6049:
6040:
6031:
35:
2251:, which is particularly marked in the broader accents, makes it more satisfactory to consider to constitute a different phoneme from , and and can be regarded as comprising a single phoneme except for speakers who maintain the contrast in weak syllables. There is also the issue of the weak vowel merger in most non-conservative speakers, which means that
1431:
4408:. The tense variant, however, is now established in as the norm in Modern RP and General American, and is also the usual form in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, in southern England and in some northern English regions (such as
4118:
to speakers of other dialects and so
Australians accuse New Zealanders of saying "fush and chups", instead of "fish and chips", which in an Australian accent sounds close to "feesh and cheeps". That is not accurate, as the
2674:
never yields a syllabic nasal * or a sounded mid schwa *, with the most casual RP forms being . Both and especially were considered to be strongly non-standard in
England as late as 1982. They are characteristic of
6011:. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press.
2370:, which occurs in certain dialects of English: notably many Southern Hemisphere, North American, Irish, and 21st-century (but not older) standard Southern British accents. In speakers with this merger, the words
516:
was shortened in certain words. Both long and short forms of such words often existed alongside each other during Middle
English. In Modern English, the short form has generally become standard, but the spelling
1341:
with the diphthongal (with the former diphthong being the same as
Geordie , the only difference lying in the transcription), particularly word-internally. However, diphthongs are more common word-finally.
1261:
as well as other varieties although it is far more common for
Britons. The words that have may vary depending on dialect. Dialects that have the smoothing usually also have the diphthong in words like
1566:, shows that the prevalence of the merger was very low up to 1860 but then rose steeply to 90% in the mid-20th century. There is now very little variation throughout the South in general except that
4389:
believed that the vowel moved from to in
Britain in the second quarter of the 19th century before it reverted to in non-conservative British accents towards the last quarter of the 20th century.
509:
comes from an originally-short vowel that underwent lengthening. The distinction between both groups of words is still preserved in a few dialects, as is noted in the following section.
2626:
is maintained, but that may be declining among modern standard speakers of southern
England, who increasingly prefer a merger, specifically with the realisation . In RP, the phone
5839:
4135:
speech in
Scotland. That means that varieties of English with the merger effectively contrast two stressable unrounded schwas, which is very similar to the contrast between
6285:
6234:
6226:
334:
209:
186:
181:
6242:
5876:
1387:
1346:
156:
6391:
6262:
176:
1442:
in
Southern American English. In the purple areas, the merger is complete for most speakers. Note the exclusion of the New Orleans area, Southern Florida, and of the
4627:
is not an indicator of the Old
English distinction between the four sounds, as spelling has been revised after the merger occurred. For example, Modern English
4374:
lends support to the idea that it may have already been present in southern British English already in the early 19th century. However, it is not mentioned by
6102:
2557:, but the realisation of the merged vowel varies according to syllable type, with appearing in word-final or open-syllable word-initial positions (such as
5404:
1656:
and was not limited to positions before nasals. Apparently, it came to be restricted to those positions in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries. The
6277:
6252:
4512:
2650:. Therefore, can stand for only "Lenin", not "Lennon", which has a lower vowel: . However, speakers may not always clearly perceive that difference, as
204:
166:
1390:.) According to Roger Lass, the laxing occurred in the 17th century, but other linguists have suggested that it took place potentially much earlier.
56:
43:
6386:
494:
459:
6350:
6331:
6311:
284:
279:
259:
6211:
4844:
327:
141:
6219:
6071:
5994:
5953:
5564:
5231:
5100:
4891:
1373:
151:
5804:
2304:
1613:
maintain a clear distinction in perception and production. However, in the West, there is sporadic representation of merged speakers in
1558:
1534:
126:
1033:, and those that had an original short vowel, which underwent open syllable lengthening in Middle English (see previous section), like
6024:
2963:
2686:
2665:
2629:
1703:, it is . The merger is common in Irish-settled parts of Newfoundland and is thought to be a relic of the former Irish pronunciation.
5975:
5910:
5303:
2657:
320:
6095:
6046:
6037:
6028:
5817:
4037:
2463:
6199:
4839:
4536:(1990). In 2012, Wells wrote that the notation "seemed like a good idea at the time, but it clearly confuses a lot of people".
4183:
2951:
433:
373:
355:
116:
1517:
and is also found in many speakers in the Midland region immediately north of the South and in areas settled by migrants from
5931:
3746:
3179:
1410:
440:
4961:
Stoddart, J.; Upton, C.; Widdowson, J. D. A. (1999). "Sheffield Dialect in the 1990s". In Foulks, P.; Docherty, G. (eds.).
3973:
3955:
3922:
3889:
3871:
3836:
3783:
3765:
3712:
3689:
3671:
3653:
3635:
3572:
3554:
3476:
3458:
3440:
3392:
3374:
3356:
3338:
3320:
3287:
2955:
131:
4439:
between the two phonemes, but for speakers with the tense variant, there is the possibility of contrast in such pairs as
6122:
4436:
264:
6088:
1455:
1332:
1301:
4244:
rather than lax , today found in most dialects of English worldwide. That affects the final vowels of words such as
1501:, , and . The merged vowel is usually closer to than to . Examples of homophones resulting from the merger include
6381:
4362:.) It is not entirely clear when the vowel underwent the transition. The fact that tensing is uniformly present in
2539:, most speakers have the merger, but in more conservative accents, the contrast may be retained (as vs. . Also, a
2236:
2220:
2942:
Particularly in American linguistic tradition, the unmerged weak -type vowel is often transcribed with the barred
48:
5963:
5151:
4393:
3090:
2970:, that symbol is used in the transcription of words (of the types listed above) that have free variation between
2588:
2312:
1514:
1443:
498:
1415:
in most accents. Again, however, it is not clear whether the vowel already had a lower value in Middle English.
1144:
6157:
1665:
1486:
1366:
679:
425:
106:
4280:. It may also apply in inflected forms of such words containing an additional final consonant sound, such as
1548:
merger is one of the most widely recognized features of Southern speech. A study of the written responses of
1210:
opposition is always preserved. For example, some conservative accents in Northern England have the sequence
6137:
6132:
6127:
4375:
4210:
3037:
1634:
1451:
1447:
4128:
6236:
6228:
5178:
5174:
4827:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4584:
4580:
4572:
4568:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4521:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4488:
4484:
4476:
4472:
4464:
4460:
4432:
4428:
4405:
4216:
4193:
4173:
4158:
4151:
4140:
4136:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4061:
4009:
3986:
3968:
3950:
3935:
3917:
3902:
3884:
3866:
3849:
3831:
3816:
3801:
3778:
3760:
3740:
3725:
3707:
3684:
3666:
3648:
3630:
3615:
3600:
3585:
3567:
3549:
3534:
3519:
3504:
3489:
3471:
3453:
3435:
3420:
3405:
3387:
3369:
3351:
3333:
3315:
3300:
3282:
3262:
3248:
3238:
3223:
3208:
3193:
3173:
3158:
3143:
3128:
3113:
3098:
3081:
3066:
3051:
3031:
2975:
2971:
2959:
2947:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2837:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2810:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2700:
2696:
2680:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2596:
2592:
2528:
2524:
2500:
2490:
2367:
2359:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2255:
2205:
2197:
2185:
2130:
2100:
2083:
2068:
2053:
2038:
2023:
2008:
1993:
1978:
1963:
1948:
1933:
1918:
1903:
1888:
1873:
1858:
1843:
1828:
1813:
1798:
1783:
1768:
1753:
1738:
1717:
1712:
1692:
1676:
1672:
1649:
1645:
1610:
1494:
1490:
1398:
1377:
1326:
1238:
1230:
1219:
1211:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1132:
1112:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1050:
1030:
991:
987:
979:
975:
963:
959:
951:
947:
943:
912:
856:
852:
792:
788:
734:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
694:
690:
682:
675:
664:
656:
613:
609:
601:
593:
589:
577:
569:
554:
513:
490:
486:
482:
474:
470:
443:
436:
429:
369:
365:
351:
227:
6169:
4363:
4219:), such as Inland Northern American English, but can be a misleading name in the case of other accents.
4049:
2536:
2138:
1526:
1234:
478:
101:
5857:
Ashby, Michael; Ashby, Patricia; Baldwin, John; Holmes, Frederika; House, Jill; Maidment, John (1994).
6318:
6179:
5148:
The social and linguistic history of a merger: /i/ and /e/ before nasals in Southern American English
4417:
4208:
4181:
4065:
2754:
2684:
2663:
2655:
2627:
1680:
1603:
1408:
1330:
1299:
999:
652:
463:
269:
2527:
is very centralized even in stressed syllables and so it is usually regarded as the same phoneme as
6147:
5294:
Clarke, S. (2005). "The legacy of British and Irish English in Newfoundland". In Hickey, R. (ed.).
4737:
4679:
4371:
4041:
2604:
2520:
2482:
2308:
521:
reflects the formerly-longer pronunciation. The words that were affected include several ending in
307:
2923:, prevents the formation of syllabic consonants. Hence in RP, for example, the second syllable of
6267:
6162:
6111:
5198:
4413:
4386:
4367:
3268:
2912:
2519:, some speakers maintain the contrast, but some who have the merger use as the merged vowel. In
2486:
1614:
1590:. The northern limit of the merged area shows a number of irregular curves. Central and southern
1549:
1062:
648:
302:
5092:
4053:
4110:
There are no homophonous pairs apart from those caused by the weak vowel merger, but a central
2611:, schwa is often not used at all, and unreduced vowels are preferred, but if there is a schwa,
1310:) and the diphthong being used in morphologically-open syllables not only word-finally (as in
6257:
6067:
5990:
5971:
5949:
5927:
5906:
5833:
5776:
5560:
5299:
5237:
5227:
5155:
5096:
4887:
4741:
4733:
4675:
4448:
4327:
4144:
4067:
2756:
2608:
2406:) that a distinction is still maintained in certain contexts, such as in the pronunciation of
1567:
1403:
686:
565:
171:
86:
2820:
Even in accents that do not have the merger, there may be certain words in which traditional
2662:
in contact with alveolar consonants (such as the alveolar nasals in "Lennon" ). Furthermore,
6323:
6012:
5885:
5537:
5341:
5190:
5125:
5049:
5009:
4397:
4382:
4045:
4040:(the areas in which the final stage of the Northern Cities Vowel Shift has been completed),
3004:
2989:
2711:
2554:
2550:
2403:
1258:
1120:
995:
939:
409:
397:
274:
5040:
Stockwell, R.; Minkova, D. (2002). "Interpreting the Old and Middle English close vowels".
6152:
4056:). In non-rhotic varieties with the shift, it also encompasses the unstressed syllable of
2646:, which is often centralized when it occurs as a weak vowel, and never as an allophone of
2146:
1498:
1381:
1254:
466:
are mostly still used today, but the qualities of the sounds have changed significantly.
5870:
Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007).
6303:
6184:
6174:
5085:
2829:
2126:
1338:
254:
5053:
2670:
never participates in syllabic consonant formation and so G-dropping in words such as
6375:
6059:
6004:
5941:
5871:
5858:
5405:"Phonological and grammatical features of African American Vernacular English (AAVE)"
5332:
Austen, Martha (October 2020). "Production and perception of the P in -P en merger".
5219:
4651:
has acquired an initial sound in it to keep it distinct from the name of the letter
4529:
4165:
2802:
2704:
2692:
2691:
as in RP and so and are distinct possibilities in Cockney. In other accents of the
1653:
1571:
1463:
1253:, respectively. That is not restricted to any variety of English. It happens in both
1202:). Several pronunciations are found in other accents, but outside North America, the
983:
971:
935:
784:
497:. In particular, the long vowels sometimes arose from short vowels by Middle English
5366:
1633:. However, the most striking concentration of merged speakers in the west is around
749:) also escaped the merger in the standard accents and so acquired the same vowel as
737:
had undergone shortening (see section above), and a handful of other words (such as
4803:
2273:⟩ in South African English dialectology, regardless of its precise quality.
5921:
5900:
4540:
criticizes the notation for causing "widespread belief in a specific 'happY vowel
6343:
6338:
6142:
5080:
4756:. For some speakers, it occurs only before voiceless consonants, and pairs like
4404:, may be used. It is also still found among some older speakers of Conservative
1579:
780:
698:
390:
382:
4516:(1978) by its pronunciation editor, Gordon Walsh, and it was later taken up by
4475:
on the basis that it is shorter and more resistant to diphthongization than is
6295:
5890:
5129:
5014:
3787:
3693:
2451:
1582:
are excluded from the merger. The area of consistent merger includes southern
1163:
249:
17:
6020:
6016:
5241:
1446:
of South Carolina and Georgia. The purple area in California consists of the
1237:
to the diphthong (with the change being phonemic in non-rhotic dialects, so
5159:
4378:
4241:
2761:, often even when stressed (Wells transcribes the merged vowel with ⟨
2243:
of one phoneme. Wells, however, suggests that the non-rhyming of words like
2240:
1553:
1530:
1459:
1394:
1370:
1116:
1069:
1006:
730:
573:
386:
2769:⟩ is used for the sake of consistency and accuracy) and when before
2331:, etc. can sound alike. It is reflected in the colloquial variant spelling
674:
As noted in the previous section, the Early Modern/New English (ENE) vowel
34:
5818:"Rodrik Wade, MA Thesis, Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English"
1679:, not restricted to positions before nasals, is found in many speakers of
6290:
4104:
2434:
that is distinct from the schwa heard in the corresponding syllables of
2418:. (Speakers without the merger generally have in the final syllables of
2232:
1630:
1626:
1599:
1583:
1518:
1315:
671:). The merger was complete in standard accents of English by about 1700.
557:
in earlier Middle English but came to be shortened and to be rhymed with
361:
244:
1637:, a pattern that may reflect the trajectory of migrant workers from the
5676:"Changes in British English pronunciation during the twentieth century"
5675:
5555:
Lindsey, Geoff; Wells, John C. (2019). "Chapter 10 Weak Vowel Merger".
5345:
4305:
4132:
2676:
1594:
is dominated by the merger, but there is very little evidence of it in
1591:
1397:
have also undergone lowering and so the continuation of Middle English
1291:
5541:
5202:
2333:
1586:
and most of the South Midland and extends westward to include much of
773:
now have three different vowels although all three words once rhymed.
6080:
4409:
3858:
2384:
2378:
2145:
A standard , or in broader accents, which is used before or after a
1638:
1622:
2212:). It is found only in stressed syllables (in the first syllable of
1053:, similar to the sound that is heard in some dialects in words like
5194:
4203:
is appropriate in the case of the dialects in which the quality of
1430:
1241:) in certain words, which leads to pronunciations like , and for
408:
type) have undergone a variety of changes over time and often vary
4013:
2390:
2372:
2363:
2223:
vowel , or in broader accents, which is used in other positions (
2092:
1618:
1587:
1575:
1522:
616:
in nearly all dialects, as is described in the following section.
393:
239:
4400:, an sound, similar to the Scottish realization of the vowel of
2235:
analyses of those vowels are possible. In one view, and are in
1170:
is generally lost unless there is another vowel after it) and so
4642:
4632:
4471:
regards the tense variant in modern RP as still an allophone of
2495:
1595:
1009:
dialects, an additional distinction may be preserved within the
446:. The three vowels generally correspond to the modern spellings
6197:
6084:
2402:. However, it is possible among these merged speakers (such as
982:
in the second group. In some (particularly rural) varieties of
2967:
2828:
by many speakers (both sounds may then be considered to be in
2679:, which otherwise does not feature the weak vowel merger, but
1730:
28:
5435:
5433:
5091:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p.
5678:, Jack Windsor Lewis personal website. Retrieved 2015-10-18.
4524:⟩ representing the weak vowel found word-medially in
4381:
until the early 20th century and even then at first only in
2499:, the pronunciation is frequently . If there is a following
462:
are also possible. The spellings that became established in
4788:
are kept distinct. For others, it occurs in all positions.
2992:
5639:
5615:
5591:
5000:
Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English",
4619:
for the modern KIT and PRICE vowels. Modern spelling with
4020:
shift, merging with the word-internal variety of schwa in
2603:. The lack of the merger is also a traditional feature of
2489:(as well as recent Southern England English) replace weak
1298:
vowel undergoes an allophonic split, with the monophthong
5559:. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 39–40.
4435:
respectively. They may also be considered to represent a
4103:
It typically cooccurs with the weak vowel merger, but in
3007:
5746:
5744:
5414:. Malden, MA & Oxford, UK: Blackwell. pp. 3–14.
4350:; there is still alternation between that vowel and the
2722:, but the latter can be phonemicized with an unstressed
819:) or followed by a single consonant and a vowel letter (
5805:
English as a global language: Implications for teaching
5762:
2642:) in younger speakers, appears only as an allophone of
2470:, for instance, to be pronounced with a schwa, so that
5946:
English After RP: Standard British Pronunciation Today
5557:
English after RP: standard British pronunciation today
4093:
belong to the same phoneme as the unstressed vowel in
4028:
here since word-final and sometimes also word-initial
1306:
being used in morphologically-closed syllables (as in
1072:
dialect, the spelling "eigh" is used for the vowel of
4510:⟩). That notation was first introduced in the
505:
comes from an originally-long Old English vowel, and
4483:
regards the phenomenon to be a mere substitution of
4459:
consider the tensing to be a neutralization between
4107:, the weak vowel merger is not complete: see above.
1564:
Linguistic Atlas of the Middle South Atlantic States
1013:
set. Words that originally had long vowels, such as
360:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6276:
6210:
5987:
English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course
5968:
English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course
5920:Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W., eds. (2004).
5116:Morgan, Lucia C. (1969). "North Carolina accents".
5087:
The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States
994:. A similar contrast has been reported in parts of
5173:Brown, Vivian (1991). "Evolution of the merger of
5084:
4449:English phonology – vowels in unstressed syllables
1664:merger is now commonly found only in Southern and
1218:, with the schwa disappearing before a pronounced
5877:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
5002:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4963:Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles
4396:, in much of northern England and in Jamaica. In
2269:. The weak vowel is consistently written ⟨
1088:. However, a 1999 survey in Sheffield found the
1068:In Alexander's book (2001) about the traditional
5838:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
5530:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
4528:etc., and by some other dictionaries, including
2462:will be homophones. The merger also affects the
950:in the first group of words (those that had ENE
374:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
4802:is a phenomenon occurring for some speakers of
4659:Additional mergers in Asian and African English
4494:Most modern British dictionaries represent the
2595:is also heard in some words that have schwa in
2303:that can be found in the speech of speakers of
875:, etc.), but some borrowed words have a single
733:. The merger did not affect the words in which
5863:Speech, Hearing and Language: Work in Progress
4326:(originally , but it was diphthongised in the
1467:
938:that do not have the merger. Some speakers in
6096:
4131:, but a kit–strut merger is possible in some
2935:with , which is accordingly homophonous with
2931:is . Many non-rhotic speakers also pronounce
931:), most of which entered the language later.
328:
8:
5989:(4th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
5068:Lexical Phonology and the History of English
2915:. In accents without the merger, the use of
1380:, in Modern English, as found in words like
5820:. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008
5327:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5298:. Cambridge University Press. p. 252.
4877:
4875:
4587:, which were spelled orthographically with
4575:, which were spelled orthographically with
4123:vowel is always more open than the central
2958:. Another symbol sometimes used is ⟨
2634:, apart from being a frequent allophone of
2591:, the merger is generally not present, and
1314:) but also word-internally at the end of a
6207:
6194:
6103:
6089:
6081:
5923:A Handbook of Varieties of English: CD-ROM
5859:"Broad transcription in phonetic training"
5735:
5487:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5141:
5139:
4868:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 313.
4513:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
4468:
4427:vowel may be identified with the phonemes
4392:The laxer pronunciation is also found in
4164:Most dialects with the phenomenon feature
2980:
2927:is pronounced as a syllabic , but that of
2572:), but often appears in other positions (
2239:and should therefore still be regarded as
1705:
1092:pronunciation to be almost extinct there.
1002:, but it is now rarely encountered there.
974:, the distinction might rather be between
911:). There are also some loanwords in which
335:
321:
77:
5889:
5013:
4905:
4903:
4064:being realized with a schwa-like quality
1602:shows a solid area of distinction around
693:was usually the result of Middle English
4965:. London: Edward Arnold. pp. 72–89.
4236:is a process whereby a final unstressed
2618:In traditional RP, the contrast between
2450:.) If an accent with the merger is also
1429:
1347:identical development of the close back
1329:into a diphthong, and the monophthongal
962:in the second group (those that had ENE
495:English historical vowel correspondences
59:of all important aspects of the article.
6392:Splits and mergers in English phonology
5799:
5797:
5750:
5699:
5528:: reduced vowels in American English".
5439:
5222:; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006).
5214:
5212:
4856:
4579:. They contrasted with the short vowel
4537:
4480:
2714:, whose speakers typically distinguish
1229:Another development is that bisyllabic
293:
218:
195:
140:
115:
92:
85:
5831:
4845:Phonological history of English vowels
4611:. Modern spelling therefore uses both
4188:, which is identified phonemically as
2981:
2753:are mostly merged to a quality around
2523:, the merger is complete, and indeed,
1706:
1462:. There is also debate whether or not
705:raised further to become identical to
576:, which developed into Modern English
55:Please consider expanding the lead to
5723:
5711:
5687:
5663:
5651:
5627:
5603:
5579:
5511:
5499:
5475:
5463:
5451:
5424:
5390:
5281:
5254:
5027:
4987:
4975:
4948:
4936:
4924:
4517:
4502:⟩ (distinct from both ⟨
4456:
4452:
4016:, the vowel (and potentially even a
2549:The merger is also commonly found in
1374:near-close near-front unrounded vowel
1080:, but "eea" is used for the vowel of
934:There are still some dialects in the
432:, and two long mid front vowels: the
7:
5189:(3). Duke University Press: 303–15.
4591:. By Middle English, the two vowels
2466:of some words and causes unstressed
1609:Outside the South, most speakers of
493:. For other possible histories, see
364:. For the distinction between ,
5524:Flemming, E.; Johnson, S. (2007). "
5478:, pp. 167, 262, 305, 326, 427.
5412:African American Vernacular English
5224:The Atlas of North American English
4318:Until the 17th century, words like
4292:. It can also affect words such as
4176:in those accents. In Scotland, the
4024:, which is deliberately not called
2962:⟩, the non-IPA symbol for a
2414:, because of the morpheme break in
2394:are pronounced identically, as are
2305:African American Vernacular English
1559:Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States
1535:African-American Vernacular English
1357:Developments involving short vowels
5490:, pp. 113, 130–131, 138, 216.
4607:and left only the short-long pair
4423:The lax and tense variants of the
2964:near-close central unrounded vowel
2707:, the merger is almost universal.
2345:Developments involving weak vowels
2315:. For speakers with the lowering,
1683:. The pronunciation in words like
1282:, etc. to rhyme with those words.
701:of the vowel). The merger saw ENE
477:generally corresponded to similar
416:Developments involving long vowels
25:
5902:Gimson's Pronunciation of English
5606:, pp. 405, 605–606, 612–613.
4912:English Dialects: An Introduction
4330:), which alternated with a short
1533:. It is also a characteristic of
501:or other processes. For example,
6064:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
5271:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 33.
4567:Old English had the short vowel
4534:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
4038:Inland Northern American English
3003:
2988:
2730:(as can the word-final schwa in
2358:is the loss of contrast between
787:. Words in the set that had ENE
721:in standard Modern English, and
697:(the effect in both cases was a
537:, and various others, including
33:
6387:History of the English language
5334:Journal of Linguistic Geography
4840:Phonological history of English
2836:is now often heard in place of
2204:), and by some speakers before
2141:. The two distinct sounds are:
1369:short /i/ has developed into a
1257:and (less noticeably or often)
356:International Phonetic Alphabet
47:may be too short to adequately
5970:. Cambridge University Press.
5807:. Retrieved 27 September 2008.
5775:Wells, John C. (7 June 2012).
5466:, pp. 520, 550, 571, 612.
5269:A Sound Atlas of Irish English
4951:, pp. 196, 357, 418, 441.
4498:vowel with the symbol ⟨
4180:vowel is commonly a close-mid
4127:. In other words, there is no
3747:intervocalic alveolar flapping
3180:intervocalic alveolar flapping
2966:. In the third edition of the
2710:The merger is not complete in
2540:
1707:Examples of homophonous pairs
1556:, together with data from the
1513:. The merger is widespread in
1454:area, where migrants from the
1407:) now has a quality closer to
1325:Most dialects of English turn
851:). Most of those that had ENE
57:provide an accessible overview
1:
5582:, pp. 404, 606, 612–613.
5226:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
5181:before nasals in Tennessee".
5054:10.1016/S0388-0001(01)00043-2
4732:is a phenomenon occurring in
4674:is a phenomenon occurring in
4520:, who extended it to ⟨
4215:(the word-final allophone of
4072:. As a result, the vowels in
4060:with the stressed variant of
4036:: see above), occurs in some
2956:close central unrounded vowel
2481:The merger is very common in
1468:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
1107:In certain accents, when the
1021:(which come from Old English
428:had a long close front vowel
5296:Legacies of Colonial English
5083:; McDavid, Raven I. (1961).
4914:. London: The Athlone Press.
4322:could end with the vowel of
1466:, is an exclusion. Based on
5905:(8th ed.). Routledge.
5146:Brown, Vivian Ruby (1990).
2911:, are commonly realized as
1652:was formerly widespread in
1274:, and the smoothing causes
1049:), have a sound resembling
990:, and the second preserves
769:(which was shortened), and
6408:
5781:John Wells's phonetic blog
5403:Rickford, John R. (1999).
5152:Texas A & M University
4694:. As a result, pairs like
4385:. The British phonetician
2615:remains distinct from it.
2485:accents. Most speakers of
2430:and the first syllable of
2237:complementary distribution
2225:limb, dinner, limited, bit
776:The merger results in the
612:, which later merged with
81:History and description of
6206:
6193:
6118:
6066:(3rd ed.). Longman.
5899:Cruttenden, Alan (2014).
5891:10.1017/S0025100306002830
5630:, pp. 403, 607, 615.
5454:, pp. 601, 606, 612.
5130:10.1080/10417946909372000
5015:10.1017/S0025100303001397
4818:. As a result, the words
4647:. The name of the letter
4641:derives from Old English
4631:derives from Old English
4394:Southern American English
4334:sound. (Many words spelt
4147:, as in the minimal pair
2765:⟩. There, ⟨
2745:. In other environments,
2589:Southern American English
2313:Southern American English
1515:Southern American English
499:open syllable lengthening
196:Development of consonants
6235:Changes before historic
6227:Changes before historic
6021:10.1017/CBO9780511611766
6017:10.1017/CBO9780511611759
5654:, pp. 165–166, 257.
4544:" that "never existed".
1666:South-West Irish English
1388:short /u/ has become /ʊ/
1194:) remains distinct from
568:, the normal outcome of
6138:Anglo-Frisian languages
5118:Southern Speech Journal
4910:Wakelin, M. F. (1977).
4643:
4637:, while Modern English
4633:
4354:vowel in words such as
3243:Some accents pronounce
3038:Mary-marry-merry merger
2695:, the contrast between
2654:is sometimes raised to
2535:, it is closer to . In
2299:before the velar nasal
1635:Bakersfield, California
978:in the first group and
807:, etc.), with a single
421:Until Great Vowel Shift
352:phonetic transcriptions
5948:. Palgrave Macmillan.
5803:Tony T. N. Hung,
5594:, pp. 98–99, 101.
4882:Alexander, D. (2001).
4864:Barber, C. L. (1997).
4806:in which the phonemes
4744:in which the phonemes
4682:in which the phonemes
4346:once had the vowel of
4304:when they are used as
2880:; and in initial weak
2737:) and the former with
2683:can be centralized to
2137:vowel) that occurs in
1611:North American English
1471:
1162:has developed (and by
1156:Received Pronunciation
1131:now have the sequence
1111:vowel was followed by
1063:lost a velar fricative
986:, the first group has
709:and so Middle English
485:came from Old English
349:This article contains
6170:Anglo-Norman language
5985:Roach, Peter (2009).
5926:. Walter de Gruyter.
5872:"New Zealand English"
4506:⟩ and ⟨
4418:the entire North East
4364:South African English
4050:South African English
2537:South African English
2139:South African English
1671:A complete merger of
1527:Western United States
1433:
795:) are mostly spelled
142:Development of vowels
87:English pronunciation
6200:Phonological history
6180:Early Modern English
5690:, pp. 165, 294.
4978:, pp. 153, 361.
4866:Early Modern English
4814:are both pronounced
4772:are homophones, but
4752:are both pronounced
4690:are both pronounced
4240:-type vowel becomes
4207:is far removed from
4172:is best analysed as
4114:tends to sound like
4004:A phonetic shift of
2703:may be variable. In
2216:but not the second).
2196:), generally before
2129:of standard English
1681:Newfoundland English
1456:south-central states
653:Early Modern English
464:Early Modern English
6133:Proto-West-Germanic
6123:Proto-Indo-European
5763:Ashby et al. (1994)
5642:, pp. 98, 101.
5640:Bauer et al. (2007)
5616:Bauer et al. (2007)
5592:Bauer et al. (2007)
5442:, pp. 109–145.
5267:Hickey, R. (2004).
5070:, CUP 2000, p. 179.
4939:, pp. 140–141.
4826:are homophonous as
4738:Singaporean English
4680:Singaporean English
4583:and the long vowel
4571:and the long vowel
4372:New Zealand English
4048:and partially also
4042:New Zealand English
4032:can be analysed as
2983:
2913:syllabic consonants
2840:in endings such as
2605:New England English
2546:exists: see above.
2521:New Zealand English
2493:with schwa, but in
2483:Southern Hemisphere
2454:, then for example
2309:Appalachian English
2291:is the lowering of
2192:), word-initially (
1708:
1525:who settled in the
1458:settled during the
843:), or irregularly (
761:. Hence, the words
117:General development
6268:Trisyllabic laxing
6248:Close front vowels
6112:History of English
6009:Accents of English
5346:10.1017/jlg.2020.9
4886:. Sheffield: ALD.
4387:Jack Windsor Lewis
4368:Australian English
4129:strut–comma merger
3269:marry-merry merger
2982:Homophonous pairs
2587:). In traditional
2487:Australian English
1550:American Civil War
1472:
1401:(as in words like
1119:pronunciation. In
1041:(from Old English
893:⟨ei⟩
861:⟨ea⟩
833:⟨ei⟩
829:⟨ie⟩
811:in monosyllables (
797:⟨ee⟩
519:⟨ea⟩
479:Old English vowels
458:respectively, but
456:⟨ea⟩
452:⟨ee⟩
303:History of English
6382:English phonology
6369:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6258:Great Vowel Shift
6243:Close back vowels
6073:978-1-4058-8118-0
5996:978-0-521-71740-3
5955:978-3-030-04356-8
5736:Cruttenden (2014)
5618:, pp. 98–99.
5566:978-3-030-04356-8
5542:10.1121/1.4783597
5488:Cruttenden (2014)
5393:, pp. 612–3.
5233:978-3-11-016746-7
5102:978-0-8173-0129-3
5042:Language Sciences
4893:978-1-901587-18-0
4742:Hong Kong English
4734:Malaysian English
4676:Malaysian English
4653:⟨i⟩
4649:⟨y⟩
4625:⟨y⟩
4621:⟨i⟩
4617:⟨i⟩
4613:⟨y⟩
4589:⟨i⟩
4577:⟨y⟩
4469:Cruttenden (2014)
4328:Great Vowel Shift
3994:
3993:
2866:⟨i⟩
2609:Caribbean English
2474:would rhyme with
2366:) and unstressed
2356:weak vowel merger
2350:Weak vowel merger
2108:
2107:
1485:is a conditional
917:⟨i⟩
877:⟨e⟩
809:⟨e⟩
687:Great Vowel Shift
663:) into the vowel
566:Great Vowel Shift
448:⟨i⟩
345:
344:
219:Variable features
205:Single consonants
172:Great Vowel Shift
93:Historical stages
74:
73:
16:(Redirected from
6399:
6263:Open back vowels
6238:
6230:
6208:
6195:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6082:
6077:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6044:
6043:
6035:
6034:
6000:
5981:
5959:
5937:
5916:
5895:
5893:
5866:
5844:
5843:
5837:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5814:
5808:
5801:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5772:
5766:
5765:, pp. 36–7.
5760:
5754:
5748:
5739:
5733:
5727:
5721:
5715:
5709:
5703:
5702:, p. 32-38.
5697:
5691:
5685:
5679:
5673:
5667:
5661:
5655:
5649:
5643:
5637:
5631:
5625:
5619:
5613:
5607:
5601:
5595:
5589:
5583:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5521:
5515:
5509:
5503:
5497:
5491:
5485:
5479:
5473:
5467:
5461:
5455:
5449:
5443:
5437:
5428:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5409:
5400:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5367:"Pin-Pen Merger"
5363:
5350:
5349:
5329:
5310:
5309:
5291:
5285:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5216:
5207:
5206:
5180:
5176:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5143:
5134:
5133:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5090:
5077:
5071:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5048:(3–4): 447–457.
5037:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5017:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4907:
4898:
4897:
4879:
4870:
4869:
4861:
4829:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4718:are homophones.
4693:
4689:
4685:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4636:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4543:
4523:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4490:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4434:
4430:
4398:Scottish English
4383:American English
4218:
4214:
4206:
4201:kit–comma merger
4195:
4191:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4160:
4153:
4142:
4138:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4063:
4046:Scottish English
4035:
4031:
4027:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3988:
3970:
3952:
3937:
3919:
3904:
3886:
3868:
3851:
3833:
3818:
3803:
3780:
3762:
3742:
3727:
3709:
3686:
3668:
3650:
3632:
3631:ˈmæstəd,ˈmɑːstəd
3617:
3602:
3587:
3569:
3551:
3536:
3521:
3506:
3491:
3473:
3455:
3437:
3422:
3407:
3389:
3371:
3353:
3335:
3317:
3302:
3284:
3264:
3250:
3240:
3225:
3210:
3195:
3175:
3160:
3145:
3130:
3115:
3100:
3083:
3068:
3053:
3033:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2977:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2867:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2725:
2712:Scottish English
2702:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2594:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2562:
2555:Canadian English
2530:
2526:
2516:
2508:
2502:
2492:
2404:General American
2369:
2361:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2257:
2207:
2199:
2187:
2180:
2166:
2159:
2136:
2132:
2102:
2085:
2070:
2055:
2040:
2025:
2010:
1995:
1980:
1965:
1950:
1935:
1920:
1905:
1890:
1875:
1860:
1845:
1830:
1815:
1800:
1785:
1770:
1755:
1740:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1695:, in words like
1694:
1691:is , but before
1678:
1674:
1651:
1647:
1499:nasal consonants
1496:
1492:
1414:
1400:
1379:
1350:
1336:
1328:
1305:
1297:
1259:American English
1240:
1232:
1221:
1213:
1201:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1169:
1161:
1134:
1121:General American
1115:, it acquired a
1114:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1052:
1032:
993:
989:
981:
977:
965:
961:
953:
949:
945:
940:Northern England
918:
914:
895:, or otherwise (
894:
878:
862:
858:
855:(Middle English
854:
834:
830:
810:
798:
794:
791:(Middle English
790:
783:, as defined by
779:
736:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
696:
692:
684:
677:
666:
658:
643:
615:
611:
603:
595:
591:
579:
571:
556:
520:
515:
492:
488:
484:
476:
472:
457:
453:
449:
445:
438:
431:
371:
367:
337:
330:
323:
275:T-glottalization
78:
69:
66:
60:
37:
29:
21:
6407:
6406:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6357:
6327:-glottalization
6272:
6202:
6189:
6114:
6109:
6074:
6058:
6050:
6041:
6032:
6003:
5997:
5984:
5978:
5962:
5956:
5940:
5934:
5919:
5913:
5898:
5869:
5856:
5853:
5848:
5847:
5830:
5823:
5821:
5816:
5815:
5811:
5802:
5795:
5785:
5783:
5774:
5773:
5769:
5761:
5757:
5749:
5742:
5734:
5730:
5722:
5718:
5710:
5706:
5698:
5694:
5686:
5682:
5674:
5670:
5662:
5658:
5650:
5646:
5638:
5634:
5626:
5622:
5614:
5610:
5602:
5598:
5590:
5586:
5578:
5574:
5567:
5554:
5553:
5549:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5510:
5506:
5498:
5494:
5486:
5482:
5474:
5470:
5462:
5458:
5450:
5446:
5438:
5431:
5423:
5419:
5407:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5389:
5385:
5375:
5373:
5365:
5364:
5353:
5331:
5330:
5313:
5306:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5280:
5276:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5253:
5249:
5234:
5218:
5217:
5210:
5183:American Speech
5172:
5171:
5167:
5145:
5144:
5137:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5103:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5065:
5061:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5026:
5022:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4986:
4982:
4974:
4970:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4947:
4943:
4935:
4931:
4923:
4919:
4909:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4884:Orreight mi ol'
4881:
4880:
4873:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4836:
4661:
4652:
4648:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4588:
4576:
4565:
4541:
4228:
4204:
4189:
4177:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3006:
3002:
2991:
2987:
2954:symbol for the
2865:
2824:is replaced by
2806:
2750:
2746:
2723:
2582:
2575:
2567:
2560:
2514:
2506:
2352:
2347:
2311:, and (rarely)
2282:
2178:
2164:
2157:
2147:velar consonant
2134:
2116:
1644:The raising of
1598:, and northern
1428:
1364:
1359:
1348:
1295:
1288:
1255:British English
1247:theatre/theater
1108:
1105:
1096:Changes before
1025:and Old French
1000:Western England
916:
892:
876:
860:
832:
828:
808:
796:
777:
678:developed from
641:
625:
549:. For example,
518:
512:Middle English
460:other spellings
455:
451:
447:
423:
418:
379:
378:
377:
341:
312:
289:
214:
191:
136:
111:
70:
64:
61:
54:
42:This article's
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6405:
6403:
6395:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6374:
6373:
6367:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6341:
6329:
6321:
6316:
6309:
6301:
6293:
6288:
6282:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6232:
6224:
6216:
6214:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6185:Modern English
6182:
6177:
6175:Middle English
6172:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6128:Proto-Germanic
6125:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6072:
6060:Wells, John C.
6056:
6005:Wells, John C.
6001:
5995:
5982:
5976:
5960:
5954:
5942:Lindsey, Geoff
5938:
5932:
5917:
5911:
5896:
5867:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5809:
5793:
5767:
5755:
5751:Lindsey (2019)
5740:
5728:
5726:, p. 539.
5716:
5704:
5700:Lindsey (2019)
5692:
5680:
5668:
5666:, p. 165.
5656:
5644:
5632:
5620:
5608:
5596:
5584:
5572:
5565:
5547:
5516:
5514:, p. 296.
5504:
5502:, p. 405.
5492:
5480:
5468:
5456:
5444:
5440:Lindsey (2019)
5429:
5427:, p. 167.
5417:
5395:
5383:
5351:
5340:(2): 115–126.
5311:
5304:
5286:
5284:, p. 500.
5274:
5259:
5257:, p. 423.
5247:
5232:
5220:Labov, William
5208:
5195:10.2307/455802
5165:
5150:(PhD thesis).
5135:
5108:
5101:
5072:
5059:
5032:
5030:, p. 375.
5020:
5008:(2): 267–271,
4992:
4990:, p. 153.
4980:
4968:
4953:
4941:
4929:
4917:
4899:
4892:
4871:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4835:
4832:
4660:
4657:
4564:
4546:
4538:Lindsey (2019)
4481:Lindsey (2019)
4437:neutralization
4227:
4221:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3781:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3743:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3687:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3096:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3000:
2950:⟩, the
2919:, rather than
2830:free variation
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2281:
2275:
2262:) rhymes with
2258:(conservative
2229:
2228:
2217:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1552:veterans from
1434:The merger of
1427:
1417:
1386:. (Similarly,
1367:Middle English
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1339:free variation
1287:
1284:
1214:in words like
1158:, a diphthong
1104:
1094:
859:) are spelled
680:Middle English
624:
618:
604:of words like
426:Middle English
422:
419:
417:
414:
372:⟩, see
348:
347:
346:
343:
342:
340:
339:
332:
325:
317:
314:
313:
311:
310:
305:
299:
296:
295:
294:Related topics
291:
290:
288:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
255:L-vocalization
252:
247:
242:
237:
224:
221:
220:
216:
215:
213:
212:
207:
201:
198:
197:
193:
192:
190:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
148:
145:
144:
138:
137:
135:
134:
129:
127:In Old English
123:
120:
119:
113:
112:
110:
109:
107:Middle English
104:
98:
95:
94:
90:
89:
83:
82:
72:
71:
51:the key points
41:
39:
32:
24:
18:Pin–pen merger
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6404:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6354:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6330:
6328:
6326:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6310:
6308:
6307:-vocalization
6306:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6275:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6233:
6231:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6196:
6192:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6117:
6113:
6106:
6101:
6099:
6094:
6092:
6087:
6086:
6083:
6075:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6048:
6039:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5992:
5988:
5983:
5979:
5977:0-521-28252-7
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5929:
5925:
5924:
5918:
5914:
5912:9781444183092
5908:
5904:
5903:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5884:(1): 97–102.
5883:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5841:
5835:
5819:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5782:
5778:
5777:"happY again"
5771:
5768:
5764:
5759:
5756:
5753:, p. 32.
5752:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5738:, p. 84.
5737:
5732:
5729:
5725:
5720:
5717:
5714:, p. 67.
5713:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5672:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5657:
5653:
5648:
5645:
5641:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5600:
5597:
5593:
5588:
5585:
5581:
5576:
5573:
5568:
5562:
5558:
5551:
5548:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5520:
5517:
5513:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5496:
5493:
5489:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5472:
5469:
5465:
5460:
5457:
5453:
5448:
5445:
5441:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5418:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5387:
5384:
5372:
5368:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5307:
5305:0-521-83020-6
5301:
5297:
5290:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5275:
5270:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5251:
5248:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5169:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5131:
5127:
5124:(3): 223–29.
5123:
5119:
5112:
5109:
5104:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5088:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5066:McMahon, A.,
5063:
5060:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5024:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4996:
4993:
4989:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4972:
4969:
4964:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4933:
4930:
4927:, p. 195
4926:
4921:
4918:
4913:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4895:
4889:
4885:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4860:
4857:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4831:
4825:
4821:
4805:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4658:
4656:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4547:
4545:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4530:John C. Wells
4527:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4497:
4492:
4482:
4470:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4426:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4212:
4202:
4197:
4185:
4171:
4167:
4166:happy tensing
4162:
4157:
4150:
4146:
4134:
4130:
4108:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4069:
4059:
4055:
4054:kit–bit split
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4023:
4019:
4015:
3996:
3990:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3916:
3913:
3911:splendo(u)red
3910:
3909:
3906:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3586:ˌɪnstəˈleɪʃən
3584:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3001:
2997:
2986:
2985:
2979:
2969:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2914:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2831:
2818:
2804:
2803:nurse mergers
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2758:
2733:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2705:Irish English
2694:
2693:British Isles
2688:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2659:
2641:
2631:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2498:
2497:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2290:
2288:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2265:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2210:ditch, bridge
2203:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:Irish English
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1464:Austin, Texas
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1293:
1286:Other changes
1285:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1227:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1164:non-rhoticity
1157:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1123:, words like
1122:
1118:
1095:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
985:
984:Irish English
973:
972:Staffordshire
969:
957:
941:
937:
936:British Isles
932:
930:
926:
922:
910:
906:
902:
898:
890:
886:
882:
874:
870:
866:
850:
846:
842:
838:
827:), sometimes
826:
822:
818:
814:
806:
802:
786:
782:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
732:
728:
724:
700:
688:
681:
672:
670:
662:
654:
650:
646:
644:
637:
635:
631:
622:
619:
617:
607:
599:
588:. Meanwhile,
587:
583:
575:
567:
562:
560:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
480:
467:
465:
461:
442:
435:
427:
420:
415:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
392:
388:
384:
375:
363:
359:
357:
353:
338:
333:
331:
326:
324:
319:
318:
316:
315:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
298:
297:
292:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
234:
230:
226:
225:
223:
222:
217:
211:
208:
206:
203:
202:
200:
199:
194:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
147:
146:
143:
139:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
122:
121:
118:
114:
108:
105:
103:
100:
99:
97:
96:
91:
88:
84:
80:
79:
76:
68:
58:
52:
50:
45:
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
6351:
6332:
6324:
6312:
6304:
6296:
6247:
6220:
6158:Northumbrian
6063:
6047:0-52128541-0
6038:0-52128540-2
6029:0-52129719-2
6008:
5986:
5967:
5964:Roach, Peter
5945:
5922:
5901:
5881:
5875:
5862:
5851:Bibliography
5822:. Retrieved
5812:
5784:. Retrieved
5780:
5770:
5758:
5731:
5724:Wells (2008)
5719:
5712:Roach (2009)
5707:
5695:
5688:Wells (1982)
5683:
5671:
5664:Wells (1982)
5659:
5652:Wells (1982)
5647:
5635:
5628:Wells (1982)
5623:
5611:
5604:Wells (1982)
5599:
5587:
5580:Wells (1982)
5575:
5556:
5550:
5536:(1): 83–96.
5533:
5529:
5526:Rosa's roses
5525:
5519:
5512:Wells (1982)
5507:
5500:Wells (1982)
5495:
5483:
5476:Wells (1982)
5471:
5464:Wells (1982)
5459:
5452:Wells (1982)
5447:
5425:Wells (1982)
5420:
5411:
5398:
5391:Wells (1982)
5386:
5374:. Retrieved
5370:
5337:
5333:
5295:
5289:
5282:Wells (1982)
5277:
5268:
5262:
5255:Wells (1982)
5250:
5223:
5186:
5182:
5168:
5147:
5121:
5117:
5111:
5086:
5081:Kurath, Hans
5075:
5067:
5062:
5045:
5041:
5035:
5028:Wells (1982)
5023:
5005:
5001:
4995:
4988:Wells (1982)
4983:
4976:Wells (1982)
4971:
4962:
4956:
4949:Wells (1982)
4944:
4937:Wells (1982)
4932:
4925:Wells (1982)
4920:
4911:
4883:
4865:
4859:
4823:
4819:
4804:Zulu English
4797:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4638:
4628:
4599:merged with
4566:
4533:
4525:
4518:Roach (1983)
4511:
4495:
4493:
4457:Wells (2008)
4453:Roach (2009)
4444:
4440:
4424:
4422:
4401:
4391:
4379:phoneticians
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4223:
4200:
4198:
4169:
4163:
4155:
4154:'river' vs.
4148:
4109:
4102:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4057:
4021:
4017:
4008:, the vowel
4003:
3997:Centralized
3582:instillation
3579:installation
3244:
2943:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2819:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2731:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2671:
2639:
2617:
2600:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2558:
2548:
2541:
2532:
2531:although in
2512:
2504:
2494:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2355:
2353:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2263:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2230:
2224:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2111:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1670:
1661:
1657:
1643:
1608:
1563:
1557:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1439:
1435:
1423:
1419:
1402:
1392:
1382:
1365:
1345:Compare the
1344:
1324:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1289:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1228:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1187:
1175:
1171:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1139:rhymes with
1136:
1128:
1124:
1106:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:), may have
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1004:
967:
955:
933:
928:
924:
920:
908:
904:
900:
896:
888:
884:
880:
872:
868:
864:
848:
844:
840:
836:
824:
820:
816:
812:
804:
800:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
726:
722:
717:have become
673:
668:
660:
640:
639:
633:
629:
628:
626:
620:
605:
597:
585:
581:
563:
558:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
511:
506:
502:
468:
424:
405:
401:
380:
368:and ⟨
350:
232:
228:
161:
75:
65:January 2020
62:
46:
44:lead section
26:
6143:Old English
5865:(8): 33–40.
5371:ils.unc.edu
4376:descriptive
3194:əˈl(j)uːʒən
3174:əˈl(j)uːɾəd
3099:əˈl(j)uːʃən
2903:, and also
2382:rhyme, and
2287:thank–think
2278:Thank–think
2221:centralized
1580:New Orleans
1529:during the
1497:before the
1452:Kern County
1448:Bakersfield
1233:may become
915:is spelled
781:lexical set
564:During the
400:(vowels of
162:Close front
102:Old English
6376:Categories
6278:Consonants
6253:Diphthongs
6163:West Saxon
5933:3110175320
5786:23 January
4851:References
4548:Merger of
4410:Merseyside
4133:Glaswegian
4012:, towards
3974:Non-rhotic
3956:Non-rhotic
3923:Non-rhotic
3890:Non-rhotic
3872:Non-rhotic
3837:Non-rhotic
3817:prəˈskraɪb
3788:G-dropping
3784:Non-rhotic
3766:Non-rhotic
3713:Non-rhotic
3694:G-dropping
3690:Non-rhotic
3672:Non-rhotic
3654:Non-rhotic
3636:Non-rhotic
3573:Non-rhotic
3561:humo(u)red
3555:Non-rhotic
3477:Non-rhotic
3459:Non-rhotic
3441:Non-rhotic
3393:Non-rhotic
3375:Non-rhotic
3357:Non-rhotic
3339:Non-rhotic
3321:Non-rhotic
3288:Non-rhotic
2864:, for the
2832:). In RP,
2599:, such as
2464:weak forms
2452:non-rhotic
2241:allophones
2231:Different
1641:westward.
1615:Washington
1604:Louisville
1444:Lowcountry
1395:mid vowels
1393:The short
785:John Wells
731:homophones
689:, and ENE
525:, such as
410:by dialect
250:H-dropping
167:Diphthongs
157:Close back
6319:Rhoticity
6299:-dropping
5242:181466123
4526:situation
4314:would he?
4286:Charlie's
4199:The term
4174:/ˈprətiː/
4098:/ˈbæləns/
3936:ˈsɜːrpləs
3918:ˈsplɛndəd
3878:scattered
3813:prescribe
3810:proscribe
3543:foundered
3465:chattered
3447:chartered
3334:ˈbliːtʃəz
3327:bleachers
3159:əˈl(j)uːd
2809:vowel is
2787:(but not
2743:/əkˈsɛpt/
2728:/ʌkˈsɛpt/
2699:and weak
2622:and weak
2460:chattered
2184:), after
2069:ˈtrɪmə(r)
2039:ˈtɪndə(r)
1994:ˈsɪndə(r)
1870:him, hymn
1814:ˈɪmɪɡreɪt
1810:immigrate
1554:Tennessee
1531:Dust Bowl
1460:Dust Bowl
1070:Sheffield
1007:Yorkshire
621:Meet–meat
574:diphthong
434:close-mid
270:Rhoticity
177:Open back
49:summarize
6344:stopping
6339:fronting
6291:Flapping
6286:Clusters
6062:(2008).
6007:(1982).
5966:(1983).
5944:(2019).
5834:cite web
5160:23527868
4834:See also
4609:/i/-/iː/
4308:, as in
4226:tensing
4194:/ˈprəte/
4145:Romanian
4105:Scotland
4018:phonemic
3962:tendered
3944:tattered
3932:surplice
3914:splendid
3754:pattered
3722:emission
3719:omission
3701:officers
3667:ˈmɜːdʒəz
3642:mattered
3624:mastered
3616:ˈmændrəl
3612:mandrill
3568:ˈhjuːməd
3550:ˈfaʊndəd
3505:ˈkroʊməs
3498:chromous
3454:ˈtʃɑːtəd
3381:buttered
3363:butchers
3330:bleaches
3309:bettered
3276:battered
3249:/ɪˈreɪs/
3224:ˈapətaɪt
3220:appetite
3190:illusion
3187:allusion
3137:allision
3091:Aleutian
3075:addition
2946:⟨
2785:/ˈlɛtər/
2773:, as in
2551:American
2503:, as in
2448:addition
2396:addition
2260:/ˈræbɪt/
2256:/ˈræbət/
2233:phonemic
1855:gym, Jim
1829:ˈɪmɪnənt
1825:imminent
1807:emigrate
1769:ˈsɪn(t)s
1631:Colorado
1627:Nebraska
1600:Kentucky
1584:Virginia
1568:Savannah
1562:and the
1519:Oklahoma
1362:Lowering
1316:morpheme
1235:smoothed
1222:, as in
1005:In some
996:Southern
889:complete
729:are now
685:via the
596:, as in
580:, as in
441:open-mid
439:and the
389:-height
366:/ /
362:Help:IPA
308:Spelling
245:Flapping
210:Clusters
132:In Scots
6153:Mercian
6148:Kentish
5376:23 June
4310:show me
4306:clitics
4290:hurried
4278:Chelsea
4266:Charlie
4234:tensing
4168:and so
4161:'bad'.
4095:balance
4058:letters
3987:ˈtaɪtən
3969:ˈtɛndəd
3929:surplus
3885:ˈskætəd
3881:scatted
3850:ˈroʊzəz
3832:ˈreɪsəz
3802:ˈpɪdʒən
3775:patting
3772:pattern
3741:ˈpærəɾi
3726:əˈmɪʃən
3708:ˈɒfəsəz
3704:offices
3681:modding
3660:mergers
3609:mandrel
3546:founded
3528:ferrous
3501:chromis
3490:ˈkaɪtən
3472:ˈtʃætəd
3468:chatted
3450:charted
3436:ˈsɛnsəz
3429:censors
3370:ˈbʊtʃəz
3366:butches
3352:ˈbʌstəd
3345:bustard
3301:bəˈzɑːr
3297:bizarre
3217:apatite
3167:alluded
3144:əˈlɪʒən
3140:elision
3095:elution
3082:əˈdɪʃən
3078:edition
3067:əkˈsɛpt
3052:əkˈsiːd
2978:in RP.
2933:pattern
2852:(as in
2844:(as in
2815:/ˈhape/
2805:). The
2735:/ˈkɔmʌ/
2677:Cockney
2672:fishing
2638:(as in
2456:chatted
2432:edition
2410:versus
2400:edition
2267:/ˈæbət/
2214:chicken
2206:/tʃ,dʒ/
2121:kit–bit
2112:Kit–bit
2065:trimmer
1822:eminent
1784:ˈklɪntʃ
1592:Indiana
1511:him–hem
1507:kin–ken
1503:pin–pen
1318:(as in
1292:Geordie
1243:vehicle
1224:serious
966:, like
954:, like
925:machine
905:phoenix
897:receive
841:ceiling
837:believe
699:raising
667:(as in
659:(as in
651:of the
647:is the
638:or the
623:merger
608:became
592:became
555:/brɛːd/
543:weather
398:English
354:in the
6212:Vowels
6070:
6051:
6045:,
6042:
6036:,
6033:
6027:
6019:,
5993:
5974:
5952:
5930:
5909:
5824:17 May
5563:
5302:
5240:
5230:
5203:455802
5201:
5158:
5099:
4890:
4800:merger
4730:merger
4710:, and
4672:merger
4639:scythe
4629:bridge
4360:Monday
4356:Sunday
4282:cities
4270:coffee
4170:pretty
4022:gallop
3965:tended
3951:ˈtætəd
3947:tatted
3903:ˈsɛrəf
3896:seraph
3867:ˈsætən
3859:Saturn
3843:Rosa's
3825:racers
3798:pidgin
3795:pigeon
3779:ˈpætən
3761:ˈpætəd
3757:patted
3737:parity
3734:parody
3685:ˈmɒdən
3678:modern
3663:merges
3649:ˈmætəd
3645:matted
3627:masted
3601:ˈlɛnən
3594:Lennon
3535:ˈfɛrəs
3531:Ferris
3520:ˈdɛvən
3486:chitin
3483:chiton
3432:senses
3421:ˈkærət
3414:carrot
3406:ˈkærət
3388:ˈbʌtəd
3384:butted
3348:busted
3316:ˈbɛtəd
3312:betted
3294:bazaar
3283:ˈbætəd
3279:batted
3263:ˈbɛrəl
3256:barrel
3239:əˈreɪz
3232:arrays
3209:əˈmɛnd
3170:eluted
3152:allude
3129:əˈlaɪd
3122:allied
3114:əˈlaɪd
3107:allide
3063:except
3060:accept
3048:exceed
3045:accede
3020:Notes
2937:Patton
2929:Martin
2925:Barton
2899:Final
2892:, and
2854:senate
2846:palace
2801:: see
2792:/fɛrn/
2782:letter
2720:accept
2716:except
2585:xhaust
2570:lantro
2472:dig it
2444:Rosa's
2440:Lennon
2420:rabbit
2416:Rosa's
2408:Rosa's
2385:Lennon
2379:rabbit
2289:merger
2280:merger
2264:abbott
2253:rabbit
2101:ˈwɪndi
2084:ˈwɪntʃ
2062:tremor
2035:tinder
2032:tender
1990:cinder
1987:sender
1975:sinned
1780:clinch
1777:clench
1750:binned
1725:Notes
1639:Ozarks
1629:, and
1623:Kansas
1578:, and
1572:Austin
1487:merger
1483:merger
1426:merger
1337:is in
1308:freeze
1296:FLEECE
1294:, the
1270:, and
1208:mirror
1204:nearer
1198:(with
1196:mirror
1190:(with
1188:nearer
1186:, and
1166:, the
1154:). In
1152:merger
1150:nearer
1146:mirror
1141:mirror
1137:nearer
1135:, and
1109:FLEECE
1059:weight
970:). In
958:) but
921:police
885:decent
849:people
778:FLEECE
767:threat
655:vowel
649:merger
645:merger
642:FLEECE
636:merger
600:, and
572:was a
547:threat
545:, and
539:breath
535:spread
491:/æːɑ̯/
481:, and
394:vowels
370:
235:merger
233:caught
5408:(PDF)
5199:JSTOR
4828:/mɛt/
4634:bryċġ
4560:with
4552:with
4496:happy
4447:(see
4445:taxes
4441:taxis
4425:happy
4352:happy
4320:happy
4274:money
4262:movie
4254:hurry
4246:happy
4242:tense
4232:Happy
4224:Happy
4213:]
4209:[
4205:STRUT
4186:]
4182:[
4178:HAPPY
4159:/rəw/
4152:/rɨw/
4121:STRUT
4116:STRUT
4091:/məs/
4084:/ləd/
4077:/kət/
4070:]
4066:[
4052:(see
4034:STRUT
4030:COMMA
4026:COMMA
4014:schwa
3983:titin
3980:titan
3899:serif
3863:satin
3846:roses
3828:races
3786:with
3745:With
3692:with
3597:Lenin
3564:humid
3516:Devin
3513:Devon
3417:caret
3402:caret
3399:carat
3267:With
3259:beryl
3245:erase
3235:erase
3205:emend
3202:amend
3178:With
3155:elude
3125:elide
3110:elide
3036:With
3032:ˈɛrən
3025:Aaron
2878:-ible
2858:-less
2807:HAPPY
2799:/fʌr/
2778:/fər/
2759:]
2755:[
2751:COMMA
2732:comma
2724:STRUT
2718:from
2689:]
2685:[
2668:]
2664:[
2660:]
2656:[
2632:]
2628:[
2607:. In
2601:salad
2544:split
2513:nomad
2476:bigot
2436:abbot
2428:roses
2424:Lenin
2412:roses
2391:Lenin
2373:abbot
2364:schwa
2339:thing
2334:thang
2321:thank
2317:think
2172:iss,
2133:(the
2127:split
2125:is a
2123:split
2114:split
2097:windy
2093:Wendy
2080:winch
2077:wench
2054:ˈtɪnt
2009:ˈsɪns
2005:since
2002:sense
1979:ˈsɪnd
1934:ˈmɪnt
1927:meant
1919:ˈlɪnt
1889:ˈdʒɪn
1859:ˈdʒɪm
1765:since
1762:cents
1754:ˈbɪnd
1619:Idaho
1588:Texas
1576:Miami
1523:Texas
1470::68).
1413:]
1409:[
1404:dress
1351:vowel
1349:GOOSE
1335:]
1331:[
1320:frees
1304:]
1300:[
1280:Korea
1231:/iːə/
1212:/iːə/
1184:/nɪə/
1180:/bɪə/
1143:(the
1117:laxer
1086:cream
1061:that
1055:eight
1027:creme
1019:cream
942:have
901:seize
881:legal
825:Peter
821:these
805:green
771:great
759:grate
755:stake
751:brake
747:great
743:steak
739:break
551:bread
527:bread
391:front
383:close
358:(IPA)
240:Drawl
187:Pre-R
182:Pre-L
6068:ISBN
6025:ISBN
5991:ISBN
5972:ISBN
5950:ISBN
5928:ISBN
5907:ISBN
5840:link
5826:2008
5788:2023
5561:ISBN
5378:2023
5300:ISBN
5238:OCLC
5228:ISBN
5177:and
5156:OCLC
5097:ISBN
4888:ISBN
4824:mate
4822:and
4810:and
4808:/eɪ/
4798:mate
4791:The
4748:and
4740:and
4721:The
4716:bead
4714:and
4708:beat
4706:and
4700:meet
4698:and
4696:mitt
4686:and
4684:/iː/
4678:and
4670:meet
4666:mitt
4663:The
4644:sīþe
4615:and
4605:/iː/
4603:and
4597:/yː/
4595:and
4585:/iː/
4573:/yː/
4562:/iː/
4558:/yː/
4556:and
4487:for
4485:/iː/
4477:/iː/
4465:/iː/
4463:and
4455:and
4443:and
4433:/iː/
4431:and
4416:and
4414:Hull
4370:and
4358:and
4300:and
4288:and
4276:and
4258:taxi
4250:city
4190:FACE
4139:and
4088:miss
4086:and
3028:Erin
3017:IPA
2974:and
2909:/əm/
2907:and
2905:/ən/
2901:/əl/
2874:-ity
2870:-ily
2862:-let
2850:-ate
2842:-ace
2794:and
2789:fern
2780:and
2749:and
2640:foot
2580:and
2559:dram
2553:and
2533:-ing
2505:padd
2496:-ing
2458:and
2446:and
2398:and
2388:and
2376:and
2354:The
2329:sang
2327:and
2325:sing
2319:and
2284:The
2247:and
2202:fish
2176:it,
2161:, si
2155:, bi
2118:The
2050:tint
2047:tent
2024:ˈtɪn
1972:send
1964:ˈpɪn
1930:mint
1915:lint
1912:lent
1904:ˈkɪn
1874:ˈhɪm
1844:ˈfɪn
1799:ˈdɪn
1747:bend
1739:ˈbɪn
1722:IPA
1701:bear
1699:and
1697:beer
1687:and
1675:and
1596:Ohio
1540:The
1521:and
1509:and
1493:and
1489:of
1474:The
1450:and
1438:and
1327:/iː/
1312:free
1276:idea
1272:fear
1268:deer
1264:beer
1251:idea
1249:and
1239:/ɪə/
1216:near
1192:/ɪə/
1182:and
1178:are
1176:near
1174:and
1172:beer
1160:/ɪə/
1133:/ir/
1129:beer
1127:and
1125:near
1100:and
1090:/ɛɪ/
1084:and
1082:team
1078:meat
1076:and
1057:and
1051:/ɛɪ/
1047:mete
1045:and
1043:etan
1039:meat
1037:and
1031:/ɪə/
1023:tēam
1017:and
1015:team
1011:meat
998:and
992:/eː/
980:/iː/
976:/ɛi/
968:meat
964:/eː/
960:/ɪə/
956:meet
952:/iː/
948:/əɪ/
944:/iː/
913:/iː/
909:quay
869:team
865:meat
857:/ɛː/
853:/eː/
801:meet
793:/eː/
789:/iː/
763:meat
735:/ɛː/
727:meet
725:and
723:meat
719:/iː/
715:/eː/
713:and
711:/ɛː/
707:/iː/
703:/eː/
695:/eː/
691:/iː/
683:/ɛː/
676:/eː/
669:meet
665:/iː/
661:meat
657:/eː/
634:meat
630:meet
627:The
614:/iː/
610:/eː/
606:meat
602:/ɛː/
598:feed
594:/iː/
590:/eː/
586:find
584:and
582:mine
578:/aɪ/
570:/iː/
553:was
531:head
514:/ɛː/
503:team
487:/æː/
483:/ɛː/
475:/eː/
473:and
471:/iː/
469:The
454:and
444:/ɛː/
437:/eː/
430:/iː/
404:and
385:and
381:The
6237:/r/
6229:/l/
6013:doi
5886:doi
5538:doi
5342:doi
5191:doi
5179:/ɛ/
5175:/ɪ/
5126:doi
5093:103
5050:doi
5010:doi
4820:met
4816:/ɛ/
4812:/ɛ/
4794:met
4786:mad
4782:med
4780:or
4778:bad
4774:bed
4770:bat
4766:bet
4762:mat
4758:met
4754:/ɛ/
4750:/æ/
4746:/ɛ/
4728:mat
4724:met
4712:bid
4704:bit
4692:/i/
4688:/ɪ/
4623:or
4601:/i/
4593:/y/
4581:/i/
4569:/y/
4554:/i/
4550:/y/
4532:'s
4489:/ɪ/
4473:/ɪ/
4461:/ɪ/
4451:).
4429:/ɪ/
4420:).
4402:day
4348:day
4344:-ey
4340:-ea
4336:-ee
4302:she
4217:/ə/
4156:rău
4149:râu
4143:in
4141:/ə/
4137:/ɨ/
4125:KIT
4112:KIT
4081:lid
4074:kit
4062:/ɪ/
4010:/ɪ/
4006:KIT
3999:KIT
3247:as
2976:/ə/
2972:/ɪ/
2968:OED
2952:IPA
2939:.
2921:/ə/
2917:/ɪ/
2890:re-
2886:de-
2882:be-
2868:in
2856:);
2848:);
2838:/ɪ/
2834:/ə/
2826:/ə/
2822:/ɪ/
2811:/e/
2796:fur
2775:fir
2771:/r/
2747:KIT
2739:/ə/
2701:/ɪ/
2697:/ə/
2681:/ɪ/
2652:/ə/
2648:/ə/
2644:/ɪ/
2636:/ʊ/
2624:/ɪ/
2620:/ə/
2613:/ɪ/
2593:/ɪ/
2574:abb
2564:or
2542:kit
2529:/ə/
2525:/ɪ/
2511:or
2501:/k/
2491:/ɪ/
2368:/ɪ/
2360:/ə/
2337:of
2301:/ŋ/
2297:/æ/
2295:to
2293:/ɪ/
2249:bit
2245:kit
2198:/ʃ/
2194:inn
2190:hit
2186:/h/
2182:ift
2135:KIT
2131:/ɪ/
2020:tin
2017:ten
1960:pin
1957:pen
1949:ˈɪn
1900:kin
1897:Ken
1885:gin
1882:Jen
1867:hem
1852:gem
1840:fin
1837:fen
1795:din
1792:den
1735:bin
1731:Ben
1718:/ɪ/
1713:/ɛ/
1693:/r/
1689:bet
1685:bit
1677:/ɛ/
1673:/ɪ/
1662:pen
1658:pin
1650:/ɪ/
1648:to
1646:/ɛ/
1546:pen
1542:pin
1495:/ɛ/
1491:/ɪ/
1481:pen
1477:pin
1440:pen
1436:pin
1424:pen
1420:Pin
1399:/e/
1383:kit
1378:/ɪ/
1371:lax
1322:).
1290:In
1220:/r/
1200:/ɪ/
1168:/r/
1113:/r/
1102:/ə/
1098:/r/
1074:eat
1065:).
1035:eat
988:/i/
946:or
929:ski
891:),
873:eat
845:key
831:or
559:bed
507:eat
489:or
396:of
387:mid
229:Cot
6378::
6352:Wh
6333:Th
6313:Ng
6023:.
5882:37
5880:.
5874:.
5861:.
5836:}}
5832:{{
5796:^
5779:.
5743:^
5534:37
5532:.
5432:^
5410:.
5369:.
5354:^
5336:.
5314:^
5236:.
5211:^
5197:.
5187:66
5185:.
5154:.
5138:^
5122:34
5120:.
5095:.
5046:24
5044:.
5006:33
5004:,
4902:^
4874:^
4830:.
4784:,
4776:,
4768:,
4764:,
4760:,
4736:,
4702:,
4655:.
4508:iː
4491:.
4479:.
4467:.
4412:,
4406:RP
4366:,
4342:,
4338:,
4324:my
4312:,
4298:he
4296:,
4294:me
4284:,
4272:,
4268:,
4264:,
4260:,
4256:,
4252:,
4248:,
4196:.
4192::
4100:.
4079:,
4044:,
3790:.
3749:.
3696:.
3271:.
3251:.
3182:.
3040:.
2896:.
2894:e-
2888:,
2884:,
2876:,
2872:;
2860:,
2817:.
2813::
2741::
2726::
2687:ɨ̞
2666:ɨ̞
2630:ɨ̞
2597:RP
2509:ck
2478:.
2468:it
2442:,
2438:,
2426:,
2422:,
2341:.
2323:,
2307:,
2227:).
2219:A
2168:;
2153:ck
2151:li
1945:in
1668:.
1625:,
1621:,
1617:,
1606:.
1574:,
1570:,
1537:.
1505:,
1376:,
1353:.
1333:iː
1302:iː
1278:,
1266:,
1245:,
1226:.
927:,
923:,
907:,
903:,
899:,
887:,
883:,
871:,
867:,
847:,
839:,
823:,
817:me
815:,
813:be
803:,
765:,
757:,
753:,
745:,
741:,
561:.
541:,
533:,
529:,
450:,
412:.
285:WH
280:TH
260:NG
6325:T
6305:L
6297:H
6221:A
6104:e
6097:t
6090:v
6076:.
6054:.
6015::
5999:.
5980:.
5958:.
5936:.
5915:.
5894:.
5888::
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5828:.
5790:.
5569:.
5544:.
5540::
5380:.
5348:.
5344::
5338:8
5308:.
5244:.
5205:.
5193::
5162:.
5132:.
5128::
5105:.
5056:.
5052::
5012::
4896:.
4796:–
4726:–
4668:–
4542:'
4522:u
4504:ɪ
4500:i
4332:i
4238:i
4211:ɐ
4184:e
4068:ə
3011:/
3008:ɪ
3005:/
2996:/
2993:ə
2990:/
2960:ᵻ
2948:ɨ
2944:i
2767:ə
2763:ɪ
2757:ə
2658:ɘ
2583:e
2578:t
2576:o
2568:i
2566:c
2561:a
2517:c
2515:i
2507:o
2362:(
2271:ə
2208:(
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2179:g
2174:k
2170:k
2165:g
2163:n
2158:g
2149:(
1942:N
1660:–
1544:–
1479:–
1422:–
1411:ɛ
1206:–
1148:–
919:(
879:(
863:(
835:(
799:(
632:–
523:d
406:e
402:i
376:.
336:e
329:t
322:v
265:R
231:–
152:A
67:)
63:(
53:.
20:)
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