566:
664:, and can be quite close to the ground, ranging from 1 to 10 m (3.3–32.8 ft). The breeding biology of this species is virtually unknown, with only a single breeding report from Singapore. In that report, the pair shared incubation duties, with the male incubating during the day and the female at night, with the incubation time being 17 days. On hatching the chicks are brooded continuously for the first few days of life, as with incubation the male broods during the day and the female at night. Chicks are near-naked and have brown skin with a few white
60:
42:
231:
109:
677:
503:. It favours more open environments and where it is found in association with denser forest it is typically on the edges. It is also readily found in human dominated environments such as gardens, plantations and farmland. It is more common in lowlands and close to the coast, but can be found up to 300 m (980 ft) in the Philippines, 750 m (2,460 ft) in Borneo and 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in
84:
692:
in forests and woodlands. The grinding gizzard was thought to mean the species was entirely a seed predator instead of a seed disperser but studies of closely related species have shown that not every bird crop contains grinding stones and some seeds could pass through, and the same is likely to be
633:
55 observations were made of this species feeding and every one was of it eating fruit, mostly figs. The species feeds in the mid-canopy of the forest and rarely feeds in the understory or on the ground. It is described as being agile when clinging on fine branches to reach fruits at the end. Like
729:
has fared well with human-made changes to its range. It has readily moved into cities and is common in
Singapore's protected areas and even its gardens, and has become more common over time. In spite of suffering some hunting pressure in Thailand, Malaysia and Sumatra, and being targeted by the
642:
is muscular and contains grit, which is used to grind and digest seeds inside fruit. Studies of closely related species have found that not every individual has grit, and it is likely the same is true of this species. It is social, feeding in small groups or, where an abundant source of food is
434:. The female is smaller overall, has a yellowish belly, throat and face, and greenish crown and back of the neck, although is otherwise similar to the male. The legs are pink or reddish, and the bill is white, pale blue green or grey. Juvenile birds look similar to females but are greyer above.
650:
and it has been recorded breeding all year across its range. The task of building the nest is divided by sex, with the male being responsible for collecting the nesting material and the female building it. The nest itself is a simple and flimsy platform of
706: to the islands and then moving the seeds between the islands. Its flight time to the islands of Krakatoa has been estimated at 48 minutes, far shorter than the estimated seed retention time in its gut of 60 to 480 minutes.
697:
species to the islands of
Krakatoa after the obliteration of the original island in a volcanic eruption. It may not have been responsible for the first shrubby fig species, which may have been carried by generalists such as
655:
and finer material. Two eggs are laid, which are white and measure 26.8 mm–28.9 mm × 20.3 mm–21.8 mm (1.06 in–1.14 in × 0.80 in–0.86 in). The nest is placed in a tree,
308:; only the male has the pink neck that gives the species its name. The species lives in a wide range of forested and human-modified habitats and is particularly found in open habitats. Its diet is dominated by
398:
The pink-necked green pigeon is a medium-sized pigeon, measuring 25 to 30 cm (9.8–11.8 in) in length and weighing around 105–160 g (3.7–5.6 oz). The species has sexually dimorphic
371:
1247:
Compton, S. G.; Thornton, I. W. B.; New, T. R.; Underhill, L. (19 December 1988). "The
Colonization of the Krakatau Islands by Fig Wasps and Other Chalcids (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea)".
451:
noises, but some cooing notes have been recorded for the pink-necked green pigeon, as the male makes a tri-syballic whistling call ending in a coo. It is also reported to make a rasping
546:
in 1927, within 36 years of the new island suffering a large eruption in 1952. The delay between the island settling down and colonisation was likely due to the time taken for figs to
538:(meaning it ate mostly fruit, as opposed to as part of a wider diet or opportunistically) that had established itself on the islands. Within the archipelago it was able to colonise
387:
s HBW Alive lists any subspecies, with the proviso that the difference between them is in many cases clinal and further research is necessary to determine if any of them are valid.
316:. Pairs lay two eggs in a flimsy twig nest in a tree, shrub, or hedge, and work together to incubate the eggs and raise the chicks. The species is thought to be an important
971:
Baptista, L.; Trail, P.; Horblit, H.; Kirwan, G. M.; Garcia, E. (2019). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).
360:
of India and
Southeast Asia. The species has had up to nine subspecies described, along with the nominate race, but among the important ornithological checklists the
534:, the pink-necked pigeon was observed on the first bird survey of these remnants. The survey was conducted in 1908, and at the time the pigeon was the only obligate
1627:
668:
on hatching. Chicks leave the nest 10 days after hatching, but remain in the nesting area for a few days after hatching, and continue to be fed by their parents.
1666:
366:
1746:
375:
1282:
Thornton, Ian (1994). "Figs, frugivores and falcons: an aspect of the assembly of mixed tropical forest on the emergent volcanic island, Anak
Krakatau".
550:
and begin fruiting. It later became extinct on that island, due to a small population and predation. The species has recently expanded its range, having
423:
which create a yellow bar across the wing in flight. The belly is yellowish with grey flanks, and the tail is grey with a black band at the end, and a
1601:
390:"Pink-necked green pigeon" has been designated as the official common name for the species by the IOC. It is also known as the pink-necked pigeon.
1640:
1099:
Thornton, Ian W. B.; Compton, Stephen G.; Wilson, Craig N. (1996). "The role of animals in the colonization of the
Krakatau Islands by fig trees (
734:, it remains common there and across most of its range. Because it is not considered to be in any danger of extinction it has been evaluated as
320:. The species has adapted well to human changes to the environment, and can be found in crowded cities as long as fruiting trees are present.
1076:
1048:
1007:
Baptista, L.; Trail, P.; Horblit, H. (2019). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).
361:
1761:
629:. Shoots, buds and seeds are also taken, but much less commonly so, often by quite a substantial margin. In one study of the frugivores of
739:
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call, but the species is generally held to not be particularly vocal, usually only calling in communal roosts and when it finds food.
380:
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found, quite large flocks of up to 70 birds. The species also roosts communally, and can form roosting flocks of hundreds of birds.
565:
1756:
1751:
1645:
702:, but once some fruiting figs had established on the island it could have been responsible for both bringing new species of
463:
The range of the pink-necked green pigeon extends from southern
Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam south through the
519:, covers vast distances in search of fruit, and it is likely that the pink-necked green pigeon has a similar behaviour.
357:
1710:
1552:
831:
1188:
Thornton, I. W.; Zann, R. A.; Rawlinson, P. A.; Tidemann, C. R.; Adikerana, A. S.; Widjoya, A. H. (1 January 1988).
1671:
860:
693:
true of this species. The species is thought to be one of those responsible for helping the return of many of the
527:
516:
1385:
Rawlinson, P; Zann, R; van Balen, S; Thornton, I (1992). "Colonization of the
Krakatau Islands by Vertebrates".
1190:"Colonization of the Krakatau Islands by vertebrates: equilibrium, succession, and possible delayed extinction"
108:
1143:"The Role of Frugivorous Bats and Birds in the Rebuilding of a Tropical Forest Ecosystem, Krakatau, Indonesia"
59:
403:. The male has a grey head, pinkish neck and upper breast, and the rest of the breast is orange. The back is
710:
1360:
1332:
Walker, J. S. (2007). "Dietary specialization and fruit availability among frugivorous birds on
Sulawesi".
41:
1539:
1479:
551:
428:
417:
409:
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Birds of
Southeast Asia : Thailand, peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar
892:"The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World version 4.0 (Downloadable checklist)"
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do not accept any described subspecies as valid and all treat the species as monotypic. Only the
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Clements, J; Schulenberg, T; Iliff, M; Roberson, D; Fredericks, T; Sullivan, B; Wood, C (2018).
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Like many fruit-eating pigeons, the pink-necked green pigeon is thought to be an important
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KwekYan, C; SiYang, T; Kurukulasuriya, B; YiFei, C; Rajathurai, L; Lim, H; Tan, H (2012).
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304:(where it is called "punay"). It is a medium-sized pigeon with predominantly green
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have been implicated in the localised extinction of the species on Anak Krakatau.
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356:. Within that genus the species is most closely related to the similar looking
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Schellekens, Mark; Trainor, Colin; Encallado, Juan; Imansyah, M Jeri (2009).
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as well as the Philippines. It occupies a variety of habitats, including
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for "brilliant" or "flourishing". It was later moved to the green pigeon
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The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World
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1071:. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. p. 97.
1043:. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. p. 80.
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1361:"Forging a closer relationship with Pink-necked Green-pigeons"
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The pink-necked pigeon has been reported being preyed upon by
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Birds of Borneo : Brunei, Sabah, Sarawak, and Kalimantan
372:
Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World
918:"The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2018"
1422:"Decadal changes in urban bird abundance in Singapore"
280:) is a species of bird of the pigeon and dove family,
1441:"The bird trade in Medan, north Sumatra: an overview"
581:). Fruit of other trees are taken as well, including
1486:
1008:
972:
1136:
1134:
787:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691137A93303843.en
1141:Whittaker, Robert J.; Jones, Stephen H. (1994).
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1092:
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806:
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443:are unusual in the family for not having cooing
1194:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
577:, taking a range of fruits, particularly figs (
542:, a volcano that emerged from the sea from the
1393:(2, Krakatau – a Century of Change): 225–231.
367:Birds of the World: Recommended English Names
8:
1002:
1000:
573:The pink-necked green pigeon is primarily a
376:The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World
890:Dickinson, Edward; Christidis, Les (2014).
1474:
819:. Holmia: Laurentius Salvius. p. 526.
331:described the pink-necked green pigeon as
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1015:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
983:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
832:"Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology"
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1469:Pink Necked Green Pigeon - Pigeonpedia
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296:south through to the major islands of
1284:South Australian Geographical Journal
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871:. International Ornithologists' Union
362:International Ornithological Congress
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67:Female in Kent Ridge Park, Singapore
7:
1303:"Status of the Pied Imperial Pigeon
1747:IUCN Red List least concern species
773:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
740:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
407:and the wings are green with black
1125:10.1111/j.1365-2699.1996.tb00019.x
836:Handbook of the Birds of the World
513:Handbook of the Birds of the World
381:Handbook of the Birds of the World
25:
471:(and their surrounding islands),
1346:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2006.00637.x
548:become established on the island
107:
863:; Donsker, David, eds. (2019).
813:"Regni Animalis Appendix. Aves"
762:BirdLife International (2016).
447:, instead making whistling and
922:The Cornell Lab of Ornithology
242: approximate distribution
1:
1307:and Pink-necked Green-Pigeon
1010:"Pigeons, Doves (Columbidae)"
507:. The species is recorded as
358:orange-breasted green pigeon
335:in 1771. Its specific name,
284:. It is a common species of
1762:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1426:Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
974:"Pink-necked Green-pigeon (
869:World Bird List Version 9.1
634:other members of the genus
1783:
1017:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions
985:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions
838:. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona
1311:on Flores, Nusa Tenggara"
817:Mantissa Plantarum Altera
557:at some time since 2000.
528:volcanic eruption in 1883
522:After the main island of
517:thick-billed green pigeon
483:, and as far east as the
415:and yellow edging on the
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104:Scientific classification
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80:
71:
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48:
39:
35:Pink-necked green pigeon
34:
1439:Shepherd, Chris (2006).
1428:. Supplement 25: 89–196.
780:: e.T22691137A93303843.
711:white-bellied sea-eagles
690:disperser of fruit seeds
459:Distribution and habitat
318:disperser of fruit seeds
272:pink-necked green pigeon
240:
18:Pink-necked green-pigeon
1757:Birds of Southeast Asia
1752:Birds described in 1771
1147:Journal of Biogeography
1105:Journal of Biogeography
830:Jobling, J. A. (2018).
811:Linné, Car. A. (1771).
569:Recently fledged chicks
530:, leaving a handful of
1269:10.1098/rstb.1988.0138
1039:Robson, Craig (2005).
725:An adaptable species,
685:
570:
339:, is derived from the
1215:10.1073/pnas.85.2.515
1067:Myers, Susan (2009).
679:
568:
526:was obliterated in a
437:Pigeons in the genus
646:There is no defined
1359:Wee, Y. C. (2005).
1261:1988RSPTB.322..459C
1206:1988PNAS...85..515T
1159:1994JBiog..21..245W
1117:1996JBiog..23..577T
74:Conservation status
1399:10.1007/BF00177236
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1693:Open Tree of Life
1480:Taxon identifiers
1255:(1211): 459–470.
1078:978-0-691-14350-7
1050:978-0-691-12435-3
715:peregrine falcons
430:uppertail coverts
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1615:iNaturalist
1512:Wikispecies
1448:BirdingASIA
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1103:species)".
989:20 February
927:19 February
901:23 February
875:20 February
861:Gill, Frank
842:21 February
793:15 November
684:in Krakatoa
493:forest edge
405:olive green
394:Description
302:Philippines
1741:Categories
1719:Xeno-canto
1387:GeoJournal
1153:(3): 245.
746:References
727:T. vernans
620:Oncosperma
584:Glochidion
419:tertiaries
345:vernantis
282:Columbidae
171:Columbidae
1407:189887589
865:"Pigeons"
614:Melastoma
608:Muntingia
602:Macaranga
575:frugivore
561:Behaviour
552:colonised
536:frugivore
501:mangroves
411:primaries
298:Indonesia
189:Species:
127:Kingdom:
121:Eukaryota
1659:22691137
1633:10197122
1545:22691137
1540:BirdLife
1497:Wikidata
1454:: 16–24.
1321:: 16–20.
680:Male on
631:Sulawesi
626:Bridelia
524:Krakatoa
505:Sulawesi
485:Moluccas
449:quacking
425:chestnut
364:' (IOC)
324:Taxonomy
300:and the
249:Synonyms
221:Linnaeus
167:Family:
141:Chordata
137:Phylum:
131:Animalia
117:Domain:
94:IUCN 3.1
49:Male in
1607:2495817
1594:pinpig3
1568:pinpig3
1527:Avibase
1503:Q863151
1290:: 3–21.
1257:Bibcode
1234:3422440
1202:Bibcode
1175:2845528
1155:Bibcode
1113:Bibcode
738:by the
700:bulbuls
672:Ecology
640:gizzard
590:Breynia
544:caldera
511:by the
481:Sumbawa
401:plumage
337:vernans
306:plumage
294:Vietnam
290:Myanmar
223:, 1771)
177:Genus:
157:Order:
147:Class:
92: (
1767:Treron
1698:329083
1672:115702
1646:177304
1558:113947
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1315:Kukila
1232:
1225:279581
1222:
1173:
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721:Status
713:, and
682:Rakata
638:, the
636:Treron
555:Flores
477:Lombok
440:Treron
370:, the
353:Treron
182:Treron
1711:18031
1685:72567
1628:IRMNG
1589:eBird
1581:7CPG7
1565:BOW:
1444:(PDF)
1403:S2CID
1364:(PDF)
1171:JSTOR
1101:Ficus
704:Ficus
695:Ficus
662:hedge
658:shrub
653:twigs
596:Vitex
579:Ficus
445:calls
385:'
349:genus
343:word
341:Latin
310:fruit
1667:NCBI
1654:IUCN
1641:ITIS
1620:3393
1602:GBIF
1553:BOLD
1334:Ibis
1230:PMID
1073:ISBN
1045:ISBN
1023:2019
991:2019
929:2019
903:2019
877:2019
844:2019
795:2021
778:2016
623:and
473:Bali
374:and
314:figs
292:and
270:The
151:Aves
1706:TSA
1576:CoL
1395:doi
1342:doi
1338:149
1265:doi
1253:322
1220:PMC
1210:doi
1163:doi
1121:doi
782:doi
660:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
