Krakatoa - Knowledge (XXG)

979: 995: 1042:, and marine lieutenant Fowler visited Forsaken island, having mistaken the singing of locusts for the sound of running water. The boat glided over crystal clear water, over an extensive and highly beautiful submarine garden. Corals of every shape and hue were there, some resembling sunflowers and mushrooms, others cabbages from 1 to 36 inches (3 to 91 cm) in diameter, while a third type bore a striking likeness to the rose. The hillsides were typical of tropical climate; large flocks of parrots, monkeys in great variety, wild-mango and orange groves—a superb scene of plants and flowers of every description, glowing in vivid tints of purple, red, blue, brown, and green—but not water or provisions. 2383:(On the subject of the rocks which composed the cones of Danan and Perboewatan, we possess only very little data. In the month of July 1880, I collected only samples of the flow of lava which, at the northern extremity of Perboewatan, were thrown into the sea. This flow still did not present any trace of degradation by atmopheric agents and was therefore entirely bare, thus contrasting with all of the rest of the island of Krakatau, which was covered by a thin layer of vegetation; this fact denotes the relatively young age of the lava in question and permits one to suppose that it dates from the eruption of 1680.) 507:(which is Indonesian for "Child of Krakatoa"). Periodic eruptions have continued since, with recent eruptions in 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012, and a major collapse in 2018. In late 2011, this island had a radius of roughly 2 kilometres (1.2 mi), and a highest point of about 324 metres (1,063 ft) above sea level, growing five metres (16 ft) each year. In 2017, the height of Anak Krakatau was reported as over 400 m (1,300 ft) above sea level; following a collapse in December 2018, the height was reduced to 110 meters (361 ft). 1138:, volcanic ashes, and tsunamis had disastrous results in the region and worldwide. The death toll recorded by the Dutch authorities was 36,417, although some sources put the estimate at more than 120,000. There are numerous documented reports of groups of human skeletons floating across the Indian Ocean on rafts of volcanic pumice and washing up on the east coast of Africa up to a year after the eruption. Summer temperatures in the northern hemisphere fell by an average of 0.4 °C (0.72 °F) in the year following the eruption. 214: 111: 94: 77: 207: 1260:

recolonized the islands, however; Verbeek's visit in October 1884 found grass shoots already growing. The eastern side of the island has been extensively vegetated by trees and shrubs, presumably brought there as seeds washed up by ocean currents or carried in birds' droppings (or brought by natives and scientific investigators). However, the floral ecosystem on Rakata is considerably vulnerable to environmental factors, and has been damaged by recent eruptions at Anak Krakatau.

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heavy rain and storms took place, but not only did not this heavy rain extinguish the eruption of the fire of the mountain Kapi, but augmented the fire; the noise was fearful, at last the mountain Kapi with a tremendous roar burst into pieces and sank into the deepest of the earth. The water of the sea rose and inundated the land, the country to the east of the mountain Batuwara, to the mountain

885:...I saw with amazement that the island of Krakatoa, on my first trip to Sumatra completely green and healthy with trees, lay completely burnt and barren in front of our eyes and that at four locations was throwing up large chunks of fire. And when I asked the ship's Captain when the aforementioned island had erupted, he told me that this had happened in May 1680 ... He showed me a piece of 1611: 1330: 764:) formed and eventually joined with Rakata, forming the main island of Krakatoa. At the time of the 1883 eruption, the Krakatoa group comprised Lang, Verlaten, and Krakatoa itself, an island 9 km (5.6 mi) long by 5 km (3.1 mi) wide. There were also the tree-covered islet near Lang (Poolsche Hoed) and several small rocky islets or banks between Krakatoa and Verlaten. 1100: 905:), uninhabited, ... and then still north of the island of Krakatou, which erupted about a year ago and also is uninhabited. The rising smoke column of this island can be seen from miles away; we were with our ship very close to shore and we could see the trees sticking out high on the mountain, and which looked completely burned, but we could not see the fire itself. 1383: 1183:. The would-be assassin was never captured, but a similarly-dressed man attacked a sentry at the garrison six weeks later, blaming the Dutch for bringing divine vengeance upon the area. The "extreme religious zeal" noted by the man's interrogators seen as widespread, and historians suggest it was exploited by rising Muslim conservatives and 1038:. It was found difficult to land anywhere, due to a heavy surf and to the coral having extended itself to a considerable distance from the shore. Hot springs boiling furiously up, through many fathoms of water, were found on the eastern side of Krakatoa, 150 feet (46 m) from the shore. Roberts, Captain 1277:". Handl found un-burned wood below the 1883 ash deposits while digging, and fresh water was found below 5.5 metres (18 ft). He and his entourage stayed there for four years, but left due to "violation of the terms of the lease." It is his party that is believed to have inadvertently introduced the 808:

A thundering sound was heard from the mountain Batuwara which was answered by a similar noise from Kapi, lying westward of the modern Bantam . A great glowing fire, which reached the sky, came out of the last-named mountain; the whole world was greatly shaken and violent thundering, accompanied by

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in the area of Perboewatan showed evidence of eruptions (an earlier event in the same area had been reported in June 1927). A new island volcano rose above the waterline a few days later. The eruptions were initially of pumice and ash, and that island and the two islands that followed were quickly

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The eruption was also reported by a Bengali sea captain, who wrote of the event later, but had not recorded it at the time in the ship's log. Neither Vogel nor Hesse mention Krakatoa in any real detail in their other passages, and no other travellers at the time mention an eruption or evidence of

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refers to the question of whether the islands were completely sterilized by the 1883 eruption or whether some indigenous life survived. When the first researchers reached the islands in May 1884, the only living thing they found was a spider in a crevice on the south side of Rakata. Life quickly

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collector", obtained a permit to mine pumice, against "strong community objections", apparently to get away from World War I. His lease of 8.7 square kilometres (3.4 sq mi) (basically the eastern half of the island) was to be for 30 years. Handl took up residence on the south coast of

1131:, and three times travelling back to the volcano; the wave rounded the globe three and a half times. Ash was propelled to a height of 80 km (260,000 ft). It was reported that the sound of the eruption was so loud that anyone within 16 kilometres (10 mi) would have gone deaf. 978: 2896: 813:, was inundated by the sea; the inhabitants of the northern part of the Sunda country to the mountain Rajabasa were drowned and swept away with all property ... The water subsided but the land on which Kapi stood became sea, and Java and Sumatra were divided into two parts. 1425:

takes place on Krakatoa, just before and then during the 1883 eruption. In Pene du Bois's tale, 25 families have established a fanciful colony drawing vast wealth from fictional diamond mines on the island until the eruption scatters the inhabitants and destroys the mines.

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does not draw on primary sources for its description of this event, and its historical reliability is highly dubious. It is therefore impossible to verify its description of this eruption. There is no geological evidence presented that substantiates this eruption.

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The islands had been little studied or biologically surveyed before the 1883 catastrophe—only two pre-1883 biological collections are known: one of plant specimens and the other part of a shell collection. From descriptions and drawings made by

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made an official survey of the islands, but was allowed to spend only a few hours there. He was able to collect samples from several places, and his investigation later proved important in judging the geological impact of the 1883 eruption.

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While seismic activity around the volcano was intense in the years preceding the cataclysmic 1883 eruption, a series of lesser eruptions began on 20 May 1883. The volcano released huge plumes of steam and ash lasting until late August.

716:. A majority of these volcanoes lie along Indonesia's two largest islands, Java and Sumatra. These two islands are separated by the Sunda Strait located at a bend in the axis of the island arc. Krakatau is directly above the 1165:

Verbeek, in his report on the eruption, predicted that any new activity would manifest itself in the region which had been between Perboewatan and Danan. This prediction came true on 29 December 1927, when a submarine

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eroded away by the sea. Eventually, a fourth island, named Anak Krakatau (meaning "child of Krakatoa" in Indonesian), broke water in August 1930 and produced lava flows more quickly than the waves could erode them.

968:, stopped for a few days on Krakatoa. They found a freshwater and a hot spring on the island. They described the natives who then lived on the island as "friendly" and made several sketches (In his journal, 1065:

was established at an unspecified location, which was in operation for about a decade. By the 1880s, the islands were without permanent inhabitants; the nearest settlement was the nearby island of

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were made, and the islands were little explored or studied. An 1854 map of the islands was used in an English chart, which shows some difference from a Dutch chart made in 1874. In July 1880,

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Note: Historians Van den Berg and Verbeek both conclude that Vogel must have exaggerated the extent of the eruption he saw. Even so, there must have been an eruption around this time.

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The most notable eruptions of Krakatoa culminated in a series of massive explosions over 26–27 August 1883, which were among the most violent volcanic events in recorded history.

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ended its run with the episode "Eye Witness," which dramatized the mysterious reporting of Krakatoa's eruption weeks before the news could have reached the newspaper in Boston.

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dynasty, with records of seven eruptive events between the 9th and 16th centuries. These have been tentatively dated as having occurred in 850, 950, 1050, 1150, 1320, and 1530.

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colony, 165 villages and towns were destroyed near Krakatoa, and 132 were seriously damaged. At least 36,417 people died, and many more thousands were injured, mostly from the

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In 1620, the Dutch set up a naval station on the islands and somewhat later a shipyard was built. Sometime in the late 17th century, an attempt was made to establish a

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On October 2, 1883, five weeks after the eruption, a Dutch soldier was repeatedly stabbed by a bearded, white-robed man while paying for tobacco in the small town of

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On 27 August, a series of four huge explosions almost destroyed the island. The explosions were so violent that they were heard 3,110 km (1,930 mi) away in

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Madden-Nadeau, A.L.; Cassidy, M.; Pyle, D.M.; Mather, T.A.; Watt, S.F.L.; Engwell, S.L.; Abdurrachman, M.; Nurshal, M.E.M.; Tappin, D.R.; Ismail, T. (1 March 2021).

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In 1880, Verbeek investigated a fresh unweathered lava flow at the northern coast of Perboewatan, which he claimed could not have been more than two centuries old.

519:, which was probably written in western Java in the late 15th century. Here Krakatoa is referred to as "the island of Rakata, a mountain in the middle of the sea" ( 419:, or "Child of Krakatoa", emerged from the caldera formed in 1883. There has been new eruptive activity since the late 20th century, with a large collapse causing 3132: 1127:

around the world. Several barographs recorded the wave seven times over the course of five days: four times with the wave travelling away from the volcano to its

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The explosion was the first natural disaster in history whose effects were definitively felt worldwide and whose cause was known, following the development of

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was the result of a linguistic error. According to the legend, a visiting ship's captain asked a local inhabitant the island's name, and the latter replied, "

3752: 930:, "The Burning Island," writing that "it was a depiction, without a doubt, of the otherwise little-chronicled eruption that supposedly took place in 1680." 664:/Betawinese slang phrase meaning "I don't know". This story is largely discounted; it closely resembles other linguistic myths about the origin of the word 622:) which used to inhabit the island. However, Van den Berg points out that these birds are found only in the "eastern part of the archipelago" (meaning the 2844: 724:

and the Indo-Australian Plate where the plate boundaries make a sharp change of direction, possibly resulting in an unusually weak crust in the region.

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The 1883 eruption ejected approximately 25 km (6 cubic miles) of rock. The cataclysmic explosion was heard 3,600 km (2,200 mi) away in

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points out that in pre-1883 maps, Krakatoa does somewhat resemble an ant seen from above, with Lang and Verlaten lying to the sides like wings.

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Vogel spent several months in Batavia, returning to Sumatra in November 1681. On the same ship were several other Dutch travellers, including

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Bani, Philipson; Normier, Adrien; Bacri, Clémentine; Allard, Patrick; Gunawan, Hendra; Hendrasto, Muhammad; Surono; Tsanev, Vitchko (2015),

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Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat : in the U. S. sloop-of-war Peacock ... during the years 1832–3–4

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Evolution of the Krakatoa archipelago from 1880 to 2018. Note the continuing growth of Anak Krakatoa ("Child of Krakatoa") after 1927.

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language. The fact that the earliest recorded mentions of the word closely resemble the pronunciation of these words for crab (

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The peasants' revolt of Banten in 1888 : its conditions, course and sequel. A case study of social movements in Indonesia

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Krakatoa has been featured as a subject and a part of the story in various television and film dramas. In the 1953 film

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Note: The dating of these events is currently unknown. The Sunda Strait was first mentioned by Arab sailors circa 1100.

4108: 3840: 3461: 2365:"Over de gesteenten, waaruit de kegels Danan en Perboewatan bestonden, dat zij van de eruptie van 1680 afkomstig is." 2196:"Planktonic Foram Dates from the Indonesian Arc: Marine 14C Reservoir Ages and a Mythical AD 535 Eruption of Krakatau" 1565:

also released a song about the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, called "Krakatoa", on the 2010 re-release of its 1985 album

453: 263: 2372: 2961: 4143: 3694: 3626: 3611: 3067: 3053: 2377:(in French). Batavia, Dutch East Indies (Jakarta, Indonesia): Imprimerie de l'état (Government Press). p. 171. 441: 1340: 1123:, 4,800 km (3,000 mi) away. The pressure wave from the third and most violent explosion was recorded on 3661: 3511: 3471: 3178: 2769: 2395: 1347: 1313: 1192: 1094: 1013: 988:

found the island as a friendly place whose vegetation was dense and lush; illustration by John Webber (1751–1793)

432: 420: 409: 35: 4123: 3782: 3456: 3351: 3333: 3278: 3223: 2356: 1671: 1058: 681: 528: 3925: 2361:(in Dutch). Batavia, Dutch East Indies (Jakarta, Indonesia): Landsdrukkerij (Government Press). p. 164. 1974: 1676: 1417: 677: 3807: 3719: 3416: 1726: 1567: 1466: 866: 251: 85: 2443: 2001: 901:...on the 19th we again lifted anchor and proceeded first to the north of us to the island of Sleepzie ( 708:

Indonesia has over 130 active volcanoes, the most of any nation. They make up the axis of the Indonesian

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This article is about the historic eruptions of the volcano. For the newly formed volcanic island, see

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Rakata, where he built a house and planted a garden along with "four European families and about 30

444:(VEI) of 6, the eruption was equivalent to 200 megatons of TNT (840 PJ)—about 13,000 times the 4067: 3714: 3641: 3491: 3168: 1558:, the song tells the story of Krakatoa's eruption and the subsequent return of life to the island. 1497:, Squidward adopts the persona of a superhero named Captain Magma whose catchphrase is "Krakatoa". 1490: 1474:

in a re-release in the 1970s; the title contains a rather large geographical error, as Krakatoa is

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Note: Vogel returned to Amsterdam in 1688 and published the first edition of his journal in 1690.

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hidden on Krakatoa, which begins its final eruption as they search the island for the treasure.

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In 1914, plans were to set aside Rakata as a nature preserve. In 1916, Johann Handl, a German "

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in 1980. In 1991, "Ujung Kulon National Park and Krakatau Nature Reserve" was inscribed as an

788: 491: 2834: 2639: 2053: 922:, that the 1680 eruption was depicted in an eighteenth-century etching by Dutch cartographer 792: 3995: 3915: 3631: 3431: 3303: 3099: 2995: 2528: 2281: 2215: 2133: 2084: 1602: 1588: 1532:, the "Krakatoa Variant" is a scenario involving an island composed of three volcano tiles. 1505: 1135: 913: 858: 347: 280: 2505: 1146: 4000: 3900: 3855: 3724: 3704: 3621: 3556: 3496: 3481: 3466: 3441: 3381: 3366: 3356: 3193: 3049: 2736: 1767: 1547: 1457: 1128: 1039: 1035: 772: 761: 717: 498:

that followed the explosion. The eruption destroyed two-thirds of the island of Krakatoa.

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maintains that the 1680 eruption was depicted in this eighteenth-century Dutch etching.

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in Waghenaer's map) makes this Sanskrit etymology the most likely origin of the word.

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Eruptions in the area since 1927 have built a new island at the same location, named

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The island was a prominent part of the plot of '"Crack of Doom," episode six of the

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in an ecosystem being built from the ground up in an environment virtually cleaned.

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is virtually unknown but was probably typical of the smaller islands in the area.

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one. (In November 1681, a pepper crop was being offered for sale by inhabitants.)

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Two-thirds of the original Krakatoa Island was obliterated by the 1883 eruption.

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Thornton mentions that Krakatoa was known as "The Fire Mountain" during Java's

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One of the earliest mentions of the name Krakatoa is in the Old Sundanese text

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Sullivan, Ryan; Jonasdottir, Hrafnihildur; Santiago, Jessica; Nelson, Emily.

1817: 153: 140: 3880: 3870: 3850: 3825: 3591: 3571: 3566: 3396: 3263: 3198: 3152: 3080:"First measurement of the volcanic gas output from Anak Krakatau, Indonesia" 2603: 1941: 1936: 1610: 1278: 1167: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1073: 843: 801: 562:, who passed by "the high tree-covered island of Krakatau" in October 1658. 484: 480: 476: 381: 239: 1464:

It was also featured as the main part of the story line in the 1969 film,

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United Nations Environment Programme/World Conservation Monitoring Centre

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word for "island"). About two dozen variants have been found, including

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Super Volcano: The Ticking Time Bomb Beneath Yellowstone National Park

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Large fan palm in the island; illustration by John Webber (1751–1793)

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of Java), which depicts an effort to salvage a priceless cargo of

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In 2004, an astronomer suggested that the blood-red sky shown in

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ruled out any possibility that an eruption took place in 535 AD.

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appears to have been representative of a typical Javan tropical

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Krakatau: the destruction and reassembly of an island ecosystem

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in 1888, and to prey upon the Dutch conscience made uneasy by

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Southon, John; Mohtadi, Mahyar; Pol-Holz, Ricardo De (2013).

554:-based spelling). The first known appearance of the spelling 356: 292: 2308: 2306: 2304: 1539:

released a spoken-word track called "Krakatoa" on its album

2479:"The Eruption of Krakatoa (also known as Krakatau) in 1883" 1934:

Note: This spelling has been attributed to a sub-editor at

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on Krakatoa, but the islands were generally ignored by the

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Note: apparently because it looked like a hat from the sea

1918: 1916: 881:) passed through the Sunda Strait. In his diary he wrote: 408:, is the only remnant of an island mostly destroyed by an 2726:"Ujung Kulon National Park & Krakatau Nature Reserve" 2678: 2676: 2446:(Report). London: Krakatoa Committee of the Royal Society 2287:(1st ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 325: 1316:

was officially established in 1992, including Krakatoa.

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Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded: August 27, 1883

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Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded: August 27, 1883

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It has been the subject of a 2006 television drama,

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There were three volcanic cones on Krakatoa island:

396:) comprising four islands. Two of them are known as 353: 322: 304: 289: 4029: 3816: 3743: 3670: 3342: 3159: 712:system produced by northeastward subduction of the 350: 301: 262: 250: 245: 235: 194: 174: 169: 130: 118: 101: 84: 67: 62: 57:

An 1888 lithograph of the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa

45: 2999: 2280: 1691: 1482:located perilously close to the erupting volcano. 588:meaning "lobster" or "crab". The abbreviated form 2444:The Eruption of Krakatoa and Subsequent Phenomena 1727:"The Volcano That Shook the World: Krakatoa 1883" 1812: 1810: 1020:in his journal. A paraphrased account follows: 337: 178: 2406:. Harper & brothers. Digital images 46–48. 899: 883: 806: 3084:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2792:"Krakatoa provided backdrop to Munch's scream" 2667:The Problem of Krakatau, as Seen by a Botanist 2118:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1216:The islands have become a major case study of 771:, (820 m or 2,690 ft) to the south; 3133: 2988:Krakatoa documentary and historical materials 2815:"Why the sky was red in Munch's 'The Scream'" 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1625:Krakatoa documentary and historical materials 487:, 4,780 km (2,970 mi) to the west. 8: 2165:Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 1535:In 1973, the American progressive rock band 1034:, in search of inhabitants, fresh water and 779:, (120 m or 390 ft) to the north. 2437: 2435: 2274: 2272: 2270: 1312:, matching Natural criteria (vii) and (x). 1281:to the island, which quickly proliferated. 3140: 3126: 3118: 2682: 2464: 2333: 2312: 1953: 1944:reporting on the massive eruption of 1883. 1922: 1415:A large part of the 1947 children's novel 1030:anchored off the north end, also visiting 748:(also known as Rakata Kecil, or Panjang); 531:, who labelled the island "Pulo Carcata" ( 109: 92: 75: 42: 2088: 1370:Learn how and when to remove this message 648:Van den Berg (1884) recites a story that 626:, east of Java, on the other side of the 490:According to the official records of the 2798:. Melbourne. Reuters. 11 December 2003. 1630:List of volcanic eruptions by death toll 1500:An Indonesian martial arts action film, 3753:Bantimurung – Bulusaraung National Park 3329:Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra 1651: 1201:and subsequent revelations of abuses. 1115:, Western Australia, and the island of 974: 3062:Krakatoa – The Great Volcanic Eruption 1763: 1752: 2821:from the original on 16 November 2010 1855:from the original on 30 December 2018 897:, a writer. Hesse's journal reports: 869:, a Dutch mining engineer at Salida, 569:is uncertain. The main theories are: 7: 2934:from the original on 1 November 2022 2558:from the original on 3 November 2020 2485:from the original on 7 February 2019 2420:from the original on 23 January 2023 2012:from the original on 5 February 2021 1886:from the original on 2 February 2020 1785:"How Krakatoa made the biggest bang" 1352:adding citations to reliable sources 27:Volcanic caldera in the Sunda Strait 3758:Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park 3690:Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park 3437:Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park 3209:Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park 2922:"SpongeBob SquarePants - Krakatoa!" 1981:from the original on 19 August 2011 1876:"Indonesian volcano's lost stature" 1874:Amos, Jonathan (29 December 2018). 1824:from the original on 26 August 2011 1725:Hopkinson, Deborah (January 2004). 1255:From a biological perspective, the 688:as the correct name, but says that 521:pulo Rakata gunung ti tengah sagara 107:21.71 km (13.49 mi) 2833:Panek, Richard (8 February 2004). 2817:. CNN. Reuters. 10 December 2003. 2772:from the original on 27 April 2021 2706:from the original on 28 April 2021 2665:Backer, Cornell's Andries (1929). 2598:(in Dutch). Zutphen: W.J. Thieme. 2581:. 's-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff. 2477:Monique R. Morgan (January 2013). 1843:Donahue, Terry (5 December 2017). 1512:, set the story on the mountain. 756:. Later, at least two more cones ( 565:The origin of the Indonesian name 25: 3788:Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park 3522:Mount Halimun Salak National Park 3502:Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat 2964:from the original on 4 March 2016 2802:from the original on 23 June 2011 2504:Bradley, Raymond S. (June 1988). 1795:from the original on 29 July 2018 1206:transoceanic communication cables 828:global climate changes of 535–536 421:a deadly tsunami in December 2018 4119:Uninhabited islands of Indonesia 4063:Teluk Cenderawasih National Park 3104:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.07.008 2847:from the original on 1 June 2020 2835:"'The Scream,' East of Krakatoa" 2700:Environment & Society Portal 2610:from the original on 6 July 2022 2175:from the original on 1 June 2020 2138:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107176 1905:Noorduyn, J.; Teeuw, A. (2006). 1609: 1595: 1581: 1517:Krakatoa: Volcano of Destruction 1328: 993: 977: 960:, on the way home after Captain 752:("Polish Hat"); and the base of 346: 279: 213: 212: 205: 90:813 m (2,667 ft) 73:813 m (2,667 ft) 51: 3037:'s Cascades Volcano Observatory 3035:United States Geological Survey 2735:. December 1991. Archived from 2669:. author, at Weltevreden, Java. 1741:from the original on 4 May 2018 1339:needs additional citations for 972:calls the island "Cocoterra"). 944:In February 1780, the crews of 3991:Taman Werdhi Budaya Art Centre 3773:Kepulauan Togean National Park 2050:"Krakatau version 1.0, Part 2" 1845:"The Resurrection Of Krakatau" 1635:List of volcanoes in Indonesia 1495:Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy V 1442:In 1961, the anthology series 877:), on his way to Batavia (now 614:, imitating the noise made by 460:, and four times the yield of 1: 4094:Active volcanoes of Indonesia 3407:Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark 2897:""Time Tunnel" Crack of Doom" 1561:The British heavy metal band 1526:In Klaus Teuber's board game 984:In 1780, crew members of HMS 4139:19th-century volcanic events 3886:Gunung Rinjani National Park 3793:Taka Bone Rate National Park 3768:Gandang Dewata National Park 3700:Danau Sentarum National Park 3685:Betung Kerihun National Park 3234:Kerinci Seblat National Park 2766:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2577:Kartodirjo, Sartono (1966). 916:maintains, in his 2003 book 641:meaning "white-winged ant". 4114:Islands of the Sunda Strait 3841:Bali Safari and Marine Park 3462:Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument 3006:. New York: HarperCollins. 2762:"Ujung Kulon National Park" 2638:Wilson, Edward. O. (1999). 2592:Sandick, R. A. van (1893). 2442:Symons, G. J., ed. (1888). 1289:Krakatoa was declared as a 684:cites the Indonesian name, 412:which created the caldera. 388:. The caldera is part of a 4160: 3695:Baning Nature Tourist Park 3627:Taman Mini Indonesia Indah 3612:Sukorambi Botanical Garden 3054:San Diego State University 3042:Krakatau, Indonesia (1883) 2867:"Fair Wind to Java (1953)" 1700:. Voyageur Press. p. 1546:Written by then-guitarist 1485:Krakatoa is referenced in 1293:in 1921, corresponding to 1158: 1092: 442:Volcanic Explosivity Index 430: 415:In 1927, a fourth island, 29: 3662:Ujung Kulon National Park 3512:Meru Betiri National Park 3472:Karimunjawa National Park 3179:Baiturrahman Grand Mosque 2628:Winchester, 2003. Chap 6. 2220:10.1017/S0033822200048074 1907:Three Old Sundanese Poems 1693:"The Deadliest Volcanoes" 1314:Ujung Kulon National Park 1263: 1095:1883 eruption of Krakatoa 592:also means "crab" in the 468:ever detonated at 50 Mt. 433:1883 eruption of Krakatoa 338: 226:Location within Indonesia 199: 50: 36:Krakatoa (disambiguation) 3783:Lore Lindu National Park 3352:Alas Purwo National Park 3334:Way Kambas National Park 3279:Mentawai Islands Regency 3224:Gunongan Historical Park 3048:16 December 2014 at the 2371:Verbeek, R.D.M. (1886). 2355:Verbeek, R.D.M. (1884). 1971:Global Volcanism Program 1967:"Volcanoes of Indonesia" 1672:Global Volcanism Program 1390:'s famous 1893 painting 1295:IUCN management category 1134:The combined effects of 1059:Dutch East India Company 682:Global Volcanism Program 529:Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer 452:bomb (13 to 16 kt) that 3056:about the 1883 eruption 2595:Leed en lief uit Bantam 2159:Wohletz, K. H. (2000). 2075:Ricklefs, M.C. (2018). 1975:Smithsonian Institution 1690:Breining, Greg (2007). 1677:Smithsonian Institution 1418:The Twenty-One Balloons 1193:Banten Peasant's Revolt 830:. Drilling projects in 678:Smithsonian Institution 479:, and on the island of 427:Historical significance 372:between the islands of 4134:1883 natural disasters 4099:Mountains of Indonesia 3808:Wakatobi National Park 3720:Sabangau National Park 3417:Dieng Volcanic Complex 2279:Thornton, Ian (1997). 1909:. Leiden: KITLV Press. 1851:. Indonesiaexpat.biz. 1791:. London. 3 May 2006. 1762:Cite journal requires 1568:Innocence Is No Excuse 1467:Krakatoa, East of Java 1412: 1401: 1151: 1104: 907: 891: 862: 815: 705: 179: 34:. For other uses, see 4129:Calderas of Indonesia 4048:Lorentz National Park 3803:Trans Studio Makassar 3763:Bunaken National Park 3372:Baluran National Park 2871:Turner Classic Movies 2641:The Diversity of Life 2566:– via Springer. 1542:The Serpent Is Rising 1519:and again in 2008 as 1487:SpongeBob SquarePants 1408:Krakatoa featured in 1407: 1396:depicts the sky over 1385: 1299:strict nature reserve 1149: 1102: 1023:On 8 September 1832, 857: 714:Indo-Australian Plate 703: 527:was on a 1611 map by 431:Further information: 4104:Subduction volcanoes 3906:Komodo National Park 3861:Garuda Wisnu Kencana 3818:Lesser Sunda Islands 3735:The Equator monument 3269:Lumbini Natural Park 3219:East Lampung Regency 3030:Eruption of Krakatau 2398:(12 October 2007) . 2369:French translation: 2090:10.4000/archipel.802 1423:William Pene du Bois 1348:improve this article 1189:Abdul Karim Amrullah 928:Het Brandende Eiland 889:as big as his fist. 867:Johann Wilhelm Vogel 696:Geographical setting 668:and the name of the 464:, the most powerful 454:devastated Hiroshima 394:Krakatoa archipelago 336:), also transcribed 4068:Wasur National Park 3715:Kutai National Park 3642:Tirto Samodra Beach 3492:Keraton Kacirebonan 3189:Bandar Lampung City 3169:Aceh Tsunami Museum 3149:Tourist attractions 3096:2015JVGR..302..237B 3052:– information from 2525:1988ClCh...12..221B 2467:, pp. 154–166. 2336:, pp. 132–133. 2212:2013Radcb..55.1164S 2130:2021JVGR..41107176M 1849:The Indonesia Expat 1491:Squidward Tentacles 1410:100-rupiah banknote 1400:after the eruption. 1310:World Heritage Site 1222:founder populations 1218:island biogeography 1212:Biological research 692:is often employed. 150: / 4109:Submarine calderas 4058:Raja Ampat Islands 4016:Ujung Water Palace 3680:Beras Basah Island 3447:House of Sampoerna 3377:Banyuwangi Regency 2877:on 15 January 2015 2840:The New York Times 2742:on 14 January 2009 2533:10.1007/bf00139431 1529:Seafarers of Catan 1455:television series 1413: 1402: 1320:In popular culture 1152: 1105: 865:In February 1681, 863: 706: 440:With an estimated 63:Highest point 4144:Holocene calderas 4076: 4075: 3607:Sidoarjo mud flow 3487:Keraton Kasepuhan 3299:Pagaruyung Palace 3013:978-0-06-083859-1 2996:Winchester, Simon 2651:978-0-393-31940-8 2002:"Oceanic Mapping" 1711:978-0-7603-2925-2 1504:(1977), starring 1493:. In the episode 1489:by the character 1432:Fair Wind to Java 1380: 1379: 1372: 1264:Handl's occupancy 1251:Botanical studies 1187:leaders (such as 1136:pyroclastic flows 1016:calls the island 732:At some point in 670:Yucatán Peninsula 492:Dutch East Indies 272: 271: 154:6.102°S 105.423°E 16:(Redirected from 4151: 3916:Lake Segara Anak 3637:Thousand Islands 3632:Tangkuban Perahu 3432:Gembira Loka Zoo 3304:Penyengat Island 3142: 3135: 3128: 3119: 3114: 3064: 3017: 3005: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2873:. 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New York: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1712: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1665: 1664: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1615: 1608: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1587: 1580: 1577: 1548:John Curulewski 1458:The Time Tunnel 1445:One Step Beyond 1376: 1365: 1359: 1356: 1345: 1333: 1322: 1287: 1266: 1253: 1243:. The pre-1883 1214: 1177: 1163: 1157: 1144: 1129:antipodal point 1097: 1091: 1048: 1011: 1001: 998: 989: 982: 942: 852: 840: 785: 730: 718:subduction zone 698: 658:Aku enggak tahu 560:Wouter Schouten 513: 435: 429: 390:volcanic island 349: 345: 315: 282: 278: 231: 230: 229: 228: 227: 224: 223: 222: 221: 217: 184: 159:-6.102; 105.423 158: 156: 152: 149: 144: 141: 139: 137: 136: 108: 91: 74: 58: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4157: 4155: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4081: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4039: 4037: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3956:Nusa Lembongan 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3876:Gili Trawangan 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3836:Bali Bird Park 3833: 3828: 3822: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 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3012: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2954:"Krakatoa Bay" 2945: 2913: 2888: 2858: 2783: 2753: 2717: 2687: 2672: 2657: 2650: 2630: 2621: 2584: 2569: 2519:(3): 221–243. 2496: 2469: 2457: 2431: 2412: 2387: 2385: 2384: 2379:From p. 171: 2347: 2338: 2326: 2317: 2315:, p. 136. 2300: 2294:978-0674505728 2293: 2266: 2254:gsa.confex.com 2241: 2186: 2151: 2104: 2067: 2056:on 28 May 2010 2041: 2032: 2023: 1992: 1958: 1956:, p. 183. 1946: 1927: 1912: 1897: 1866: 1835: 1806: 1773: 1764:|journal= 1717: 1710: 1682: 1650: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1617:Islands portal 1606: 1592: 1576: 1573: 1378: 1377: 1336: 1334: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1291:nature reserve 1286: 1283: 1265: 1262: 1252: 1249: 1213: 1210: 1176: 1173: 1159:Main article: 1156: 1153: 1143: 1140: 1093:Main article: 1090: 1087: 1082:Rogier Verbeek 1047: 1046:Dutch activity 1044: 1014:Edmund Roberts 1010: 1004: 1003: 1002: 999: 992: 990: 983: 976: 941: 935: 924:Jan van Schley 851: 848: 839: 836: 784: 781: 729: 726: 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In 1809, a 1060: 1056: 1053: 1045: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1009: 1006:Visit by USS 1005: 996: 991: 987: 980: 975: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 957: 951: 949: 940: 937:Visit by HMS 936: 934: 931: 929: 925: 921: 920: 915: 911: 906: 904: 898: 896: 890: 888: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 860: 856: 849: 847: 845: 837: 835: 833: 829: 825: 820: 814: 812: 805: 803: 799: 795: 794: 793:Book of Kings 790: 782: 780: 778: 774: 770: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 750:Poolsche Hoed 747: 743: 739: 735: 727: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 702: 695: 693: 691: 687: 683: 679: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 644: 640: 636: 632: 629: 625: 624:Lesser Sundas 621: 617: 613: 610: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 576: 572: 571: 570: 568: 563: 561: 557: 553: 550:(in an older 549: 545: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 525:western world 522: 518: 510: 508: 506: 505: 504:Anak Krakatau 499: 497: 493: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 473:Alice Springs 469: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 446:nuclear yield 443: 438: 434: 426: 424: 422: 418: 417:Anak Krakatoa 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 361: 341: 333: 276: 267: 265: 264:Last eruption 261: 258: 255: 253: 252:Mountain type 249: 244: 241: 238: 234: 208: 198: 193: 188: 181: 177: 173: 168: 163: 135: 133: 129: 126: 123: 121: 117: 112: 106: 104: 100: 95: 89: 87: 83: 78: 72: 70: 66: 61: 54: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 32:Anak Krakatoa 19: 4043:Fort Belgica 4006:Tirta Gangga 3986:Tampaksiring 3921:Lovina Beach 3617:Surabaya Zoo 3602:Sempu island 3587:Ranu Kumbolo 3532:Mount Semeru 3527:Mount Merapi 3392:Bogor Palace 3244:Lagundri Bay 3238: 3214:Bukit Lawang 3087: 3083: 3061: 3041: 3029: 3001: 2985: 2984: 2981:Bibliography 2966:. 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AD): 734:prehistory 710:island arc 586:karkaṭaka, 552:Portuguese 462:Tsar Bomba 450:Little Boy 382:Indonesian 187:Indonesian 86:Prominence 3996:Tanah Lot 3926:Mandalika 3901:Kintamani 3881:Goa Gajah 3871:Gili Meno 3851:Cempi Bay 3826:Awang Bay 3592:Ranu Pani 3572:Prambanan 3567:Penataran 3397:Borobudur 3382:Batu City 3264:Lake Toba 3199:Berastagi 3153:Indonesia 3112:128596743 3033:from the 2549:153757349 2541:0165-0009 2228:0033-8222 2146:233789963 2099:165348828 1937:The Times 1799:22 August 1646:Citations 1461:in 1966. 1279:black rat 1232:Discovery 1230:HMS 1175:Political 1168:lava dome 1142:Aftermath 1121:Mauritius 1117:Rodrigues 1040:Geisinger 986:Discovery 956:Discovery 954:HMS 946:HMS 939:Discovery 844:Sailendra 686:Krakatau, 639:kelakatu, 616:cockatoos 544:Cracatoa, 537:Sundanese 511:Etymology 485:Mauritius 481:Rodrigues 477:Australia 240:Indonesia 195:Geography 142:6°06′07″S 103:Isolation 69:Elevation 4089:Krakatoa 3981:Senggigi 3976:Seminyak 3946:Nusa Dua 3896:Kelimutu 3891:Jimbaran 3866:Gili Air 3745:Sulawesi 3652:Trowulan 3597:Sangiran 3239:Krakatoa 3046:Archived 2998:(2003). 2962:Archived 2932:Archived 2906:29 April 2845:Archived 2819:Archived 2800:Archived 2776:28 April 2770:Archived 2746:28 April 2710:28 April 2704:Archived 2608:Archived 2604:28538295 2553:Archived 2483:Archived 2418:Archived 2374:Krakatau 2358:Krakatau 2259:16 April 2236:54647517 2173:Archived 2081:Archipel 2010:Archived 1985:25 March 1979:Archived 1884:Archived 1880:BBC News 1853:Archived 1822:Archived 1793:Archived 1739:Archived 1575:See also 1521:Krakatoa 1502:Krakatau 1437:diamonds 1072:Several 1018:Crokatoa 811:Rajabasa 789:Javanese 738:Verlaten 690:Krakatoa 666:kangaroo 662:Jakartan 654:Kaga tau 650:Krakatau 643:Furneaux 637:word is 620:Kakatoes 575:Sanskrit 567:Krakatau 556:Krakatau 548:Krakatao 496:tsunamis 402:Verlaten 364:), is a 340:Krakatau 275:Krakatoa 236:Location 220:Krakatoa 180:Krakatau 46:Krakatoa 18:Krakatau 4021:Uluwatu 3831:Bedugul 3710:Kakaban 3161:Sumatra 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