22:
1180:
for a more in-depth overview of the Old
English sources of the Early Middle English vowels below. External sources are: For the principal Old English, Norse and Romance sources of the Early Scots vowels see Aitken, A.J, (Ed. Macafee C.) (2002) pp. 89–95; for an overview of the historical
483:
358:
335:
330:
310:
305:
325:
47:
4521:
353:
315:
214:
4492:
433:
428:
408:
476:
290:
300:
5058:
275:
1172:
The following table shows the modern realisation of the various Scots vowels along with their pronunciation in Early Scots, the Early
3892:(wasp) from bæc, bæþ, blæd, catt, clappian, haccian, macian, ram, raxan, tacan, wælla, wæsċan, wæter, and wæps. Similarly with Norse
469:
65:
4514:
3524:(wall) from eal, ceallian, fealh, fallan, gealla, healdan, hall, mealt, salh, sealt, smæl, steall and wall. Similarly with Norse
5443:
265:
110:
92:
6471:
6337:
4274:
849:
128:
79:
6367:
5537:
5499:
5484:
4811:
4480:
413:
207:
37:
6347:
6207:
5557:
5516:
5506:
4507:
4473:
The Older Scots Vowels: A History of the
Stressed Vowels of Older Scots from the Beginnings to the Eighteenth Century
3361:(snow) from blāwan, crāwe, māwan, sāwan, sāwol and snāwan. Similarly with Old English āg and Norse lágr which became
4261:(yellow) from borgian, folgian, mearh, maedwe, pyle, sċeadu, swelgan/swealwe, widwe and ġeolo. Similarly with Norse
4723:
2908:
2857:
2012:
6064:
6342:
6296:
6291:
6215:
5825:
5809:
5688:
5547:
1177:
1055:
255:
188:
6123:
6466:
6281:
6225:
6220:
6140:
5813:
5763:
5521:
5063:
4881:
4565:
4553:
200:
2274:
a few from bēo, brēost, ċēse, crēap, dēd, frēond, hēran, hēah, cnēo, sēoc, sċēp, slēp, tēþ and hwēne. Also
6286:
5768:
5734:
5352:
5168:
5028:
4868:
4763:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4173:(nut) from dunn, huniġ, sumor, sunne and hnut. Similarly in some Romance words, for example Modern Scots:
4150:
4138:
4134:
4106:
4102:
4098:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3916:
3912:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3773:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3557:
3553:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3254:
3250:
3238:
3234:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2904:
2900:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2797:
2789:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2641:
2637:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2514:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2315:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2088:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2004:
1996:
1945:
1940:
1913:
1908:
1877:
1872:
1845:
1840:
1814:
1809:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1647:
1642:
1616:
1611:
1591:
1582:
1577:
1557:
1548:
1543:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1406:
1401:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1338:
1333:
1307:
1302:
1276:
1271:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1118:
1104:
1093:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
963:
940:
857:
853:
846:
842:
777:
762:
758:
746:
742:
726:
722:
711:
707:
692:
688:
674:
658:
654:
632:
628:
566:
562:
558:
106:
102:
88:
376:
6444:
6408:
5676:
5669:
5621:
5391:
5362:
5331:
5294:
5219:
5068:
4976:
4889:
4750:
4712:
530:
250:
5909:
4784:
4300:"A History of Scots to 1700 in A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue vol. XII, xxix-clvii. Online"
6413:
6393:
6362:
6235:
6095:
6069:
5970:
5841:
5659:
5251:
5078:
5040:
5035:
4909:
4856:
4614:
1176:
vowels they can largely be derived from, and the main Old
English sources of these vowels. See also
418:
183:
43:
32:
6476:
6352:
5899:
5744:
5588:
5542:
5476:
5229:
4991:
4876:
4789:
4587:
456:
6398:
6250:
6240:
6195:
5957:
5884:
5781:
5626:
5601:
5596:
5489:
5317:
5202:
5023:
4801:
4796:
4775:
4736:
4540:
4530:
2740:(thumb) from brū, brūn, cū, dūfe, dūn, hūs, hū, mūþ, mūs, nū, sūr and þūma. Similarly with Norse
2350:
from beard, brēad, dēad, dēaf, hēafod, mete, stede and tredan. Similarly with
Romance words like
451:
6322:
5241:
3955:(wren) from cann, lang, mæn, panne, sang, sanc, strang, þanne and wrænna. Similarly with Norse
6372:
6171:
6087:
6080:
6035:
5979:
5739:
5729:
5712:
5707:
5611:
5373:
5173:
5134:
5114:
4952:
4844:
4826:
4678:
620:
538:
522:
320:
235:
6327:
6118:
6052:
6008:
6003:
5952:
5944:
5749:
5717:
5664:
5653:
5566:
5438:
5433:
5275:
5214:
5004:
4986:
4821:
4582:
4574:
4468:
423:
6357:
6150:
6057:
6040:
6025:
6020:
6013:
5722:
5631:
5616:
5571:
5423:
5386:
5378:
5357:
5344:
5324:
5310:
5073:
5050:
4981:
4971:
4963:
4743:
3636:(toll) from bolster, bolt, colt, gold, holh, cnol, polle and toll. Similarly with Romance
1183:
546:
6317:
6438:
6332:
6312:
6264:
6156:
6030:
5700:
5467:
5406:
5185:
5142:
5099:
5016:
5011:
4900:
4850:
4701:
4652:
4607:
4600:
3453:
3185:
from fæþer, gaderian, hamer, dæġ, bræġen, fæġer, næġel and tæġel. Similarly with Norse
2793:
2689:
2311:
1173:
1097:
514:
502:
403:
178:
168:
121:
4484:(SND) (1929–1976), The Scottish national Dictionary Association, vols. I–X, Edinburgh.
6460:
6403:
6388:
6230:
5986:
5937:
5754:
5693:
5606:
5552:
5511:
5449:
5396:
5280:
5207:
4637:
534:
173:
163:
729:
clusters appeared word-initially, though this feature is now highly recessive (e.g.
6257:
5681:
5645:
5578:
5401:
5224:
5197:
5180:
5124:
5083:
4665:
4644:
4295:
3461:
2008:
578:
542:
147:
142:
5904:
4299:
3416:(slaughter) from candel, draht, hand, hlæhhan, sand and slæ. Similarly with Norse
2087:(onion) but where Romance words entered Scots after this sound shift the original
2576:(sharp) from earm, arwe, derne, hearm, hærfest, wearm and sċearp. Similarly with
2501:(stone) from ān, ānes, bān, gān, nān and stān. Similarly with Norse, for example
6164:
6074:
6047:
5919:
5865:
5773:
5455:
5416:
4999:
4694:
4658:
4593:
2000:
861:
510:
137:
3113:(took) from bōh, bōc, cōc, ġenóh, hōh, hōc, hlōh, tōc, plōh, sōh, tōh and tōc.
5914:
5894:
5259:
4929:
4630:
636:
398:
6100:
5963:
5848:
5494:
5411:
5192:
5147:
5119:
4945:
4356:
3210:
2844:
in Modern peripheral dialects. In Fife and parts of
Perthshire Middle Scots
2681:
1463:
518:
498:
5924:
2876:(spoon) from dōn, blōd, mōna, and spōn. Similarly with Romance words like
749:
in Modern
English, Scots has retained the original pronunciation (e.g. OE
5889:
5237:
393:
98:
5930:
5526:
5428:
5233:
4499:
2596:(wrath) from æpel, æx, æfter, pæþ and wræþþu. Similarly with Romance
2307:
545:. Some vocabulary has been borrowed from Scotland's other language,
2462:(no) from āc, āte, brād, gā, hāl, hām, lād, māra, rāp, sāp and nā.
5151:
1194:
526:
388:
3808:(hasp) from bræs, claspe, æsċe, fæst, glæd, glæs, gæs and hæpse.
6193:
5807:
4551:
4503:
537:
borrowings. Trade and immigration led to some borrowings from
15:
3592:
by the Middle Scots period and subsequently diphthongised to
2051:
from wīs, wīte, bīdan, cȳ, hȳf and fȳr. Similarly with Norse
525:
sources are common, especially from ecclesiastical and legal
2852:). In Modern central varieties it has merged with vowel 15 (
677:
cluster also don’t have clusters in Scots (in this case, OE
4022:(top) from croft, cropp, dropa, loft, pott, softe and top.
2939:(to) from dō, scō and tō. Similarly with Norse words like
3776:
in Early Scots, remaining so, for example Modern Scots:
3596:
in Modern Scots. In some dialects this is vocalising to
3309:
in Middle Scots and subsequently, depending on dialect,
864:), Scots has retained the original velar pronunciation:
2812:(wool) from full, pullian and wull. Similarly Romance
2800:
by the Middle Scots period, for example Modern Scots:
2473:
in Modern central, southern and Ulster varieties and
966:
was lost in
English, but remained in Scots, spelled
860:, respectively, in Modern English (that is, after a
97:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6381:
6305:
6274:
6206:
6138:
5996:
5877:
5833:
5824:
5644:
5587:
5475:
5466:
5371:
5343:
5302:
5293:
5268:
5250:
5161:
5133:
5107:
5098:
5049:
4962:
4937:
4928:
4867:
4762:
4711:
4686:
4677:
4573:
4564:
4417:
Scottish
National Dictionary, Introduction p. xxiii
3153:may also occur, especially in Ulster, for example:
2517:occurs in other words of Norse origin, for example
4451:Scottish National Dictionary, Introduction p. xxiv
4401:Scottish National Dictionary, Introduction p. xxii
1184:Vowel systems of Scots: a rough historical outline
3576:(stow) from flōwan, glōwan, grōwan and stówiġan.
4225:depending on dialect, for example Modern Scots:
2927:(moor) from bōrd, fōrd, flōr and mōr along with
111:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
4201:Various Old English word endings became any of
3464:period and subsequently, depending on dialect,
3836:occasionally occur, for example Modern Scots:
3329:from dragan, gnagan, haga and lagu, and Norse
4515:
4496:(DOST) Vol. 12. Oxford University Press 2002.
4478:William Grant and David D. Murison (eds) The
4149:, but in some words it merged with vowel 15 (
477:
208:
8:
4105:in Modern Scots but in some dialects became
2513:(foretell) from frá, kál and spá. The vowel
673:that come from OE words that did not have a
4080:
4074:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4043:
4035:
3716:in Early Scots, remaining so, but approach
2856:) in short environments conditioned by the
6203:
6190:
5830:
5821:
5804:
5472:
5299:
5104:
4934:
4683:
4570:
4561:
4548:
4522:
4508:
4500:
2907:) in long environments conditioned by the
2306:) in Middle Scots depending on dialect or
484:
470:
226:
215:
201:
117:
4328:A History of Scots to 1700, pp. lxiii-lxv
3720:in some Modern dialects especially after
2091:(Vowel 2) remained in Scots, for example
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
4447:
4445:
2027:when long in Modern Scots, for example:
1189:
1187:in A History of Scots to 1700, p. lvii.
4493:Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue
4475:, The Scottish Text Society, Edinburgh.
4435:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4286:
3828:in Older Scots, remaining so, although
2536:+ consonant, depending on dialect, now
780:was often dropped in certain contexts:
442:
367:
344:
289:
264:
241:
234:
155:
127:
120:
4460:A History of Scots to 1700, pp. xcviii
3277:in Middle Scots merging with vowel 2 (
3221:in Middle Scots merging with vowel 1 (
2298:in Early Scots, merging with vowel 2 (
1092:Similarly, in the Early Scots period,
951:) was deleted in a few words (e.g. OE
4337:A History of Scots to 1700, pp. lxiii
3002:(school). Note: But not Modern Scots
1770:
1462:
1192:
765:when adjacent to a front vowel (e.g.
669:). Note that the English words like
661:in final position (e.g. Modern Scots
569:or /r/ were lost or did not develop:
7:
4319:A History of Scots to 1700, pp. lxii
2477:in northern varieties, for example:
2011:and subsequently conditioned by the
101:. For the distinction between ,
5084:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
4346:A History of Scots to 1700, pp. lxi
3065:depending on dialect, for example:
2974:), in Mid Northern varieties after
2966:In northern varieties Middle Scots
2529:(mud) from greiða, hagna and leir.
6443:Languages between parentheses are
2899:In central varieties Middle Scots
2680:in Middle Scots, remaining so but
1735:
14:
4439:A History of Scots to 1700, p. xc
4377:A History of Scots to 1700, p. ci
3137:in Middle Scots and subsequently
2951:(praise), and Romance words like
1125:, 'bolster', became Modern Scots
1040:for a number of speakers, though
3269:in stem final positions, became
2994:(cool), from gōd, cōl and Dutch
1058:occurred in some words (e.g. OE
699:, 'friend', became Modern Scots
46:has been specified. Please help
20:
3317:in Modern Scots, for example:
2640:in Early Scots then eventually
93:International Phonetic Alphabet
6447:of the language on their left.
4355:Scottish National Dictionary,
3560:in Modern Scots, for example:
3472:in Modern Scots, for example:
3392:in Modern Scots, for example:
2644:in Modern Scots, for example:
2544:in Modern Scots, for example:
2414:in Modern Scots, for example:
2218:in Modern Scots, for example:
1147:, 'hold', became Modern Scots
1111:, 'pull', became Modern Scots
496:This is a presentation of the
1:
6338:Germanic substrate hypothesis
4275:History of the Scots language
4153:), for example Modern Scots:
4141:in Modern Scots, for example
3768:Before alveolars Old English
2318:, for example Modern Scots:
1930:
1898:
1862:
1830:
1799:
1699:
1663:
1632:
1601:
1567:
1458:guid ('good'), beuk ('book')
1318:deid ('dead'), lene ('lean')
1287:deed ('deed'), sene ('seen')
1025:('through') have dropped the
80:History of the Scots language
6368:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
5059:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
4481:Scottish National Dictionary
4033:, for example Modern Scots:
3994:, for example Modern Scots:
3919:, for example Modern Scots:
3728:, for example Modern Scots:
3604:, for example Modern Scots:
2986:, for example Modern Scots:
2911:, for example Modern Scots:
2692:, for example Modern Scots:
1533:
1493:
1422:
1391:
1354:
1323:
1292:
1261:
1230:⟨i.e, y.e, ey⟩
1224:
1017:However, some words such as
6348:High German consonant shift
3974:Similarly with Old English
2154:, for example Modern Scots
1298:⟨ei, ea, e.e⟩
1077:resulting in the diphthong
6493:
4886:Westlauwers–Terschellings
4539:According to contemporary
4488:A History of Scots to 1700
4471:, (Ed. Macafee C.) (2002)
3380:+ consonant, Middle Scots
2909:Scottish Vowel Length Rule
2858:Scottish Vowel Length Rule
2146:Similarly with Old French
2013:Scottish Vowel Length Rule
1967:Old English and Old Norse
230:History and description of
77:
36:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
6430:
6202:
6189:
6111:
6065:Southern Schleswig Danish
5820:
5803:
4560:
4547:
4537:
4097:in close position became
3824:in close position became
3049:resulted in Modern Scots
2314:dialects where it became
1944:
1912:
1876:
1844:
1813:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1646:
1615:
1581:
1547:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1405:
1337:
1306:
1275:
1244:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
639:forms (e.g. Modern Scots
509:Scots has its origins in
345:Development of consonants
6343:West Germanic gemination
6297:Ancient Belgian language
6292:Germanic parent language
6236:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
5358:Austrian Standard German
3149:in Modern Scots, though
3129:in open position became
2840:in Early Scots becoming
1991:, as well as Old French
1178:Middle English phonology
517:; though loanwords from
513:(OE) via early Northern
4081:
4075:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4044:
4036:
3424:(freight), and Romance
2278:(overseer) from grœfa.
1669:⟨ow, owe⟩
1360:⟨oa, o.e⟩
1329:⟨ae, a.e⟩
1267:⟨ee, e.e⟩
1163:, depending on dialect.
1073:became vocalised after
1044:is widespread (e.g. OE
89:phonetic transcriptions
6404:Preterite-present verb
6287:Proto-Germanic grammar
6241:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
5353:German Standard German
5029:East Frisian Low Saxon
4076:web, west, weċġ, twelf
1638:⟨au, aw⟩
1573:⟨oi, oy⟩
1539:⟨oi, oy⟩
1499:⟨ai, ay⟩
1428:⟨ui, eu⟩
1081:in Modern Scots (e.g.
619:Certain clusters were
86:This article contains
6409:Grammatischer Wechsel
5392:Namibian Black German
5363:Swiss Standard German
5332:Early New High German
4890:Mainland West Frisian
4751:Harlingerland Frisian
3692:in Middle Scots then
3668:in Middle Scots then
3644:(solder), also Dutch
3337:from maga and clawa.
3253:merged with vowel 1 (
2998:(ankle), and Romance
2970:merged with vowel 2 (
2903:merged with vowel 4 (
2848:merged with vowel 4 (
2756:(spout), and Romance
2214:in Middle Scots and
1788:Early Middle English
1482:Early Middle English
1213:Early Middle English
1155:and then changing to
1133:and then changing to
841:In contexts where OE
291:Development of vowels
236:English pronunciation
6472:Germanic phonologies
6414:Indo-European ablaut
6394:Germanic strong verb
6363:Germanic spirant law
5500:Southeast Limburgish
4996:Gelders-Overijssels
4625:Irish Middle English
4615:Early Modern English
4137:in Early Scots then
4101:in Older Scots then
3660:(a) and Older Scots
3588:became vocalised to
3556:in Older Scots then
3305:in Early Scots then
3133:in Early Scots then
2676:in Early Scots then
2410:in Middle Scots and
2406:in Early Scots then
2210:in Early Scots then
2071:(lose), and Romance
48:improve this article
6382:Synchronic features
6353:Germanic a-mutation
6306:Diachronic features
5656:in the broad sense
5589:East Central German
5543:Lorraine Franconian
5517:Transylvanian Saxon
5477:West Central German
5252:East Low Franconian
5162:West Low Franconian
4294:Macafee, Caroline;
3528:(neck) and Romance
3281:) in Modern Scots.
3257:) in Modern Scots.
3225:) in Modern Scots.
2310:, except for a few
737:, 'tricky nature').
714:(e.g. Modern Scots
266:General development
6399:Germanic weak verb
6208:Language subgroups
5558:Pennsylvania Dutch
5507:Moselle Franconian
5485:Central Franconian
5318:Middle High German
5069:Central Pomeranian
5024:Northern Low Saxon
4737:Wangerooge Frisian
4531:Germanic languages
3880:(well for water),
3600:especially before
1741:⟨ew⟩
1705:⟨ew⟩
1607:⟨ee⟩
1397:⟨ou⟩
1062:, 'grass', became
968:⟨ch⟩
955:, 'mouth', became
753:, 'shelf', became
452:History of English
6454:
6453:
6439:extinct languages
6426:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6373:Great Vowel Shift
6185:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6134:
6133:
5980:Greenlandic Norse
5799:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5730:Southern Bavarian
5713:Northern Bavarian
5689:Highest Alemannic
5640:
5639:
5374:standard variants
5289:
5288:
5135:Standard variants
5094:
5093:
4953:Middle Low German
4924:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4724:Saterland Frisian
4025:Similarly with a
3696:in Modern Scots.
3676:in Modern Scots.
3241:in Modern Scots.
2632:In open position
1960:
1959:
1936:⟨u⟩
1904:⟨o⟩
1868:⟨a⟩
1836:⟨e⟩
1805:⟨i⟩
1181:developments see
1048:, 'what', became
949:⟨þ⟩
945:⟨ð⟩
710:often reduced to
691:often reduced to
539:Middle Low German
494:
493:
368:Variable features
354:Single consonants
321:Great Vowel Shift
242:Historical stages
225:
224:
76:
75:
68:
38:quality standards
29:This article may
6484:
6231:Elbe (Irminonic)
6204:
6191:
6119:Mainland Gutnish
6009:Swedish dialects
5971:Middle Icelandic
5945:Middle Norwegian
5834:Historical forms
5831:
5822:
5805:
5764:South Franconian
5750:Hutterite German
5718:Central Bavarian
5538:Rhine Franconian
5473:
5303:Historical forms
5300:
5215:Surinamese Dutch
5108:Historical forms
5105:
4938:Historical forms
4935:
4687:Historical forms
4684:
4571:
4562:
4549:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4501:
4461:
4458:
4452:
4449:
4440:
4437:
4418:
4415:
4402:
4399:
4378:
4375:
4360:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4320:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4291:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4152:
4140:
4136:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4084:
4078:
4071:
4063:
4055:
4047:
4039:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3918:
3914:
3900:(flagstone) and
3835:
3831:
3827:
3775:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3559:
3555:
3471:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3256:
3252:
3240:
3236:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2906:
2902:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2799:
2791:
2687:
2684:final it became
2679:
2675:
2643:
2639:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2516:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2317:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2090:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2006:
1998:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1596:point ('point')
1593:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1562:noise ('noise')
1559:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1190:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1142:
1137:in Modern Scots.
1136:
1132:
1120:
1106:
1095:
1085:, 'bow', became
1080:
1076:
1072:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
969:
965:
950:
946:
942:
859:
855:
848:
844:
830:→ Modern Scots
779:
764:
760:
748:
744:
728:
724:
713:
709:
694:
690:
676:
660:
656:
634:
630:
568:
565:and a following
564:
560:
486:
479:
472:
424:T-glottalization
227:
217:
210:
203:
118:
108:
104:
71:
64:
60:
57:
51:
24:
23:
16:
6492:
6491:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6481:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6418:
6377:
6358:Germanic umlaut
6323:Holtzmann's law
6301:
6270:
6198:
6177:
6130:
6107:
6041:South Jutlandic
6026:Danish dialects
5992:
5873:
5816:
5787:
5769:East Franconian
5723:Viennese German
5636:
5617:Silesian German
5583:
5572:Central Hessian
5462:
5387:Namibian German
5376:
5367:
5345:Standard German
5339:
5325:New High German
5311:Old High German
5285:
5264:
5246:
5157:
5129:
5090:
5074:East Pomeranian
5064:Brandenburgisch
5051:East Low German
5045:
4972:Dutch Low Saxon
4964:West Low German
4958:
4916:
4882:Schiermonnikoog
4863:
4758:
4744:Wursten Frisian
4707:
4673:
4556:
4543:
4533:
4528:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4450:
4443:
4438:
4421:
4416:
4405:
4400:
4381:
4376:
4363:
4354:
4350:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4304:
4302:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4271:
4199:
4127:
4109:, for example:
4091:
3814:
3766:
3702:
3682:
3654:
3582:
3546:
3446:
3287:
3263:
3247:
3231:
3207:
3119:
2860:, for example:
2826:
2786:
2666:
2630:
2396:
2302:) or vowel 4 (
2284:
2200:
2139:(religion) and
2019:when short and
1975:, Old English
1965:
1935:
1903:
1867:
1835:
1804:
1791:Main Source(s)
1740:
1704:
1668:
1637:
1606:
1572:
1538:
1498:
1485:Main Source(s)
1427:
1396:
1359:
1328:
1297:
1266:
1238:
1229:
1216:Main Source(s)
1170:
1006:→ Modern Scots
992:→ Modern Scots
978:→ Modern Scots
967:
948:
944:
816:→ Modern Scots
802:→ Modern Scots
788:→ Modern Scots
757:). Old English
635:except in some
608:→ Modern Scots
594:→ Modern Scots
555:
547:Scottish Gaelic
501:history of the
490:
461:
438:
363:
340:
285:
260:
221:
116:
115:
114:
82:
72:
61:
55:
52:
41:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
6490:
6488:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6467:Scots language
6459:
6458:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6441:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6282:Proto-Germanic
6278:
6276:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6261:
6254:
6246:
6245:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6223:
6218:
6212:
6210:
6200:
6199:
6194:
6187:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6168:
6161:
6157:Crimean Gothic
6146:
6144:
6136:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6084:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6033:
6031:Insular Danish
6028:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6014:Rinkebysvenska
6011:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5983:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5967:
5955:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5941:
5934:
5928:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5881:
5879:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5862:
5860:Old East Norse
5857:
5855:Old West Norse
5845:
5837:
5835:
5828:
5818:
5817:
5808:
5801:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5766:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5735:South Tyrolean
5727:
5726:
5725:
5715:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5677:High Alemannic
5674:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5650:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5593:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5545:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5519:
5514:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5481:
5479:
5470:
5468:Central German
5464:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5426:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5409:
5407:Barossa German
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5383:
5381:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5349:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5321:
5314:
5306:
5304:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5256:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5186:French Flemish
5178:
5177:
5176:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5145:
5139:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5111:
5109:
5102:
5100:Low Franconian
5096:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5055:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4968:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4949:
4941:
4939:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4901:Westereendersk
4895:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4847:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4832:
4824:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4779:
4768:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4717:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4702:Middle Frisian
4698:
4690:
4688:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4662:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4608:Modern English
4604:
4601:Middle English
4597:
4590:
4579:
4577:
4568:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4545:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4485:
4476:
4463:
4462:
4453:
4441:
4419:
4403:
4379:
4361:
4348:
4339:
4330:
4321:
4312:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4270:
4267:
4198:
4195:
4189:(stubble) and
4126:
4123:
4090:
4087:
3848:(leaf/blade),
3813:
3810:
3765:
3762:
3701:
3698:
3681:
3678:
3664:(b(i)) became
3653:
3650:
3581:
3578:
3545:
3542:
3445:
3442:
3420:(band), Dutch
3333:(seagull) and
3286:
3283:
3262:
3259:
3246:
3243:
3230:
3227:
3206:
3203:
3118:
3115:
2825:
2822:
2785:
2782:
2690:Southern Scots
2665:
2662:
2629:
2626:
2395:
2392:
2312:Northern Scots
2283:
2280:
2199:
2196:
2067:(shelter) and
1964:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1925:fon ('folly')
1923:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1730:spew ('spew')
1728:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1694:lown ('calm')
1692:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1528:pain ('pain')
1526:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1445:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1417:doun ('down')
1415:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1386:cole ('coal')
1384:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1349:bane ('bone')
1347:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1256:mine ('mine')
1254:
1248:
1243:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1174:Middle English
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1138:
1116:
1015:
1014:
1000:
986:
939:Word final OE
937:
936:
922:
908:
894:
880:
839:
838:
824:
810:
796:
739:
738:
719:
704:
686:
652:
617:
616:
602:
588:
554:
551:
515:Middle English
503:Scots language
492:
491:
489:
488:
481:
474:
466:
463:
462:
460:
459:
454:
448:
445:
444:
443:Related topics
440:
439:
437:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
404:L-vocalization
401:
396:
391:
386:
373:
370:
369:
365:
364:
362:
361:
356:
350:
347:
346:
342:
341:
339:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
297:
294:
293:
287:
286:
284:
283:
278:
276:In Old English
272:
269:
268:
262:
261:
259:
258:
256:Middle English
253:
247:
244:
243:
239:
238:
232:
231:
223:
222:
220:
219:
212:
205:
197:
194:
193:
192:
191:
186:
181:
179:Southern Scots
176:
171:
169:Northern Scots
166:
158:
157:
153:
152:
151:
150:
145:
140:
132:
131:
125:
124:
122:Scots language
109:⟩, see
85:
84:
83:
78:Main article:
74:
73:
44:cleanup reason
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6489:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6446:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6429:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6389:Germanic verb
6387:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6328:Sievers's law
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6304:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6275:Reconstructed
6273:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6248:
6247:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6192:
6188:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6097:
6094:
6090:
6089:
6088:Middle Danish
6085:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5972:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5964:Old Icelandic
5961:
5960:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5938:Old Norwegian
5935:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5806:
5802:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5756:
5755:Gottscheerish
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5694:Walser German
5692:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5660:Low Alemannic
5658:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5622:High Prussian
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5607:Erzgebirgisch
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5512:Luxembourgish
5510:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5450:Klezmer-loshn
5447:
5445:
5444:Scots Yiddish
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5282:
5281:Meuse-Rhenish
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5208:Kleverlandish
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5169:Central Dutch
5167:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4977:Stellingwarfs
4975:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4911:
4908:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4897:Wood Frisian
4896:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4764:North Frisian
4761:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4566:Anglo-Frisian
4563:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4532:
4525:
4520:
4518:
4513:
4511:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4457:
4454:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4359:Vol I p. xxii
4358:
4352:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4301:
4297:
4296:Aitken, A. J.
4290:
4287:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4148:
4144:
4132:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4096:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4077:
4073:(dwell) from
4072:
4070:
4065:(twelve) and
4064:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3977:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3823:
3819:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3771:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3697:
3680:Vowel 14b(ii)
3679:
3677:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3551:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3463:
3455:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3370:
3368:
3365:(to own) and
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3284:
3282:
3260:
3258:
3244:
3242:
3228:
3226:
3212:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3128:
3124:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2795:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2776:(powder) and
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2671:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2635:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2620:(martyr) and
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2401:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2205:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2131:(political),
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1886:(closed); OE
1885:
1881:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1774:
1771:Short vowels
1769:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1151:); becoming
1150:
1146:
1139:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1030:
1024:
1021:(though) and
1020:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
972:
971:
960:
958:
954:
935:
931:
927:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
866:
865:
863:
851:
837:
833:
829:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:
781:
774:
773:, 'cinder').
772:
768:
756:
752:
736:
732:
720:
717:
705:
702:
698:
687:
684:
681:became Scots
680:
672:
668:
664:
653:
650:
646:
642:
638:
627:A word-final
626:
625:
624:
622:
615:
611:
607:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
587:
583:
580:
576:
572:
571:
570:
552:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
535:Middle French
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
504:
500:
487:
482:
480:
475:
473:
468:
467:
465:
464:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
447:
446:
441:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
383:
379:
375:
374:
372:
371:
366:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
349:
348:
343:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
298:
296:
295:
292:
288:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
271:
270:
267:
263:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
246:
245:
240:
237:
233:
229:
228:
218:
213:
211:
206:
204:
199:
198:
196:
195:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
174:Central Scots
172:
170:
167:
165:
164:Insular Scots
162:
161:
160:
159:
154:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
134:
133:
130:
126:
123:
119:
112:
100:
96:
94:
90:
81:
70:
67:
59:
49:
45:
39:
35:
34:
27:
18:
17:
6434:
6318:Verner's law
6263:
6258:Gotho-Nordic
6256:
6249:
6170:
6163:
6155:
6149:
6139:
6124:Fårö Gutnish
6086:
6079:
5985:
5978:
5969:
5962:
5943:
5936:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5780:
5682:Swiss German
5646:Upper German
5579:Amana German
5553:Volga German
5522:Hunsrückisch
5448:
5402:Unserdeutsch
5397:Berlinerisch
5330:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5269:Cover groups
5225:Mohawk Dutch
5220:Jersey Dutch
5198:East Flemish
5181:West Flemish
5125:Middle Dutch
5079:Low Prussian
4951:
4944:
4910:Terschelling
4894:Clay Frisian
4869:West Frisian
4857:Wiedingharde
4849:
4837:
4797:Heligolandic
4774:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4730:
4713:East Frisian
4700:
4693:
4666:Middle Scots
4664:
4657:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4624:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4491:
4487:
4479:
4472:
4456:
4357:Introduction
4351:
4342:
4333:
4324:
4315:
4303:. Retrieved
4289:
4262:
4258:
4257:(widow) and
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4200:
4197:Word endings
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4146:
4142:
4130:
4129:Old English
4128:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4094:
4093:Old English
4092:
4066:
4058:
4050:
4042:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3975:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3911:Also before
3910:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3888:(water) and
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3821:
3817:
3816:Old English
3815:
3805:
3804:(grass) and
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3769:
3767:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3709:
3705:
3704:Old English
3703:
3684:Older Scots
3683:
3656:Older Scots
3655:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3584:Early Scots
3583:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3549:
3548:Old English
3547:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3520:(stall) and
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3462:Middle Scots
3448:Older Scots
3447:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3384:also became
3371:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3289:Old English
3288:
3265:Early Scots
3264:
3249:Early Scots
3248:
3233:Older Scots
3232:
3209:Older Scots
3208:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3126:
3122:
3121:Old English
3120:
3110:
3109:(tough) and
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3041:A following
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3022:(could) and
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2943:(Thursday),
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2923:(floor) and
2920:
2916:
2912:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2833:
2829:
2828:Old English
2827:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2788:Older Scots
2787:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2752:(droop) and
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2669:
2668:Old English
2667:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2633:
2631:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2592:(path), and
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2531:
2526:
2525:(spare) and
2522:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2399:
2398:Old English
2397:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:(creature),
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2346:(stead) and
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2291:
2287:
2286:Old English
2285:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2203:
2202:Old English
2201:
2191:
2190:(spoil) and
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2162:(ointment),
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2119:(minister),
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2009:Middle Scots
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1951:
1919:
1893:man ('man')
1887:
1883:
1857:men ('men')
1851:
1825:pin ('pin')
1820:
1785:Early Scots
1782:Realisation
1766:dew ('dew')
1761:
1725:
1689:
1658:law ('law')
1653:
1622:
1588:
1554:
1523:
1519:
1479:Early Scots
1476:Realisation
1453:
1412:
1380:
1344:
1313:
1282:
1251:
1210:Early Scots
1207:Realisation
1182:
1171:
1148:
1144:
1129:), becoming
1126:
1122:
1112:
1108:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1032:Old English
1031:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1010:and English
1007:
1003:
997:
996:and English
993:
989:
983:
982:and English
979:
975:
961:
956:
952:
938:
933:
932:and English
929:
925:
919:
918:and English
915:
911:
905:
904:and English
901:
897:
891:
890:and English
887:
883:
877:
876:and English
873:
869:
840:
835:
834:and English
831:
827:
821:
820:and English
817:
813:
807:
806:and English
803:
799:
793:
792:and English
789:
785:
775:
770:
766:
754:
750:
740:
734:
730:
715:
700:
696:
682:
678:
670:
666:
662:
648:
644:
640:
618:
613:
612:and English
609:
605:
599:
598:and English
595:
591:
585:
584:and English
581:
579:Modern Scots
574:
557:Instance of
556:
543:Middle Dutch
531:Anglo-Norman
508:
499:phonological
497:
495:
381:
377:
280:
184:Ulster Scots
148:Modern Scots
143:Middle Scots
105:and ⟨
87:
62:
56:January 2011
53:
30:
6333:Kluge's law
6313:Grimm's law
6096:Dalecarlian
6075:Perkerdansk
6048:East Danish
5866:Old Gutnish
5842:Proto-Norse
5782:Langobardic
5774:Vogtlandian
5602:Upper Saxon
5456:Lachoudisch
5417:Lotegorisch
5295:High German
5041:Westphalian
5036:Eastphalian
5000:Achterhooks
4877:Hindeloopen
4812:Bökingharde
4781:Föhr–Amrum
4695:Old Frisian
4659:Early Scots
4594:Old English
4469:Aitken, A.J
4253:(swallow),
4193:(trouble).
4177:(commère),
4018:(soft) and
3967:(busy) and
3951:(then) and
3872:(stretch),
3640:(roll) and
3632:(poll) and
3608:(bolster),
3572:(grow) and
3536:(ball) and
3440:(a drain).
3412:(sand) and
3400:(draught),
3357:(soul) and
3093:(laughed),
2947:(palm) and
2935:(shoe) and
2872:(moon) and
2816:(culm) and
2808:(pull) and
2764:(lantern),
2736:(sour) and
2572:(warm) and
2568:(harvest),
2521:(harness),
2509:(cole) and
2497:(none) and
2458:(sore) and
2115:(license),
2111:(liberal),
2095:(baptise),
2001:Early Scots
1627:ee ('eye')
1522:(open); OF
959:in Scots).
862:front vowel
850:palatalized
657:reduced to
631:reduced to
511:Old English
311:Close front
251:Old English
189:Doric Scots
138:Early Scots
50:if you can.
6477:Sound laws
6461:Categories
6165:Burgundian
6081:Old Danish
6070:Gøtudanskt
6053:Bornholmsk
5915:Vestlandsk
5895:Kebabnorsk
5632:Halcnovian
5597:Thuringian
5260:Limburgish
5230:Stadsfries
5203:Brabantian
4930:Low German
4776:Eiderstedt
4631:Fingallian
4281:References
4265:(window).
4249:(shadow),
4245:(pillow),
4241:(meadow),
4237:(marrow),
4233:(follow),
4229:(borrow),
4165:(summer),
3947:(strong),
3904:and Dutch
3624:(hollow),
3508:(sallow),
3484:(fallow),
3396:(candle),
3201:(damage).
3193:(street),
3165:(hammer),
3161:(gather),
3157:(father),
3101:(plough),
3081:(enough),
3038:(should).
2982:it became
2963:(use v.).
2896:(use n.).
2888:(school),
2820:(pulpit).
2612:(regard),
2608:(garden),
2242:(friend),
2166:(oyster),
2158:(choice),
2143:(spirit).
2129:poleetical
2123:(oblige),
2059:(strain),
2039:(remain),
1854:+ alveolar
1464:Diphthongs
1056:Metathesis
733:, 'know';
553:Consonants
399:H-dropping
316:Diphthongs
306:Close back
6445:varieties
6437:indicate
6251:Northwest
6196:Philology
6101:Elfdalian
6036:Jutlandic
5958:Icelandic
5933:(written)
5927:(written)
5905:Trøndersk
5885:Norwegian
5849:Old Norse
5670:Coloniero
5654:Alemannic
5627:Wymysorys
5495:Colognian
5490:Ripuarian
5412:Rotwelsch
5242:Midslands
5193:Zeelandic
5174:Hollandic
5148:Afrikaans
5120:Old Dutch
4946:Old Saxon
4845:Karrharde
4827:Goesharde
4808:Mainland
4541:philology
4305:4 January
4185:(onion),
4181:(cover),
4161:(honey),
4057:(wedge),
3998:(croft),
3971:(wrong).
3963:(sting),
3959:(curse),
3800:(glass),
3784:(clasp),
3780:(brass),
3628:(knoll),
3580:Vowel 13a
3540:(scald).
3516:(small),
3454:vocalised
3444:Vowel 12a
3414:slauchter
3408:(laugh),
3105:(ditch),
3085:(cliff),
3069:(bough),
3014:(would),
2915:(board),
2880:(brute),
2864:(blood),
2794:vocalised
2780:(round).
2772:(doubt),
2768:(count),
2760:(allow),
2748:(cower),
2744:(ready),
2728:(mouse),
2724:(mouth),
2716:(house),
2700:(brown),
2616:(marry),
2604:(carry),
2588:(after),
2580:(apple),
2556:(child),
2552:(arrow),
2434:(whole),
2426:(broad),
2382:(cream),
2326:(bread),
2182:(point),
2170:(avoid),
2137:releegion
2133:poseetion
2117:meenister
2103:(civil),
2035:(blame),
1794:Examples
1779:Spelling
1720:/eu/,/iu/
1684:/ɔu/,/ou/
1514:/ai/,/ɛi/
1488:Examples
1473:Spelling
1219:Examples
1204:Spelling
1098:vocalized
943:(written
741:While OE
695:(e.g. OE
637:inflected
519:Old Norse
419:Rhoticity
326:Open back
6172:Vandalic
6115:Gutnish
5920:Vikværsk
5900:Sognamål
5890:Bergensk
5740:Cimbrian
5708:Bavarian
5665:Alsatian
5612:Lusatian
5548:Palatine
5238:Amelands
5115:Frankish
5005:Sallaans
4987:Gronings
4838:Southern
4831:Northern
4822:Halligen
4771:Insular
4588:dialects
4298:(2002).
4269:See also
4125:Vowel 19
4089:Vowel 18
4049:(west),
4010:(loft),
4006:(drop),
4002:(crop),
3939:(song),
3927:(long),
3908:(path).
3876:(take),
3864:(make),
3812:Vowel 17
3796:(glad),
3792:(fast),
3764:Vowel 16
3700:Vowel 15
3652:Vowel 14
3648:(golf).
3620:(gold),
3616:(colt),
3612:(bolt),
3568:(glow),
3564:(flow),
3544:Vowel 13
3532:(alum),
3512:(salt),
3504:(malt),
3500:(hall),
3496:(hold),
3492:(gall),
3488:(fall),
3480:(call),
3430:glanders
3404:(hand),
3349:(mowe),
3345:(crow),
3341:(blow),
3285:Vowel 12
3261:Vowel 11
3245:Vowel 10
3205:Vowel 8a
3097:(look),
3089:(hook),
3077:(cook),
3073:(book),
3018:(wool),
3010:(wood),
3006:(foot),
2990:(good),
2959:(sure),
2955:(poor),
2941:Fuirsday
2919:(ford),
2892:(tune),
2868:(done),
2804:(full),
2784:Vowel 6a
2712:(down),
2708:(dove),
2696:(brow),
2660:endure.
2624:(part).
2600:(card),
2564:(harm),
2560:(darn),
2505:(from),
2493:(gone),
2489:(bone),
2485:(once),
2454:(soap),
2450:(rope),
2446:(more),
2442:(load),
2438:(home),
2342:(food),
2338:(head),
2334:(deaf),
2330:(dead),
2258:(sick),
2250:(high),
2226:breast,
2194:(voice)
2186:(soil),
2174:(join),
2127:(pity),
2113:leecence
2109:leeberal
2107:(item),
2099:(city),
2093:bapteese
2063:(curr),
2043:(cows),
2031:(wise),
1922:(closed)
1890:+ labial
1776:Vowel #
1751:/ɛu,ɛou/
1746:/ju,jʌu/
1470:Vowel #
1201:Vowel #
928:→ Scots
914:→ Scots
900:→ Scots
892:britches
886:→ Scots
872:→ Scots
769:from OE
767:shinners
561:between
457:Spelling
394:Flapping
359:Clusters
281:In Scots
156:Dialects
103:/ /
99:Help:IPA
31:require
6435:Italics
6058:Scanian
6004:Swedish
5953:Faroese
5931:Nynorsk
5910:Valdris
5745:Mòcheno
5701:Swabian
5567:Hessian
5527:Hunsrik
5439:Western
5434:Eastern
5429:Yiddish
5379:creoles
5276:Bergish
4992:Drèents
4982:Tweants
4834:Central
4816:Mooring
4679:Frisian
4638:Kildare
4583:English
4490:in the
4251:swallae
4247:sheddae
4191:tribble
4187:stibble
4157:(dun),
4133:became
4082:dwellan
4041:(web),
4029:before
4014:(pot),
3978:before
3788:(ash),
3772:became
3754:whisper
3712:became
3694:/(j)ʌu/
3688:became
3606:bowster
3552:became
3476:(all),
3460:by the
3452:became
3422:fraucht
3398:draucht
3372:Before
3369:(low).
3353:(sow),
3301:became
3237:became
3229:Vowel 9
3217:became
3159:gaither
3155:faither
3117:Vowel 8
3061:and/or
2836:became
2824:Vowel 7
2792:became
2732:(now),
2720:(how),
2704:(cow),
2672:became
2664:Vowel 6
2636:became
2628:Vowel 5
2618:mairtyr
2610:regaird
2606:gairden
2584:(axe),
2548:(arm),
2532:Before
2481:(one),
2465:Before
2422:(oat),
2418:(oak),
2402:became
2394:Vowel 4
2364:creitur
2360:conceit
2294:became
2282:Vowel 3
2206:became
2198:Vowel 2
2178:(oil),
2160:eynment
2141:speerit
2121:obleege
2055:(pig),
1995:became
1963:Vowel 1
1762:ǣw, ēaw
1643:/ɑː,ɔː/
1145:healdan
1127:bowster
1123:bolster
1109:pullian
1100:after:
1036:became
1012:thought
761:became
745:became
718:'old').
667:corrupt
663:attempt
621:reduced
600:thimble
596:thimmle
523:Romance
129:History
91:in the
33:cleanup
6151:Gothic
6021:Danish
5925:Bokmål
5424:Yenish
5234:Bildts
5017:Veluws
5012:Urkers
4851:Strand
4575:Anglic
4263:windae
4259:yallae
4255:weedae
4243:pillae
4239:meidae
4235:marrae
4231:follae
4227:borrae
4175:kimmer
4163:simmer
4159:hinnie
3965:thrang
3945:strang
3886:watter
3758:whisky
3734:filthy
3686:/ɛo̞u/
3674:/(j)u/
3642:sowder
3436:, and
3434:graund
3426:chancy
3410:saund
3394:caunle
3325:, and
3297:- and
3213:final
3199:scaith
3163:haimer
3103:sheuch
3099:pleuch
3079:eneuch
3000:schuil
2931:(do),
2886:schuil
2818:poupit
2774:pouder
2754:stroup
2594:wraith
2574:shairp
2566:hairst
2519:graith
2469:, now
2430:(go),
2388:seison
2384:reison
2376:please
2368:deceit
2308:lexeme
2276:grieve
2240:freend
2228:cheese
2224:breest
2164:eyster
2101:ceevil
2073:advice
1726:iw, ew
1690:og, ow
1654:ag, aw
1524:ai, ei
1383:(open)
1234:short
1195:vowels
1168:Vowels
1143:(e.g.
1121:(e.g.
1107:(e.g.
1008:thocht
984:bright
980:bricht
976:beorht
912:ġiċċan
906:thatch
888:breeks
800:dēofol
786:delfan
771:sinder
751:sċylfe
735:gnegum
706:Final
701:freend
697:frēond
679:æmetiġ
649:strict
645:expect
614:timber
610:timmer
606:timber
586:embers
582:emmers
575:æmerġe
384:merger
382:caught
107:
6265:South
6216:North
5826:North
5810:North
5152:Kaaps
5143:Dutch
4790:Amrum
4731:Weser
4653:Scots
4221:, or
4183:ingan
4179:kiver
4069:dwall
4053:wadge
3996:craft
3969:wrang
3961:stang
3802:gress
3798:gless
3782:clesp
3778:bress
3690:/iuu/
3662:/ɛːu/
3658:/iːu/
3626:knowe
3590:/o̞u/
3574:stowe
3570:growe
3566:glowe
3562:flowe
3554:/o̞u/
3538:scaud
3526:hause
3506:sauch
3482:fauch
3438:stank
3418:baund
3406:lauch
3402:haund
3273:then
3235:/o̞i/
3171:brain
3139:/e̞ː/
3107:teuch
3091:leuch
3083:heuch
3067:beuch
3024:shoud
2957:shuir
2949:ruise
2921:fluir
2917:fuird
2913:buird
2882:fruit
2878:bruit
2874:spuin
2862:bluid
2790:/u̞l/
2778:round
2766:count
2762:bouat
2758:allou
2750:droup
2746:couer
2738:thoum
2726:mouse
2714:house
2698:broun
2658:thole
2638:/o̞ː/
2622:pairt
2614:mairy
2602:cairy
2598:caird
2586:efter
2578:aiple
2570:wairm
2562:hairm
2558:dairn
2554:bairn
2550:airae
2499:stane
2424:braid
2356:cheat
2352:beast
2348:tread
2344:steid
2324:breid
2320:beard
2272:wheen
2268:teeth
2264:sleep
2260:sheep
2248:heich
2232:creep
2188:spyle
2168:evyte
2156:chyce
2125:peety
2105:eetem
2097:ceety
2085:sybae
2065:lythe
2053:grice
2003:then
1873:/ɑ,a/
1314:ǣ, ēa
1303:/i,e/
1283:ē, ēo
1239:long
1193:Long
1064:girse
1023:throu
998:laugh
994:lauch
934:ridge
926:hryċġ
902:thack
878:birch
870:birċe
828:ġefan
808:devil
794:delve
755:skelf
671:empty
592:þȳmel
527:Latin
389:Drawl
336:Pre-R
331:Pre-L
95:(IPA)
6226:West
6221:East
6141:East
5997:East
5987:Norn
5878:West
5814:East
5812:and
5377:and
5372:Non-
4802:Sylt
4785:Föhr
4720:Ems
4645:Yola
4554:West
4307:2021
4169:and
4145:and
4135:/u̞/
4119:rock
4117:and
4115:lock
4099:/o̞/
4079:and
4061:twal
4045:wast
4016:saft
4008:laft
4004:drap
4000:crap
3990:and
3957:bann
3953:wran
3949:than
3941:sank
3937:sang
3925:lang
3915:and
3902:snag
3898:flag
3890:waps
3882:wash
3878:wall
3858:hack
3854:clap
3846:blad
3842:bath
3838:back
3806:hesp
3794:gled
3790:fest
3756:and
3750:whip
3746:wind
3738:will
3730:hill
3726:/hw/
3724:and
3708:and
3670:/iu/
3666:/iu/
3646:gowf
3638:rowe
3634:towe
3630:powe
3622:howe
3618:gowd
3614:cowt
3610:bowt
3594:/ʌu/
3586:/ol/
3558:/ʌu/
3518:staw
3514:smaw
3510:saut
3502:maut
3494:haud
3458:/ɑː/
3450:/al/
3376:and
3359:snaw
3355:saul
3351:sawe
3343:craw
3339:blaw
3335:claw
3323:gnaw
3319:draw
3307:/ɑː/
3303:/au/
3275:/iː/
3271:/eː/
3267:/ei/
3255:/əi/
3251:/ui/
3239:/oe/
3223:/əi/
3219:/ɛi/
3215:/ai/
3211:stem
3197:and
3195:sale
3191:gate
3187:cake
3183:tail
3181:and
3179:nail
3175:fair
3151:/ɛː/
3147:/eə/
3131:/ai/
3111:teuk
3095:leuk
3087:heuk
3075:ceuk
3071:beuk
3059:/jʌ/
3051:/ju/
3020:coud
2996:cuit
2992:cuil
2988:guid
2984:/wi/
2978:and
2968:/øː/
2961:uise
2953:puir
2945:luif
2933:shae
2925:muir
2905:/eː/
2901:/øː/
2894:uiss
2890:tuin
2870:muin
2866:duin
2846:/øː/
2838:/øː/
2814:coum
2770:dout
2742:boun
2734:sour
2710:doun
2694:brou
2686:/ʌu/
2682:Stem
2674:/uː/
2656:and
2654:hole
2650:foal
2646:coal
2590:peth
2546:airm
2527:lair
2523:hain
2511:spae
2507:kail
2503:frae
2495:nane
2491:gane
2487:bane
2483:ance
2456:sair
2452:saip
2448:raip
2444:mair
2440:lade
2436:hame
2432:hale
2408:/eː/
2386:and
2380:ream
2372:ease
2340:meat
2336:heid
2332:deif
2328:deid
2316:/ɛi/
2296:/ɛː/
2290:and
2270:and
2256:seek
2252:knee
2244:hear
2236:deed
2212:/iː/
2208:/eː/
2192:vyce
2184:syle
2180:pynt
2172:jyne
2150:and
2077:fine
2069:tyne
2061:tyke
2057:sile
2049:fire
2047:and
2045:hive
2037:bide
2033:wyte
2029:wyce
2025:/ɑɪ/
2021:/aɪ/
2017:/əi/
2005:/ei/
1997:/iː/
1983:and
1971:and
1956:gun
1884:a, æ
1852:a, æ
1821:i, y
1756:/ɛu/
1715:/iu/
1710:/ju/
1679:/ou/
1674:/ʌu/
1648:/au/
1617:/ei/
1612:/iː/
1592:/oi/
1583:/ui/
1578:/əi/
1558:/ɔi/
1549:/oi/
1544:/oe/
1520:a, æ
1509:/ai/
1504:/eː/
1448:/oː/
1442:/yː/
1438:/øː/
1407:/uː/
1375:/ɔː/
1370:/oː/
1339:/aː/
1308:/ɛː/
1277:/eː/
1252:ī, ȳ
1246:/iː/
1241:/aɪ/
1236:/əi/
1153:/ɑː/
1149:haud
1135:/ʌu/
1131:/ou/
1096:was
1087:bowe
1083:boga
1079:/ʌu/
1060:græs
1050:whit
1046:hwæt
1042:/hw/
1038:/xw/
1034:/hw/
1004:þōht
990:hlōh
920:itch
916:yeuk
884:brēċ
874:birk
858:/dʒ/
856:and
854:/tʃ/
845:and
836:give
822:dove
814:dufe
804:deil
743:/sk/
731:knaw
727:/ɡn/
725:and
723:/kn/
716:auld
708:/ld/
689:/nd/
683:empy
675:/pt/
655:/pt/
629:/kt/
541:and
533:and
521:and
4223:/ə/
4219:/e/
4215:/ɑ/
4211:/a/
4207:/i/
4203:/ɪ/
4171:nit
4167:son
4155:din
4151:/ɪ/
4147:cut
4143:but
4139:/ʌ/
4111:box
4107:/ɔ/
4103:/o/
4037:wab
4020:tap
4012:pat
3992:/f/
3988:/b/
3984:/p/
3980:/m/
3933:pan
3929:man
3921:can
3917:/ŋ/
3913:/n/
3906:pad
3894:bag
3874:tak
3870:rax
3866:ram
3862:mak
3850:cat
3834:/ɒ/
3832:or
3830:/ɑ/
3826:/a/
3820:or
3786:ess
3774:/ɛ/
3742:win
3722:/w/
3718:/ʌ/
3714:/ɪ/
3672:or
3602:/k/
3598:/o/
3534:baw
3530:aum
3522:waw
3498:haw
3490:gaw
3486:faw
3478:caw
3470:/ɔ/
3468:or
3466:/ɑ/
3456:to
3390:/ɔ/
3388:or
3386:/ɑ/
3382:/a/
3378:/n/
3374:/x/
3367:law
3363:awn
3347:maw
3331:maw
3327:law
3315:/ɔ/
3313:or
3311:/ɑ/
3293:-,
3279:/i/
3167:day
3145:or
3143:/e/
3135:/ɛ/
3125:or
3063:/ʌ/
3055:/u/
3047:/x/
3045:or
3043:/k/
3012:wad
3008:wid
3004:fit
2980:/k/
2976:/ɡ/
2972:/i/
2937:tae
2929:dae
2854:/ɪ/
2850:/e/
2842:/ø/
2806:pou
2802:fou
2798:/u/
2796:to
2730:nou
2722:mou
2718:hou
2706:dou
2702:cou
2688:in
2678:/u/
2642:/o/
2582:aix
2542:/ɛ/
2540:or
2538:/e/
2534:/r/
2515:/e/
2479:ane
2475:/i/
2471:/e/
2467:/n/
2460:nae
2428:gae
2420:ait
2416:aik
2412:/e/
2404:/a/
2304:/e/
2300:/i/
2220:bee
2216:/i/
2176:ile
2089:/i/
2081:cry
2041:kye
2023:or
2015:to
2007:in
1999:in
1950:OE
1946:/u/
1941:/ʌ/
1918:OE
1914:/o/
1909:/ɔ/
1882:OE
1878:/a/
1850:OE
1846:/ɛ/
1841:/ɛ/
1819:OE
1815:/ɪ/
1810:/ɪ/
1760:OE
1736:14b
1724:OE
1700:14a
1688:OE
1652:OE
1621:OE
1587:OF
1553:OF
1518:OE
1452:OE
1433:/ø/
1411:OE
1402:/u/
1379:OE
1365:/o/
1343:OE
1334:/e/
1312:OE
1281:OE
1272:/i/
1250:OE
1161:/ɔ/
1159:or
1157:/ɑ/
1141:/a/
1119:/o/
1113:pou
1105:/u/
1094:/l/
1089:).
1075:/o/
1071:/ɡ/
1069:OE
1066:).
1052:).
1027:/x/
1019:tho
1002:OE
988:OE
974:OE
964:/x/
962:OE
957:mou
953:mūþ
947:or
941:/θ/
930:rig
924:OE
910:OE
898:þæċ
896:OE
882:OE
868:OE
852:to
847:/ɡ/
843:/k/
832:gie
826:OE
818:dou
812:OE
798:OE
790:del
784:OE
778:/f/
776:OE
763:/ʃ/
759:/s/
747:/ʃ/
721:OE
712:/l/
693:/n/
659:/p/
641:act
633:/k/
604:OE
590:OE
573:OE
567:/l/
563:/m/
559:/b/
378:Cot
42:No
6463::
4444:^
4422:^
4406:^
4382:^
4364:^
4217:,
4213:,
4209:,
4205:,
4121:.
4113:,
4085:.
3986:,
3982:,
3943:,
3935:,
3931:,
3923:,
3896:,
3884:,
3868:,
3860:,
3856:,
3852:,
3844:,
3840:,
3760:.
3752:,
3748:,
3744:,
3740:,
3736:,
3732:,
3550:ów
3474:aw
3432:,
3428:,
3321:,
3299:āw
3295:aw
3291:ag
3189:,
3177:,
3173:,
3169:,
3141:,
3057:,
3053:,
3028:su
3016:oo
2884:,
2834:ēo
2832:,
2810:oo
2652:,
2648:,
2390:.
2378:,
2374:,
2370:,
2362:,
2358:,
2354:,
2322:,
2292:ēa
2288:ea
2266:,
2262:,
2254:,
2246:,
2238:,
2234:,
2230:,
2222:,
2152:ei
2148:ai
2135:,
2083:,
2079:,
2075:,
1989:nd
1981:ld
1931:19
1899:18
1863:17
1831:16
1800:15
1664:13
1633:12
1623:eġ
1602:11
1589:oi
1568:10
1555:oi
1115:).
1029:.
970::
703:).
685:).
665:,
651:).
647:,
643:,
623::
577:→
549:.
529:,
506:.
434:WH
429:TH
409:NG
6160:)
6154:(
5240:/
5236:/
5232:/
5154:)
5150:(
4523:e
4516:t
4509:v
4309:.
4131:u
4095:o
4031:e
4027:w
3976:o
3822:æ
3818:a
3770:æ
3710:y
3706:i
3127:æ
3123:a
3036:d
3034:)
3032:l
3030:(
3026:/
2830:ō
2670:ū
2634:o
2400:ā
2204:ē
1993:i
1987:+
1985:y
1979:+
1977:i
1973:ȳ
1969:ī
1952:u
1920:o
1888:o
1534:9
1494:8
1454:ō
1444:)
1440:(
1423:7
1413:ū
1392:6
1381:o
1355:5
1345:ā
1324:4
1293:3
1262:2
1225:1
485:e
478:t
471:v
414:R
380:–
301:A
216:e
209:t
202:v
113:.
69:)
63:(
58:)
54:(
40:.
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