and cultural connection with the land that was often a sacred space and the very foundation of communal life."
442:, signed on 24 September 1875. Treaty rights are collective, not individual. Under one interpretation of Canadian law, aboriginal peoples may have treaty rights, but these are vested with the entire community and not the
74:-speaking aboriginal peoples of Canada. Pimicikamak is "a people of rivers and lakes. The traditional territory of Pimicikamak is around Sipiwesk Lake in the heart of the boreal forest, five hundred kilometres north of
1546:
said, "These customary laws are not written down. They are handed down by tradition from one generation to another. Yet beyond doubt they are well established and have the force of law within the community." In
1087:
175:
and imprecise description of
Pimicikamak, not a name. It is also known in English as "the Cross Lake Band", a description that may be confused with the Cross Lake Band of Indians (now known as the "
140:
in
Pimicikamak territory. "Pimicikamak" is the collective singular name for the whole people and also the collective name for its traditional territory. Grouped as part of the closely related Rocky
171:
publicly acknowledged and apologized for this policy. The name "Pimicikamak" appears to have entered into
English-language usage by Cree-speakers in the 1990s. "The Pimicikamak Cree Nation" is a
1329:, the Cree ratified The First Written Law ... which laid the foundation for their adaptation of customary practices. ... It outlines the constitutional powers of the Pimicikamak Cree Nation..."
1325:
See: Galit A. Sarfaty, "International Norm
Diffusion in the Pimicikamak Cree Nation: A Model of Legal Mediation", (2007) 48 Harvard International Law Journal 441, at p. 473."Based on ...
1765:, accessed 4 September 2008; Galit A. Sarfaty, "International Norm Diffusion in the Pimicikamak Cree Nation: A Model of Legal Mediation", (2007) 48 Harv. Int. Law J. 441, at p. 476,
486:
Like other indigenous peoples that have existed for a long time, Pimicikamak has a body of oral customary law. Since 1995, Pimicikamak has made several customary written laws.
607:(the hunters & warriors; lit., the keepers of the gate). The first two of these continued through the 20th century. The Council of Elders may have been based on
506:. Its First Written Law provides for modern customary laws in writing to be accepted by consensus of a general assembly of the Pimicikamak public. National
767:
are also largely Pimicikamak communities in the west and north of Pimicikamak traditional territory. Non-Pimicikamak Canadian residents have rights under
1091:
1246:
Andrew Graham, “A Plan of Part of Hudson’s Bay and Rivers Communicating with the Principal Settlements”, (1768) in John Warkentin & Richard Ruggles,
1264:
Arctic Searching Expedition: A Journal of a Boat-voyage through Rupert’s Land and the Arctic Sea, in Search of the Discovery Ships under Command of
1303:
See: "Köppen climate classification", sub-arctic climate Dfc, Tom L. McKnight & Darrell Hess, "Climate Zones and Types: The Köppen System", in
964:, Washington (1981), p. 256: "Western Woods Cree ... encompasses ... the Rocky Cree, the Western Swampy Cree, and Strongwoods or Bois Fort Cree."
831:, says "t was apparent merely that the name Cree that was extended westward to apply to these divisions, previously known by generic terms...".
1911:
1427:
Vickers, J.: "While band level organization may have meaning to a Canadian federal bureaucracy, it is without any meaning in the resolution of
406:
steamer to several destinations on Lake Winnipeg to make a treaty whose terms, boundaries and signatories were essentially predetermined. The
1826:
1187:, Allyn and Bacon, Boston (1998); and see Ghislain Otis, "Territoriality, Personality, and the Promotion of Aboriginal Legal Traditions", in
1555:, Justice Williamson said, "such rules, whether they result from custom, tradition, agreement, or some other decision making process, are '
938:
2239:
1066:
956:
827:
354:
which began the adaptation of its constitution to modern circumstances. Since the 1990s Pimicikamak has made other written laws with
311:
1026:, Post Histories, Post Cross Lake; the Post History is annotated "Cree name: PEMICHIKAMOW – 'flowing across'", possibly by the first
1030:
archivist Richard Leveson Gower in 1934; see also D.A. Simmons, ‘Custodians of a Great Inheritance: An Account of the Making of the
697:
571:
374:
has doubted the validity of the First Written Law and written laws made pursuant to it but accepted the validity of one such law,
2072:
1031:
1023:
1371:
510:
is established by consensus of the Four Councils. The Executive Council is responsible for giving effect to national policy.
2198:
2165:
2117:
1208:
675:
549:
1716:
1621:
334:
of the Pimicikamak people. They formed part of the culture that enabled it to survive as a people in a harsh environment.
395:
323:
2112:
2067:
1362:, 2 July 1875, LAC, Privy Council Office, OIC 1875-0707, vol. 335, reel C-3312, access code 90, series A-1-d, vol. 2755.
1259:
671:
545:
1092:
http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=3568890&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=39&Ses=2
387:
2087:
660:
534:
915:
Many of their residents are descended from those Pimicikamak who did not take up residence at Cross Lake after 1875.
278:" European documentary records date back at least to 1768, when a map showed Pemichicomo Lake in the area known as
2052:
1904:
1488:
999:
1453:
1294:
Archives of Manitoba/Hudson’s Bay Company Archives, Journals of Exploration and Survey (1809), E.3/4, ff. 4 – 7; .
679:
664:
553:
538:
2147:
2107:
2062:
2057:
1819:
1652:
716:
291:
2208:
2122:
2092:
2047:
2037:
2012:
1355:
443:
399:
867:
2213:
2203:
2175:
2142:
2132:
2127:
2102:
2082:
2032:
2022:
1859:
1847:
1071:
1027:
961:
800:
403:
295:
176:
2193:
2170:
2097:
2077:
2027:
2017:
2007:
1853:
1529:
Recent oral history tells that this flag appeared to the Secretary to the Pimicikamak Councils in a dream.
1159:
1138:
1039:
1035:
1013:
John Borrows, "Uncertain Citizens: Aboriginal Peoples and the Supreme Court", (2001) 80 Can. Bar Rev., 15.
978:
841:
633:
588:
495:
431:
623:. The Women's Council governed family and community life during winter dispersal and summer gatherings.
2137:
1897:
1877:
1517:
1326:
236:
137:
1795:
1762:
1741:
1589:
1484:
1343:
866:
An agreement with Canada, Manitoba and Manitoba Hydro dated December 16, 1977, informally known as the
1465:
342:
and two others on Pimicikamak's behalf in 1875, clearly were intended to and did amend this customary
2042:
1871:
1812:
1133:
were reported to be the basis of distinct peoples' territories in the region; see: Victor P. Lytwyn,
748:
371:
474:
454:
Pimicikamak and the government of Manitoba both regard a 16 December 1977 agreement with Canada and
89:
Pimicikamak is related to but appears to be culturally and linguistically distinct from neighboring
1278:
367:
157:
1225:
845:
232:
114:
1440:
390:
determined to extend the Crown's treaty relations to the peoples east and west but not north of
1921:
1575:
I.e., the Women's Council, the Council of Elders, the Youth Council and the Executive Council.
1505:
1265:
888:
They are in English, with the apparent objective that they be understood by non-Cree-speakers.
813:
752:
423:
224:
216:
161:
110:
106:
83:
1637:
Lindsay & Brown, The History of the Pimicikamak People to the Treaty Five Period”, p. 53.
1162:(2008); this is consistent with the difference between the intended and actual boundaries of
935:
897:
The Four Councils is a single entity composed of the membership of each of the four councils.
326:(the name for North America in many indigenous languages), Pimicikamak was constituted under
1552:
1428:
1155:
934:
John Miswagon, "A Government of our Own", Frontier Centre for Public Policy, 21 April 2005,
816:
the rocks, trees, animals, water, humans, etc. as distinct from a purely geographic meaning.
503:
279:
164:' use of their own names such as "Pimicikamak", was controversial until 2008, when Canada's
26:
1432:
1316:
Gillespie, C., Portrait of a People: A Study in Survival, Winnipeg: Big Fizz (2017), p. 97.
619:). Oral history from the Elders provided the continuing source of Pimicikamak temporal or
1720:
1625:
1469:
1388:
1203:
991:
942:
756:
283:
263:
259:
98:
243:
continues to recognize relationships of aboriginal peoples with their traditional (c.f.,
1671:
1563:
1504:
Patricia Seed, "Three Treaty Nations Compared: Economic and Political Consequences for
1480:
1436:
1237:
Lindsay & Brown, History of the Pimicikamak People to the Treaty Five Period, p. 1.
732:
455:
355:
327:
267:
204:
168:
165:
125:
86:, the Great River." Pimicikamak's traditional territory also is known as Pimicikamak.
2234:
2228:
1889:
1865:
728:
620:
391:
194:
94:
1674:& Steven M. Hoffman, eds., University of Manitoba Press, Winnipeg (2008), p. 97.
1387:, Belfords , Clarke & Co., Toronto (1880), pp. 145 et seq.; Morris named it the
2157:
1543:
1130:
616:
584:
460:
427:
415:
363:
347:
343:
299:
255:
240:
228:
220:
208:
152:(real people); they called themselves "Cree" only when speaking English or French.
172:
1713:
1650:, Canadian Plains research Center, Regina (2002); citing Victor G. Hopwood, ed.,
1618:
1492:
330:. These were passed down orally through stories and reflected in ceremonies and
1560:
1359:
1178:
736:
649:
523:
499:
411:
359:
197:
189:
133:
102:
90:
1454:
https://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/business/hansard/37th_2nd/vol_051b/h051b.html
906:
Pimicikamak as a society seems in another sense to deny the idea of precedence.
787:
760:
435:
419:
339:
287:
105:
naming. The existence of distinct peoples in Canada, though constitutionally
1784:
as for the other traditional councils, the Youth Council also may exercise a
1250:, The Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba, Winnipeg (1970), p. 95.
430:"whose occupation was gone, owing to supplies being brought in by way of the
1989:
1984:
1283:
David Thompson's Narrative of his Explorations in Western America, 1784-1812
1182:
608:
407:
331:
307:
1668:
Power Struggles: Hydro Development and First Nations in Manitoba and Quebec
1086:, Wednesday, June 11, 2008, Stephen Harper, "Apology to Former Students of
136:"flowing across". This is widely presumed to be the origin of the name of
1491:
of Manitoba, Aboriginal Justice Implementation Commission, November 1999,
840:
Note that there was another Cross Lake, now flooded, that was upstream of
1999:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1786:
1601:
Until 1999, Chief and Council of the Band acted as the Executive Council
1511:
1163:
768:
764:
439:
394:. In September 1875, with Privy Council authority, Treaty Commissioners
335:
310:
in 1875. In 1977 it was party to an amendment to address effects of the
303:
79:
75:
751:, now connected to the western part of its traditional territory by the
2185:
1780:
1083:
711:
271:
239:" leading to "conformity within newly prescribed territorial limits."
1766:
1745:
1697:
857:
The singular noun is Pimicikamowinew; its plural is Pimicikamowinewuk.
438:. Pimicikamak evidently persuaded the Commissioners to include it in
286:
included the Pemmichi-ke-mè-u people on a list of tribes trading into
258:
passed down by Pimicikamak elders says that Pimicikamak existed since
1931:
1804:
612:
611:
society practices introduced hundreds of years ago from neighbouring
507:
275:
244:
153:
1796:
http://pimicikamak.ca/html%20pages/Laws/Pimicikamak/First%20Law.html
1763:
http://pimicikamak.ca/html%20pages/Laws/Pimicikamak/First%20Law.html
1742:
http://pimicikamak.ca/html%20pages/Laws/Pimicikamak/First%20Law.html
1590:
http://pimicikamak.ca/html%20pages/Laws/Pimicikamak/First%20Law.html
1485:
http://cmte.parl.gc.ca/cmte/committeepublication.aspx?sourceid=51970
1344:
http://pimicikamak.ca/html%20pages/Laws/Pimicikamak/First%20Law.html
1120:, ed. Law Commission of Canada, UBC Press, Vancouver (2007), p. 146.
270:
evidence places aboriginal occupation of Pimicikamak after the last
97:. There is less than complete consensus about these and other such
473:
212:
203:
Pimicikamak's traditional territory is reported to have been the
1556:
1135:
Muskekowuck Athinuwick: Original People of the Great Swampy Land
141:
101:
definitions that may have been confused by changing fashions in
71:
1893:
1808:
1686:: they also received that gift, so the circle has no beginning.
1152:
The History of the Pimicikamak People to the Treaty Five Period
735:
responsibilities in the 1990s. It appears to be regarded as a
1372:
Lieutenant-Governor of Keewatin and the North West Territories
1226:
http://csc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/2005/2005scc69/2005scc69.html
643:
517:
1441:
http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/Jdb-txt/SC/07/17/2007BCSC1700.pdf
636:
including control of elections and a veto over written laws.
44:
1540:
R. v Secretary of State For Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
1415:
1202:
Spirit Wars: Native North American Religions in the Age of
1104:
109:, is controversial by reason of perceived implications for
53:
1053:
David Thompson: Travels in Western North America 1784-1812
954:
About whom see: James G.E. Smith, "Western Woods Cree" in
936:
http://www.fcpp.org/main/publication_detail.php?PubID=1043
1553:
http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/jdb-txt/sc/00/11/s00-1123.htm
587:
recorded by elders in the 1990s says that in traditional
59:
47:
38:
32:
1790:
veto over written laws; see the effect of: Pimicikamak,
502:, inseparable from the people, with strong elements of
302:
through Pimicikamak in 1809. Pimicikamak made treaty (
1487:, accessed 30 November 2006; see also: Report of the
62:
50:
998:, Lés Editions du Boréal, Montréal (1992); and see:
29:
2184:
2156:
1998:
1929:
1648:
Grateful Prey, Rock Cree Human-Animal Relationships
1358:Minutes, (1875) R.G. 2, Ser. 1, Vol. III, Minister
879:
Known colloquially as the Northern Flood Agreement.
422:having collapsed in competition with trade via the
235:was said to be "one of the most effective tools of
56:
41:
35:
1508:in Canada, the United States and New Zealand", in
591:the people were warmed by four fires. These were
1150:Margaret Anne Lindsay & Jennifer S.H. Brown,
223:relationship with the land as fundamental to its
144:, Pimicikamak refer to themselves as Nahathaway (
1285:, Champlain Society, Toronto (1916), lxvi-lxvii.
1307:, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ (2000).
1714:http://www.pimicikamak.ca/law/LAWoELEf_cor.DOC
1619:http://www.pimicikamak.ca/law/LAWoELEf_cor.DOC
1493:http://www.ajic.mb.ca/volumel/chapter5.html#24
1404:, Belfords , Clarke & Co., Toronto (1880).
1905:
1820:
211:. It is located within the boreal forest or
8:
1655:: Travels in Western North America 1784-1812
1439:Nation v. British Columbia, 2007 BCSC 1700,
1305:Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation
358:effect in the English language, including a
678:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
552:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1912:
1898:
1890:
1827:
1813:
1805:
719:may have imposed difficulty on this role.
710:Traditionally, elders were viewed as the
698:Learn how and when to remove this message
572:Learn how and when to remove this message
1657:, Macmillan, Toronto (1971), see p. 131.
747:The largest community in Pimicikamak is
494:Although Pimicikamak has four councils,
294:overwintered on Sipiwesk Lake in 1792.
1402:The Treaties of Canada with the Indians
1385:The Treaties of Canada with the Indians
1269:, v. 2, Harper, New York (1851), p. 37.
927:
779:
799:It is also referred to erroneously as
93:and Rock or Rocky Cree peoples of the
1141:Press , Winnipeg (2000), pp. 12 - 13.
1103:See, for example: "Cross Lake Band",
471:Pimicikamak also has a national flag.
338:, signed by the British Crown and by
187:Aboriginal concepts of territory are
132:and related terms were understood as
7:
676:adding citations to reliable sources
550:adding citations to reliable sources
350:. In 1996, Pimicikamak enacted its
148:) (those who speak our language) or
117:in Canada continue to be clarified.
1767:http://www.harvardilj.org/print/124
1746:http://www.harvardilj.org/print/124
1698:http://www.harvardilj.org/print/124
314:operations on its Treaty 5 rights.
1738:The Pimicikamak Election Law, 1999
1710:The Pimicikamak Election Law, 1999
1615:The Pimicikamak Election Law, 1999
1067:Handbook of North American Indians
957:Handbook of North American Indians
828:Handbook of North American Indians
376:The Pimicikamak Election Law, 1999
312:Nelson River Hydroelectric Project
193:and do not correspond to those of
14:
322:Like other indigenous peoples in
290:. Famed explorer and geographer
18:First Nations in Manitoba, Canada
2073:Little Grand Rapids First Nation
648:
522:
82:. Flowing through their land is
25:
1064:David Pentland, "Synonymy", in
790:version of its collective name.
113:. The identities and roles of
2199:North Spirit Lake First Nation
2118:St. Theresa Point First Nation
1209:University of California Press
1:
2166:Cumberland House First Nation
1211:, Berkeley (2000), pp. 222-3.
1032:Hudson's Bay Company Archives
1024:Hudson's Bay Company Archives
1001:Reference Re Quebec Secession
945:, accessed 24 September 2008.
825:For example, James Smith, in
450:Other Treaties with the Crown
2113:Red Sucker Lake First Nation
2068:Kinonjeoshtegon First Nation
1798:, accessed 4 September 2008.
1592:, accessed 4 September 2008.
1549:Campbell v. British Columbia
1248:Historical Atlas of Manitoba
1107:, accessed 4 September 2008.
615:(known to themselves as the
603:(the runners, or youth) and
2088:Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation
1792:The First Written Law, 1996
1759:The First Written Law, 1996
1734:The First Written Law, 1996
1586:The First Written Law, 1996
1516:, Paul W. DePasquale, ed.,
1340:The First Written Law, 1996
1189:Indigenous Legal Traditions
1118:Indigenous Legal Traditions
977:, s. 35, Schedule B to the
2256:
1769:, accessed 18 August 2008.
1748:, accessed 18 August 2008.
1542:, 2 All E.R. 118 (U.K.),
1489:Aboriginal Justice Inquiry
1443:, accessed 27 August 2008.
1228:, accessed 18 August 2008.
1088:Indian Residential Schools
1070:, vol. 6, June Helm, ed.,
960:, vol. 6, June Helm, ed.,
156:'s history of suppressing
70:is the name of one of the
2240:First Nations in Manitoba
2148:York Factory First Nation
2108:Poplar River First Nation
2063:Hollow Water First Nation
2058:Grand Rapids First Nation
2008:Berens River First Nation
1843:
1736:, ss. 6 - 11, (as am. by
1723:, accessed 6 August 2008.
1628:, accessed 6 August 2008.
1551:, 2000 BCSC 1123 (Can.),
1495:; accessed 5 August 2008.
1456:, accessed 5 August 2008.
1094:, accessed 1 August 2008.
1074:, Washington (1981), 227.
717:residential school system
348:body politic or corporate
227:. Displacing indigenous
2209:Poplar Hill First Nation
2123:Sayisi Dene First Nation
2093:Norway House Cree Nation
2048:Garden Hill First Nation
2038:Fisher River Cree Nation
2013:Black River First Nation
1416:http://canadiana.org/ECO
1224:, 3 S.C.R. 388 (Can.),
1105:http://crosslakeband.ca/
1051:"heir native name", see
1042:, 19 May 1994, at p. 73.
868:Northern Flood Agreement
595:(where the Elders sit),
388:Ministry of the Interior
2214:Sandy Lake First Nation
2204:Pikangikum First Nation
2176:Shoal Lake First Nation
2143:Wasagamack First Nation
2133:Tataskweyak Cree Nation
2128:Shamattawa First Nation
2103:Pauingassi First Nation
2083:Mosakahiken Cree Nation
2053:God's Lake First Nation
2033:Cross Lake First Nation
2023:Bunibonibee Cree Nation
1860:Cross Lake First Nation
1848:Pimicikamak Cree Nation
1072:Smithsonian Institution
1004:, 2 S.C.R. 217 (Can.).
979:Canada Act, 1982 (U.K.)
962:Smithsonian Institution
801:Pimicikamak Cree Nation
626:
219:, Pimicikamak sees its
215:of Canada. Like other
177:Cross Lake First Nation
2194:Deer Lake First Nation
2171:Red Earth First Nation
2098:Opaskwayak Cree Nation
2078:Manto Sipi Cree Nation
2028:Chemawawin Cree Nation
2018:Bloodvein First Nation
1862:(statutory government)
1856:(customary government)
1854:Pimicikamak government
1160:University of Winnipeg
1139:University of Manitoba
1040:University of Winnipeg
1036:University of Manitoba
1034:, 1920–1974’, thesis,
975:Constitution Act, 1982
842:Grand Rapids, Manitoba
812:Used in this sense it
634:Pimicikamak government
589:Pimicikamak government
514:Traditional government
496:Pimicikamak government
478:
432:Red River of the North
366:. These are based on
274:"sometime before 4000
2138:War Lake First Nation
1878:Cross Lake (Manitoba)
1617:, s. 15 & s. 23,
1518:University of Alberta
1327:inherent jurisdiction
1022:Archives of Manitoba/
477:
183:Traditional territory
160:languages, including
2043:Fox Lake Cree Nation
1872:Cross Lake, Manitoba
1520:Press (2007), p. 17.
1468:27 July 2011 at the
1177:Defending the Land:
1028:Hudson's Bay Company
672:improve this section
546:improve this section
426:, Indians living at
404:Hudson's Bay Company
378:, on other grounds.
372:government of Canada
346:. Pimicikamak is a
1778:While not explicit
1279:Joseph Burr Tyrrell
1260:Sir John Richardson
1181:and Forest Life in
382:The Winnipeg Treaty
1850:(alternative term)
1719:2011-07-06 at the
1646:Robert Brightman,
1624:2011-07-06 at the
1414:Canadiana Online:
1400:Alexander Morris,
1383:Alexander Morris,
996:A Visage Découvert
941:2007-10-09 at the
846:Saskatchewan River
593:Kiseyak Otabiwinik
479:
298:charted the upper
233:Christian missions
217:indigenous peoples
162:aboriginal peoples
115:aboriginal peoples
2222:
2221:
1924:: Treaty Five
1922:Numbered Treaties
1887:
1886:
1874:(main settlement)
1506:Indigenous People
1266:Sir John Franklin
1222:Mikisew v. Canada
1154:, The Centre for
753:Kichi Sipi Bridge
708:
707:
700:
640:Council of Elders
582:
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574:
498:is, like that of
424:Mississippi River
352:First Written Law
111:Quebec separatism
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1514:- Now & Then
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396:Alexander Morris
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1994:
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1868:(reserved land)
1839:
1833:
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1794:, ss. 15 - 19;
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1721:Wayback Machine
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1199:
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1158:Studies at The
1149:
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605:Okaniskoteyawuk
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492:
484:
469:
452:
384:
320:
284:Thomas Hutchins
264:Anthropological
260:time immemorial
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247:) territories.
185:
123:
99:anthropological
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2015:
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1996:
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1653:David Thompson
1639:
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1564:constitutional
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1510:Natives &
1497:
1481:Warren Allmand
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733:constitutional
724:
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456:Manitoba Hydro
451:
448:
410:trade via the
383:
380:
356:constitutional
319:
316:
292:David Thompson
268:archaeological
252:
249:
184:
181:
169:Stephen Harper
166:Prime Minister
126:Etymologically
122:
119:
17:
13:
10:
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6:
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2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
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1997:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
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1866:Cross Lake 19
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1757:Pimicikamak,
1754:
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1735:
1732:Pimicikamak,
1729:
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1584:Pimicikamak,
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1397:
1394:
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1373:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:Privy Council
1352:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1338:Pimicikamak,
1335:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1306:
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1288:
1284:
1280:
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1197:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:Rupert's Land
1153:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1113:
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1089:
1085:
1080:
1077:
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1045:
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984:
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742:
740:
738:
734:
730:
729:Youth Council
723:Youth Council
722:
720:
718:
713:
702:
699:
691:
688:December 2012
681:
677:
673:
667:
666:
662:
657:This section
655:
651:
646:
645:
639:
637:
635:
624:
622:
621:customary law
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
599:(the women),
598:
594:
590:
586:
576:
573:
565:
562:December 2012
555:
551:
547:
541:
540:
536:
531:This section
529:
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519:
513:
511:
509:
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487:
481:
476:
472:
466:
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461:expropriation
457:
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445:
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437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:Lake Winnipeg
389:
386:In 1875, the
381:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:spiritual law
325:
324:Turtle Island
317:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:Rupert's Land
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
250:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:of the upper
206:
201:
199:
196:
192:
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182:
180:
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
120:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
95:boreal forest
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
67:
23:
16:
2158:Saskatchewan
1835:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1758:
1753:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1709:
1705:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1667:
1662:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1633:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1585:
1580:
1571:
1548:
1544:Lord Denning
1539:
1534:
1525:
1509:
1500:
1476:
1461:
1452:See, e.g.,:
1448:
1423:
1409:
1401:
1396:
1384:
1379:
1367:
1351:
1339:
1334:
1321:
1312:
1304:
1299:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1242:
1233:
1221:
1216:
1201:
1196:
1188:
1185:Cree Society
1176:
1171:
1151:
1146:
1134:
1131:river basins
1125:
1117:
1112:
1099:
1079:
1065:
1060:
1052:
1047:
1018:
1009:
1000:
995:
986:
974:
969:
955:
950:
930:
911:
902:
893:
884:
875:
862:
853:
836:
826:
821:
808:
795:
782:
746:
726:
709:
694:
685:
670:Please help
658:
630:
617:Anishinaabeg
604:
600:
596:
592:
585:Oral history
583:
568:
559:
544:Please help
532:
493:
485:
470:
453:
444:band council
428:Norway House
416:York Factory
385:
375:
364:election law
351:
344:constitution
321:
318:Constitution
300:Nelson River
296:Peter Fidler
282:. In 1770,
256:Oral history
254:
241:Canadian law
237:assimilation
229:spirituality
209:Nelson River
202:
188:
186:
149:
145:
129:
124:
88:
21:
20:
15:
1836:Pimicikamak
1740:, s. 123),
1437:Tsilhqot'in
1433:Tsilhqot’in
1360:David Laird
1179:Sovereignty
1129:Typically,
990:See, e.g.:
743:Communities
737:traditional
601:Opimbatawuk
500:Switzerland
412:Hayes River
400:James McKay
362:law and an
360:citizenship
306:) with the
198:cartography
190:sui generis
130:pimicikamāk
91:Swampy Cree
22:Pimicikamak
2229:Categories
1603:ex officio
922:References
788:Anglicized
761:Pikwitonei
749:Cross Lake
597:Iskweyanak
490:Government
436:Tepastenam
420:Hudson Bay
340:Tepastenam
332:traditions
288:Hudson Bay
158:indigenous
138:Cross Lake
107:entrenched
84:Kichi Sipi
1990:Treaty 11
1985:Treaty 10
1930:Numbered
1761:, s. 13,
1559:' in the
1435:people."
1183:James Bay
844:, on the
739:council.
659:does not
609:Midewiwin
533:does not
408:York boat
368:consensus
221:spiritual
205:watershed
146:nīhithawī
134:connoting
2000:Manitoba
1980:Treaty 9
1975:Treaty 8
1970:Treaty 7
1965:Treaty 6
1960:Treaty 5
1955:Treaty 4
1950:Treaty 3
1945:Treaty 2
1940:Treaty 1
1932:Treaties
1787:de facto
1717:Archived
1622:Archived
1512:Settlers
1466:Archived
1166:in 1875.
1164:Treaty 5
939:Archived
814:connotes
769:Treaty 5
765:Wabowden
731:took on
440:Treaty 5
336:Treaty 5
304:Treaty 5
231:through
225:identity
173:polyglot
150:ithiniwi
103:colonial
80:Manitoba
76:Winnipeg
2186:Ontario
1781:de jure
1566:sense."
1084:Hansard
712:lawyers
680:removed
665:sources
554:removed
539:sources
370:. The
272:ice age
251:History
195:Western
1880:(lake)
1838:people
1684:Contra
1220:E.g.,
981:c. 11.
613:Ojibwa
508:policy
276:B.C.E.
245:treaty
154:Canada
1561:Dicey
1281:, in
973:See:
775:Notes
308:Crown
213:taiga
121:Names
2235:Cree
1920:The
1557:laws
786:the
763:and
727:The
663:any
661:cite
537:any
535:cite
482:Laws
467:Flag
414:and
398:and
266:and
179:").
142:Cree
72:Cree
1538:In
1090:",
755:.
674:by
548:by
463:".
418:on
262:.
2231::
1712:,
1670:,
1588:,
1342:,
1262:,
1207:,
1137:,
994:,
771:.
759:,
446:.
200:.
128:,
78:,
45:tʃ
1913:e
1906:t
1899:v
1828:e
1821:t
1814:v
1700:.
1605:.
1418:.
1391:.
1374:.
1346:.
1055:.
1038:/
870:.
848:.
803:.
701:)
695:(
690:)
686:(
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63:k
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48:ɪ
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33:ɪ
30:p
27:/
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