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The Issos River at approx. 36.30 east by 36.60 north is the geographical point that the battle is named after. The river starts in the hills and flows approx. 40 miles (64 km) due west to the coast.
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Ancient sources describe it as being near a small coastal village or town which straddled the stream. The river was said to run red with blood after
Alexander the Great, leading his elite
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turned the right flank of the
Persians, smashed the center, and routed the Persian forces personally led by Darius III of Persia, who subsequently fled the field in a panic.
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and observations of the local topography, as compared to ancient descriptions, indicate that the
Pinarus is actually the
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Speculation on the location of the
Pinarus has been raging for over 80 years. It was formerly believed it to be the
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border. It was famous in antiquity as the site of the
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46:) is a small stream in southern
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112:Nicholas G. L. Hammond
60:First Battle of Issus
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29:Pinarus (mythology)
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66:defeated
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