Pink-collar worker - Knowledge (XXG)

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factories. In a 1990 study conducted by Allan H. Hunt and Timothy L. Hunt, they examined how industrial robots would impact both the creation of jobs as well as job displacement among unskilled workers in the United States. It was concluded that the impact of unemployment due to the spread of robotics would be felt the greatest by uneducated, unskilled blue-collar workers. New technology in the form of robotics eliminates many semi or unskilled jobs, and has taken traditional male filled roles away from the job market. Judy Wajcman maintains that skills involving machines and strength are associated with masculinity. This means that the least technical jobs (pink-collar) jobs are associated with women. These machines designed by men, using the technology they have always monopolized, are now displacing them and forcing them into pink-collar work widely viewed as a step down specifically due to negative associations with "women's work".

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money. Women who earned enough to live on found it impossible to keep their salary rate from being reduced because bosses often made "mistakes" in computing a worker's piece rate. As well as this, women who received this kind of treatment did not disagree for fear of losing their jobs. Employers would frequently deduct pay for work they deemed imperfect and for simply trying to lighten the mood by laughing or talking while they worked. In the 1937 a woman's average yearly salary was $ 525 compared to a man's salary of $ 1,027. In the 1940s two-thirds of the women who were in the labor force suffered a decrease in earnings; the average weekly paychecks fell from $ 50 to $ 37. This gap in wage stayed consistent, as women in 1991 only earned seventy percent of what men earned regardless of their education.

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waking at 5:30 a.m. to start their ten-hour work day. When women entered the paid workforce in the 1920s they were paid less than men because employers thought the women's jobs were temporary. Employers also paid women less than men because they believed in the "Pin Money Theory", which said that women's earnings were secondary to that of their male counterparts. Married working women experienced lopsided stress and overload because they were still responsible for the majority of the housework and taking care of the children. This left women isolated and subjected them to their husband's control.

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most female pink-collar workers. Generally, less government funding is allocated to professions and work environments that traditionally employ and retain a greater percentage of women, for example, education and social work. From the research conducted by Tiffany Barnes, Victoria Beall, and Mirya Holman, discrepancies for government representation of pink-collar jobs could primarily be due to legislatures and government employees having the perspective for only white-collar jobs and most people making budgetary decisions are men. A white collar-job is typically administrative.

1148:(NRA) was approved in May 1933. The NRA negotiated codes designed to rekindle production. It raised wages, shortened workers' hours, and increased employment for the first time maximizing hour and minimizing wage provisions benefiting female workers. The NRA had its flaws however, it only covered half of the women in the workforce particularly manufacturing and trade. The NRA regulated working conditions only for women with a job and did not offer any relief for the two million unemployed women who desperately needed it. 5943: 36: 4063: 96: 876: 1020:(AGS)'s employees were women, who served as librarians, editorial personnel in the publishing programs, secretaries, research editors, copy editors, proofreaders, research assistants and sales staff. These women came with credentials from well-known colleges and universities and many were overqualified for their positions, but later were promoted to more prestigious positions. 1176:. This study was conducted in 2010. In the United Kingdom, careers within nursing and teaching are not considered pink-collar jobs anymore, but instead are labeled as white-collar. This shift is also occurring in many other countries. Studies show that white-collar workers are less likely to face health disparities. 1260:

analyzed in Barnes, et al.'s research paper, approximately 78% of men were employed in cleaning and maintenance, engineering and science, production and transportation, protective services, and construction. Only 25% were in healthcare support, personal care, education, office administration support,

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Women scientists found it hard to gain appointments at universities. Women scientists were forced to take positions in high schools, state or women's colleges, governmental agencies and alternative institutions such as libraries or museums. Women who took jobs at such places often did clerical duties

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Female secretaries were also popular. They were instructed to be efficient, tough, and hardworking while also appearing soft, accommodating, and subservient. Women were expected to be the protector and partner to their boss behind closed doors and a helpmate in public. These women were encouraged to

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In these factories, workers frequently breathed dangerous fumes and worked with flammable materials. In order for factories to save money, women were required to clean and adjust the machines while they were running, which resulted in accidents where women lost their fingers or hands. Many women who

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is usually compensated by the employer's company, but several countries do not follow that mandate, including the United States. Results from "Standpoints of Maternity Leave: Discourses of Temporality and Ability" state that many new mothers employed in pink-collar work have keyed disability or sick

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argue that technology has long been monopolized by men and is a great source of their power historically. However, more millennial men are doing pink collar work because technology is affecting blue collar work. Machines are able to perform many of the tasks that were typically gendered male within

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A single woman working in a factory in the early 20th century earned less than $ 8 a week, which is equivalent to roughly less than $ 98 a week today. If the woman was absent or was late, employers penalized them by docking their pay. These women would live in boarding houses costing $ 1.50 a week,

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During the 1950s, women were taught that marriage and domesticity were more important than a career. Most women followed this path because of the uncertainty of the post-war years. Suburban housewives were encouraged to have hobbies like bread making and sewing. The 1950s housewife was in conflict

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by answering telephones and talking to impatient callers in a calming tone. The workers would sit on stools facing a wall with hundreds of outlets and tiny blinking lights. They had to work quickly when a light flashed by plugging the cord into the proper outlet. Despite the difficult work, many

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However, not all of a woman's education was done in the classroom. Women were also educated through their peers through "dating". Men and women no longer had to be supervised when alone together. Dating allowed men and women to practice the paired activities that would later become a way of life.

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made six to seven dollars a week compared to a cutter's salary of $ 16. This differed from women working in factories in the 1900s as they were paid by the piece, not receiving a fixed weekly wage. Those that were pinching pennies pushed themselves to produce more product so that they earned more

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According to the 2016 United States Census analyzed in Barnes, et al.'s research paper, more than 95% of the construction workforce is male. Due to the low population of women outside of the childcare or social workforce, state governments are miscalculating economic budgets by not accounting for

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strongholds. Education became a way for society to shape women into its ideal housewife. In the 1950s, authorities and educators encouraged college because they found new value in vocational training for domesticity. College prepared women for future roles because while men and women were taught

1274:, they are still likely to receive higher praise, a higher salary, more opportunities, and more promotions. Men who have worked in pink-collar jobs for longer periods of time are less likely to quit their profession or notice stereotyping, while recently hired men have a smaller retention rate. 1252:

It was found as well that men going into traditionally claimed pink collar jobs are felt discriminated and threatened in their jobs. Men going into positions such as teaching, nursing, and childcare faced many negative stereotypes in these lines of work, as men have traditionally been viewed as

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As mentioned in the research article by Patrice Buzzanell, Robyn Remke, Rebecca Meisenbach, Meina Liu, Venessa Bowers, and Cindy Conn, as of 2016, pink-collar jobs are quickly growing in demand by both men and women. Professions within pink-collar jobs are more likely to be consistent with job

1103:(ILGWU) was formed after women shirtwaist makers went on strike in New York City in 1909. It started as a small walkout, with a handful of members from one shop and grew to a force of ten of thousands, changing the course of the labor movement forever. In 1910 women allied themselves with the 1087:

Being educated was an expectation for women entering the paying workforce, despite the fact that their male equivalents did not need a high school diploma. While in college, a woman would experience extracurricular activities, such as a sorority, that offered a separate space for the woman to

1211:". This includes managing areas such as human resources, customer service, and other areas that do not contribute to the corporate "bottom line". While this allows women to rise in ranks as a manager, their careers may eventually stall out and they may be excluded from the upper echelons. 1129:, a welfare measure intended to reduce infant and maternal mortality; it was the first federally funded healthcare act. The act provided federal funds to establish health centers for prenatal and child care. Expectant mothers and children could receive health checkups and health advice. 1023:

Although female employees did not receive equal pay, they did get sabbaticals to attend university and to travel for their professions at the cost of the AGS. Those women working managerial and library or museums positions made an impact on women in the work force, but still encountered

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made women appear better suited for clerk positions. With their smaller fingers, women were perceived to be better able to operate the new machines. By 1885, new methods of note-taking and the expanding scope of businesses led office-clerk positions to be in high demand. Having a

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Later on in the 1970s and 1980s as women began to fight for equality, they fought against discrimination in jobs where women worked and the educational institutions that would lead to those jobs. In 1973 the average salaries for women were 57% compared to those of men, but this

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The 1930s proved successful for women in the workplace thanks to federal relief programs and the growth of unions. For the first time women were not completely dependent on themselves, in 1933 the federal government expanded in its responsibility to female workers. In 1938 the

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Unions also became a major outlet for women to fight against the unfair treatment they experienced. Women who joined these types of unions stayed before and after work to talk about the benefits of the union, collect dues, obtain charters, and form bargaining committees.

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became a female-dominated profession in the 1930s, emphasizing a group professional identity and the casework method. Social workers gave crucial expertise for the expansion of federal, state and local government, as well as services to meet the needs of the Depression.

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was especially noticeable in pink-collar jobs where the largest number of women were employed. Women were given routine, less responsible jobs available and often with a lower pay than men. These jobs were monotonous and mechanical often with assembly-line procedures.

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was passed making it the first federal law against sex discrimination, equal pay for equal work (at least removed explicit base pay discrepancies based on sex), and had employers allow both men and women applicants to open positions if they qualified from the start.

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In the 1940s, clerical work expanded to occupy the largest number of women employees, this field diversified as it moved into commercial service. The average worker in the 1940s was over 35 years old, married, and needed to work to keep their families afloat.

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The pink collar ghetto, also known as the velvet ghetto, concerns the phenomena of women entering a certain field employment and subsequently the status and pay grade of this profession drops along with the new influx of women workers. Some scholars, such as

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In addition, women gradually became more involved with church activities and came to take on more leadership roles in various religious societies. The women who joined these societies worked with their members, some of whom were full-time teachers, nurses,

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Teachers in primary and secondary schools remained female, although as the war progressed, women began to move on to better employment and higher salaries. In 1940, teaching positions paid less than $ 1,500 a year and fell to $ 800 in rural areas.

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In 1913 the ILGWU signed the well-known "protocol in the Dress and Waist Industry" which was the first contract between labor and management settled by outside negotiators. The contract formalized the trade's division of labor by gender.

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Western women began to develop more opportunities when they moved into the paid workplace, formerly of the male domain. In the mid 19th and early 20th century women aimed to be treated as equals to their male counterparts, notably in the

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Steele's research concludes that ongoing hostility will result in lower workplace performance and employment retention of men in traditional pink-collar occupations. Although men in a woman-dominated professional environment face

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Historically, women were responsible for the running of a household. Their financial security was often dependent upon a male patriarch. Widowed or divorced women struggled to support themselves and their children.

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In the early 1900s women's pay was one to three dollars a week and much of that went to living expenses. In the 1900s female tobacco strippers earned five dollars a week, half of what their male coworkers made and

1188:" is a term used to refer to jobs dominated by women. The term was coined in 1983 to describe the limits women have in furthering their careers since the jobs are often dead-end, stressful and underpaid. The term 1196:

was more commonly used in the early years, when women were finally able to work. Pink-collar work became the popular term once it was popularized by Louise Kapp Howe, a writer and social critic, in the 1970s.

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Kalokerinos, Elise K.; Kjelsaas, Kathleen; Bennetts, Steven; von Hippel, Courtney (1 August 2017). "Men in pink collars: Stereotype threat and disengagement among male teachers and child protection workers".

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Traditionally, Feminism in public relations focuses on gender equality, but new scholarship makes claims that focusing on social justice would better aid feminist cause in the field. This brings the idea of

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to the pink collar ghetto. The issue is not caused by what women lack as professionals, but caused by larger societal injustices and interlocking systems of oppression that systematically burden women.

182:'s 2011 World Health Statistics Report states that there are 19.3 million nurses in the world today. In the United States, women constitute 92.1% of the registered nurses that are currently employed. 1168:

Today, the economy in the United Kingdom still shows a prominent divide in a workforce with many occupations still labeled as "pink-collar". 28% of women worked jobs labeled under "pink-collar" in

139:. While these jobs may also be filled by men, they have historically been female-dominated (a tendency that continues today, though to a somewhat lesser extent) and may pay significantly less than 1084:

together, they were groomed for different paths after they graduated. Education started out as a way to teach women how to be a good wife, but education also allowed women to broaden their minds.

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sparked a demand for "pink-collar jobs" as the military needed personnel to type letters, answer phones, and perform other secretarial tasks. One thousand women worked for the U.S. Navy as

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joined the armed services and were stationed domestically and abroad through participation in non-combat military roles and as medical personnel. One thousand female pilots joined the

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As explained in Buzzanell et al.'s research article, maternity leave is the time off from work a mother takes after having a child, either through childbirth or adoption. In 2010, the

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Other scholars, such as Kim Golombisky, acknowledge the inequalities of women, and especially certain minority groups and different classes, as part of the cause of this phenomenon.

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Mostly women were hired as librarians, who had been professionalized and feminized from the late 19th century. In 1920, women accounted for 88% of librarians in the United States.

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At the turn of the 19th century into the 20th, large numbers of single women in the United States traveled to large cities such as New York where they found work in factories and

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between being "just a housewife" because their upbringing taught them competition and achievement. Many women had furthered their education deriving a sense of self-worth.

46: 2558: 1636: 921:, which was the first to train women as professional nurses. After completing training, female nurses worked in hospitals or more predominantly in field tents. 2378: 1095:

New women's organizations sprouted up working to reform and protect women in the workplace. The largest and most prestigious of these organizations was the

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Women's work – notably with the delegation of women to particular fields within the workplace – began to rise in the 1940s, in concurrence with

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marked the emergence of large numbers of women working domestically in industrial jobs to assist in the war effort as directed under the

6022: 3877: 1813:"Educating Women for Self-Reliance and Economic Opportunity: The Strategic Entrepreneurialism of the Katharine Gibbs Schools, 1911–1968" 918: 842:

and opportunity to learn basic office functions before moving on to management positions. In the 1860s and 1870s, widespread use of the

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This graph shows the increase in women graduating high school and attending college, while there is a decrease in high school dropouts.

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Women entering the workforce had difficulty finding a satisfactory job without references or an education. However, opportunities for

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estimates that, as of May 2008, there were over 2.2 million persons employed as servers in the United States. Furthermore, the

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Golombisky, Kim (2015). "Renewing the Commitments of Feminist Public Relations Theory From Velvet Ghetto to Social Justice".

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worked in the factories earned meager wages for working long hours in unsafe conditions and as a result lived in poverty.

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Buzzanell, Patrice M.; Remke, Robyn V.; Meisenbach, Rebecca; Liu, Meina; Bowers, Venessa; Conn, Cindy (2 January 2017).

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women wanted this job because it paid five dollars a week and provided a rest lounge for the employees to take a break.

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and launched missions in overcrowded squalid immigrant neighborhoods to offer social services to women and children.

62: 795:, working for low pay operating sewing machines, sorting feathers, rolling tobacco, and other similar menial tasks. 5817: 5699: 5175: 4627: 4227: 3949: 3288: 2809: 287: 175: 6007: 5981: 5976: 5797: 5471: 5382: 5261: 3974: 3914: 2386: 179: 5986: 5956: 5647: 5449: 5208: 5131: 4632: 4622: 4304: 4092: 3919: 3909: 3266: 3078: 426: 5444: 5165: 1126: 1036:

security and the need for employment, but salary and advancements seem to be much more slow-growing factors.

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depicted by J. Howard Miller who created this poster as an inspirational image to boost female worker morale.

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go to charm schools and express their personality through fashion instead of furthering their education.

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Pink-collar occupations tend to be personal-service-oriented workers working in retail, nursing, and

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can also describe the placement of female managers into positions that will not lead them to the

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is someone working in the care-oriented career field or in fields historically considered to be

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and though some held professional positions, these boundaries were blurred. Some found work as

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Susan M. Hartmann, The Home Front and Beyond (Boston, MA: G.K. Hall &Co., 1982), p. 94.

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Kalokerinos, Elise K.; Kjelsaas, Kathleen; Bennetts, Steven; Hippel, Courtney von (2017).

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grew out of several successful strikes. Two million women joined the workforce during the

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Naffziger, Claudeen Cline; Naffziger, Ken (1974). "Development of Sex Role Stereotypes".

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Wallace, Ruth A. (2000). "Women and Religion: The Transformation of Leadership Roles".

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became a status symbol, and these new types of positions were relatively well paid.

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deal primarily with the United States and the United Kingdom and do not represent a

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Typically, clerk positions were filled by young men who used the position as an

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were advocates for evolving the roles of women in America. These women created

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Monk, Janice (2003). "Women's Worlds at the American Geographical Society".

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The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition

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Stoper, Emily (1991). "Women's Work, Women's Movement: Taking Stock".

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determined that less than 20% of elementary school teachers were men.

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Another organization that grew out of women in the workforce, was the

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A typical job sought by working women in the early 20th century was a

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U.S. Department of Labor – Bureau of Labor Statistics (24 May 2006).

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and accepted profession for women, expanded during wartime. In 1917,

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Gibson Girls and Suffragists: Perceptions of Women from 1900 to 1918

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The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

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practice types of social service work that was expected from her.

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Barnes, Tiffany D.; Beall, Victoria D.; Holman, Mirya R. (2021).

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recruiting poster from World War II, showing an officer of the

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Hospital attendant / hospital service worker / hospital orderly

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Mullaney, Marie Marmo; Hilbert, Rosemary C. (February 2018).

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expanded as women were admitted to all-male schools like the

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Another win for women came in 1921 when Congress passed the

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is just simply another way of describing pink-collar work.

1968: 1966: 654:/ non-profit volunteer coordinator / recreation director 54: 5087:

List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents

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professional, strong, and holding dominant attitudes.

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Pink or velvet ghetto in the field of public relations

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which recruited women to fill war manufacturing jobs.

1633:""Pink collar" jobs are disproportionately underpaid" 1396:

Basu, S.; Ratcliffe, G.; Green, M. (1 October 2015).

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Personal care attendant / personal or home care aide

250:/ early childhood educator / kindergarten teacher / 5836: 5755: 5596: 5470: 5335: 5227: 5194: 5057: 4982: 4859: 4781: 4715: 4502: 4424: 4368: 4218: 4115: 3998: 3890: 3858: 3825: 3751: 3714: 3615: 3572: 3532: 3514: 3433: 3351: 3311: 3220: 3213: 3168: 3071: 2917: 2871: 2710:(New York: Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith) 1635:. Indiana University Sourh Bend Student Newspaper. 170:, and are among the most common occupations in the 2741: 2530: 2024: 2022: 1912: 1164:21st-century female working world (United Kingdom) 942:, one hundred and forty thousand women joined the 830:was the first to elect a woman president in 1938. 978:. The Hello Girls began as women who operated on 958:20th-century female working world (United States) 27:Someone working in the care-oriented career field 2200: 2198: 198:leave instead of time off for maternity leave. 2696:(Minneapolis, MN: Twenty-First Century Books) 2212: 2210: 1747: 1745: 706:Food preparation worker / counter attendant / 4093: 2810: 2379:"Promises Unkept in the Enduring Pink Ghetto" 2351:"Pink-collar workers fight to leave "ghetto"" 2188: 2186: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2036: 2034: 1886:"Women in the Work Force during World War II" 1718: 1716: 43:The examples and perspective in this article 8: 3494: 2706:Humowitz, Carol; Weissman, Michelle (1978). 2557:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1980: 1978: 1778:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 1759: 1757: 1356: 1354: 1330: 1328: 776:. In 1920 American women legally gained the 2790:9to5, National Association of Working Women 1945:"Topics in Chronicling America-Hello Girls" 1364:. World Health Organization. Archived from 1024:discrimination when they tried to advance. 802:Throughout the 20th century, women such as 780:, marking a turning point for the American 392:Marketing coordinator / marketing assistant 4100: 4086: 4078: 3720: 3711: 3698: 3217: 3068: 3055: 2868: 2817: 2803: 2795: 1771: 1769: 1101:International Ladies Garment Workers Union 946:and one hundred thousand women joined the 166:(depending on the level), are part of the 5829:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act 2665: 2609: 2529:L., Hunt, H. Allan|Hunt, Timothy (1983). 2442:"Public Relations Field: 'Velvet Ghetto'" 2002: 1828: 1413: 828:Association for the Sociology of Religion 784:movement; yet race and class remained as 81:Learn how and when to remove this message 5673:Job losses caused by the Great Recession 4350:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates 2377:Glasscock, Gretchen (10 February 2009). 1856:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 1448:. US Department of Labor. Archived from 94: 5854:Credentialism and educational inflation 2775:Workers in the Pink Collar Market Place 2533:Human Resource Implications of Robotics 1919:. New York: Oxford University. p. 1324: 5725:List of countries by unemployment rate 2550: 1293:Designation of workers by collar color 2646:European Journal of Social Psychology 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2590:European Journal of Social Psychology 2180:(New York: The Penguin Group), p. 27. 1606:"Nine pink collar jobs men want most" 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1467: 954:in addition to administrative staff. 366:/ healthcare assistant / nurse's aide 288:Psychiatric rehabilitation specialist 7: 4618:Practice-based professional learning 2469:Journal of Public Relations Research 1391: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1107:who sought to reform social issues. 202:Pink-collar occupations may include: 5171:Workers' right to access the toilet 2204:Humowitz Weissman 1978, pp. 236–237 1728:National Museum of American History 1276:The Australian Bureau of Statistics 1097:General Federation of Women's Clubs 919:Bellevue Hospital School of Nursing 902:, clerks, and telephone operators. 379:Advertising and promotions managers 335:Medical and health service managers 103:teacher assists one of her students 3060: 2780:Women Work! Women in the Workforce 2079:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2003.tb00031.x 1790:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2000.tb00011.x 1446:"Quick Facts on Registered Nurses" 25: 2744:Women and the American Experience 2491:– via Communication Source. 2349:Kleiman, Carol (8 January 2006). 1639:from the original on 3 March 2023 1160:despite negative public opinion. 879:This poster made in 1942 titled " 5942: 5941: 5235:Corporate collapses and scandals 4062: 4061: 2408:Murray, Sarah (8 January 2008). 1604:Sardi, Katerina (27 June 2012). 1540:Women's Studies in Communication 1146:National Recovery Administration 34: 2410:"Posting Up in the Pink Ghetto" 1077:United States service academies 684:Hotel housekeeper / chambermaid 115:. This may include jobs in the 5735:Employment-to-population ratio 5107:Occupational health psychology 3703: 2725:. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co. 2327:Humowitz Weissman 1978, p. 316 2282:Humowitz Weissman 1978, p. 304 2273:Humowitz Weissman 1978, p. 364 2216:Humowitz Weissman 1978, p. 240 2162:"Housework and Domestic Work," 2126:Humowitz Weissman 1978, p. 332 2117:Humowitz Weissman 1978, p. 326 2108:Humowitz Weissman 1978, p. 314 1817:History of Education Quarterly 1751:Humowitz Weissman 1978, p. 239 1666:Humowitz Weissman 1978, p. 333 1362:"World Health Statistics 2011" 936:American women in World War II 441:Meeting and convention planner 1: 5823:Works Progress Administration 5715:Unemployment Convention, 1919 5127:Personal protective equipment 4675:Occupational Outlook Handbook 2748:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 2708:A History of Women in America 2505:Feminism Confronts Technology 2481:10.1080/1062726X.2015.1086653 1631:Rose, Ashley (2 March 2023). 1552:10.1080/07491409.2015.1113451 1484:Legislative Studies Quarterly 1398:"Health and pink-collar work" 1018:American Geographical Society 940:Women Airforce Service Pilots 307:speech and language therapist 5904:Psychopathy in the workplace 5077:Human factors and ergonomics 444:Tax examiner / revenue agent 5889:Narcissism in the workplace 5102:Occupational exposure limit 2692:Gourley, Catherine (2008). 2245:10.1177/0002716291515001013 834:Invention of the typewriter 303:Speech-language pathologist 191:International Labour Office 57:, discuss the issue on the 6054: 6023:Employment classifications 5818:Civil Works Administration 5700:Technological unemployment 5176:Workplace health promotion 4628:Professional certification 4325:Personality–job fit theory 2909:Weberian (three-component) 2574:Male Designs on Technology 1985:Rung, Margaret C. (1997). 1911:May, Elaine Tyler (1994). 1583:"The Pink-Collar Job Boom" 763:Background (United States) 176:Bureau of Labor Statistics 5937: 5798:Guaranteed minimum income 5383:Organizational commitment 4057: 3723: 3710: 3697: 3067: 3054: 2867: 2838: 2415:Women's Sports Foundation 2137:"US Inflation Calculator" 1207:, thus perpetuating the " 557:Personal care and service 257:Special Education teacher 180:World Health Organization 5967:Aspects of organizations 5648:Involuntary unemployment 5209:Equal pay for equal work 5132:Repetitive strain injury 4633:Professional development 4623:Professional association 4305:Letter of recommendation 4031:Pre-industrial East Asia 1339:. US Department of Labor 1154:Fair Labor Standards Act 427:administrative assistant 5952:Aspects of corporations 5914:Slow movement (culture) 5793:Employer of last resort 5695:Structural unemployment 5633:Frictional unemployment 5072:Epilepsy and employment 4959:Performance-related pay 4893:National average salary 4806:996 working hour system 3079:Administrative detainee 2141:US Inflation Calculator 1991:Business History Review 1949:The Library of Congress 1265:Men in pink-collar jobs 929:War Manpower Commission 774:Seneca Falls Convention 728:/ parking lot attendant 5962:Aspects of occupations 5768:Unemployment insurance 5720:Unemployment extension 5690:Reserve army of labour 5495:Constructive dismissal 5302:Sleeping while on duty 5267:Exploitation of labour 5149:Sick building syndrome 4320:Person–environment fit 4190:Independent contractor 3495: 2740:Woloch, Nancy (1984). 2502:Wajcman, Judy (1991). 2176:Archer, Jules (1991). 1724:"Sweatshops 1880-1940" 1678:The Family Coordinator 1256:According to the 2016 980:telephone switchboards 967: 892: 872: 871:before a hospital ship 658:Relationship counselor 293:Occupational therapist 104: 5972:Aspects of workplaces 5710:Unemployment benefits 5705:Types of unemployment 5643:Graduate unemployment 5537:Letter of resignation 5166:Workers' compensation 5159:Occupational fatality 4663:Vocational university 4263:Employment counsellor 4036:Pre-industrial Europe 1852:Davies, M.W. (1982). 1608:. NBC. Archived from 1415:10.1093/occmed/kqv103 1402:Occupational Medicine 1261:and social services. 965: 878: 862: 786:impediments to voting 623:/ child-care provider 98: 6038:Feminist terminology 5778:Job creation program 5554:Mandatory retirement 5507:Employee offboarding 5327:Workplace incivility 5322:Workplace harassment 5097:Occupational disease 5092:Occupational burnout 5007:Disability insurance 4851:Workweek and weekend 4831:Retroactive overtime 4653:Vocational education 4568:Continuing education 4406:Permanent employment 3893: or countries 3704:By country or region 2942:Class discrimination 2721:Ware, Susan (1982). 2508:. Penn State Press. 2291:Gourley 2008, p. 104 1972:Gourley 2008, p. 105 1875:Gourley 2008, p. 123 1866:Gourley 2008, p. 119 1763:Gourley 2008, p. 99. 1710:Gourley 2008, p. 103 1258:United States Census 619:/ day care worker / 507:/ nail technician / 354:Lactation consultant 63:create a new article 55:improve this article 5683:Recession-proof job 5678:Lists of recessions 5616:Economic depression 5564:Retirement planning 5445:Work–life interface 5282:Employee monitoring 5250:Corporate behaviour 5240:Accounting scandals 5122:Occupational stress 5112:Occupational injury 4643:Reflective practice 4638:Professional school 4360:Work-at-home scheme 4280:Induction programme 4258:Employment contract 4238:Business networking 3425:Vanniar (Chieftain) 2785:Statistics on Women 2389:on 25 February 2009 2339:Woloch 1984, p. 404 2318:Woloch 1984, p. 405 2309:Woloch 1984, p. 500 2300:Woloch 1984, p. 525 2071:2003GeoRv..93..237M 2059:Geographical Review 1830:10.1017/heq.2017.49 1368:on 16 November 2011 1303:White-collar worker 1127:Sheppard–Towner Act 1116:Department of Labor 1060:gender earnings gap 915:Louisa Lee Schuyler 708:cafeteria attendant 429:/ information clerk 344:Pharmacy technician 6033:Feminist economics 5946:See also templates 5783:Job creation index 5747:Youth unemployment 5611:Discouraged worker 5500:Wrongful dismissal 5480:At-will employment 5353:Civil conscription 5317:Workplace bullying 5204:Affirmative action 5186:Workplace wellness 5117:Occupational noise 4753:Long service leave 4613:Overspecialization 4593:Induction training 4548:Career development 4006:18th-century Spain 3860:Standard of living 3564:Upper middle class 3559:Lower middle class 3150:Political prisoner 2932:Chattering classes 2904:Spoon class theory 2448:. 30 November 1986 2192:Woloch 1984, p. 27 2165:Sociological Forum 1915:Pushing the Limits 1288:Blue-collar worker 1016:Two-thirds of the 972:telephone operator 968: 950:as nurses through 948:United States Navy 944:Women's Army Corps 893: 887:era cultural icon 873: 865:United States Navy 855:World War I and II 757:Fitness instructor 721:Washroom attendant 701:retail salesperson 298:Physical therapist 262:Teaching assistant 243:library technician 218:Landscape designer 109:pink-collar worker 105: 5995: 5994: 5894:Post-work society 5874:Kiss up kick down 5606:Barriers to entry 5571:Severance package 5403:Human trafficking 5297:Sexual harassment 5277:Employee handbook 5196:Equal opportunity 5059:Safety and health 5049:Take-home vehicle 4658:Vocational school 4608:Lifelong learning 4583:Further education 4543:Career counseling 4538:Career assessment 4315:Overqualification 4075: 4074: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4048: 3886: 3885: 3693: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3587:Lumpenproletariat 3089:illegal immigrant 3050: 3049: 2962:Classless society 2755:978-0-394-53515-9 2732:978-0-8057-9900-2 2723:Holding Their Own 2702:978-0-8225-7150-6 2658:10.1002/ejsp.2246 2602:10.1002/ejsp.2246 2446:Los Angeles Times 2356:The Seattle Times 2178:Breaking Barriers 2040:Ware 1982, p. 102 1951:. 29 January 2015 1930:978-0-19-508084-1 1890:National Archives 1496:10.1111/lsq.12286 1452:on 6 October 2014 1244:Scholars such as 1233:intersectionalism 1105:Progressive Party 889:Rosie the Riveter 816:settlement houses 642:Massage therapist 364:Medical assistant 248:Preschool teacher 239:Library assistant 234:teacher-librarian 213:Interior designer 101:special education 91: 90: 83: 65:, as appropriate. 16:(Redirected from 6045: 6008:1970s neologisms 5982:Critique of work 5977:Corporate titles 5945: 5944: 5864:Evil corporation 5730:Employment rates 5653:Jobless recovery 5621:Great Depression 5581:Golden parachute 5576:Golden handshake 5373:Job satisfaction 5363:Critique of work 5181:Workplace phobia 5012:Health insurance 4969:Wage compression 4937:Progressive wage 4791:35-hour workweek 4758:No call, no show 4748:Leave of absence 4598:Knowledge worker 4526:Master craftsman 4330:Personality hire 4268:Executive search 4248:Curriculum vitae 4233:Background check 4102: 4095: 4088: 4079: 4065: 4064: 3892: 3793:Mexican-American 3721: 3712: 3699: 3500: 3443:Business magnate 3333:Knowledge worker 3218: 3106:dual or multiple 3069: 3056: 3010:Social exclusion 3005:Social cleansing 2919: 2869: 2858:Economic classes 2819: 2812: 2805: 2796: 2759: 2747: 2736: 2680: 2679: 2669: 2637: 2624: 2623: 2613: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2556: 2548: 2536: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2418:. Archived from 2405: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2385:. Archived from 2374: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2328: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2228: 2217: 2214: 2205: 2202: 2193: 2190: 2181: 2174: 2168: 2167:182 no.2 (1993). 2160:Silver, Hilary. 2158: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2133: 2127: 2124: 2118: 2115: 2109: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2054: 2041: 2038: 2029: 2028:Ware 1982, p. 74 2026: 2017: 2016: 2006: 1982: 1973: 1970: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1918: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1892:. 15 August 2016 1882: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1832: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1773: 1764: 1761: 1752: 1749: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1730:. 21 August 2017 1720: 1711: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1658: 1657:Ware 1982, p. 17 1655: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1612:on 29 April 2014 1601: 1595: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1581:Francis, David. 1578: 1572: 1571: 1531: 1516: 1515: 1475: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1417: 1393: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1358: 1349: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1332: 1240:Male integration 1174:northern England 1158:Great Depression 1073:higher education 788:for some women. 782:women's suffrage 752:dance instructor 703:/ retail manager 662:family therapist 585:Flight attendant 520:Personal stylist 496:image consultant 484:costume designer 433:Data entry clerk 412:Public relations 349:Dental hygienist 321:Dental assistant 278:registered nurse 133:secretarial work 86: 79: 75: 72: 66: 38: 37: 30: 21: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6042: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5987:Organized labor 5957:Aspects of jobs 5933: 5924:Toxic workplace 5859:Emotional labor 5832: 5756:Public programs 5751: 5668:Great Recession 5638:Full employment 5626:Long Depression 5592: 5490:Banishment room 5466: 5388:Refusal of work 5331: 5255:Corporate crime 5223: 5190: 5053: 4978: 4855: 4777: 4711: 4588:Graduate school 4498: 4420: 4364: 4355:Underemployment 4214: 4158:Self-employment 4133:Contingent work 4123:Academic tenure 4116:Classifications 4111: 4106: 4076: 4071: 4045: 3994: 3882: 3854: 3821: 3805:Underprivileged 3747: 3706: 3705: 3681: 3611: 3568: 3528: 3510: 3429: 3347: 3307: 3209: 3164: 3063: 3062: 3046: 3025:Social position 3015:Social mobility 2913: 2863: 2834: 2833: 2823: 2766: 2756: 2739: 2733: 2720: 2689: 2684: 2683: 2639: 2638: 2627: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2549: 2545: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2516: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2422:on 16 June 2010 2407: 2406: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2230: 2229: 2220: 2215: 2208: 2203: 2196: 2191: 2184: 2175: 2171: 2159: 2155: 2145: 2143: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2056: 2055: 2044: 2039: 2032: 2027: 2020: 2004:10.2307/3116078 1984: 1983: 1976: 1971: 1964: 1954: 1952: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1931: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1895: 1893: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1775: 1774: 1767: 1762: 1755: 1750: 1743: 1733: 1731: 1722: 1721: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1642: 1640: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1615: 1613: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1588: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1533: 1532: 1519: 1477: 1476: 1465: 1455: 1453: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1395: 1394: 1381: 1371: 1369: 1360: 1359: 1352: 1342: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1326: 1321: 1313:Glass escalator 1284: 1267: 1242: 1217: 1182: 1166: 1069: 1042: 1008:human computers 960: 907:Military nurses 883:" captures the 857: 836: 765: 735: 676:Wedding planner 627:Domestic worker 559: 551:Magazine editor 547: 524:fashion stylist 463: 451: 402:Legal secretary 396:Human resources 376: 270: 226: 209: 195:maternity leave 193:explained that 160: 117:beauty industry 87: 76: 70: 67: 52: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6051: 6049: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6018:Social classes 6015: 6010: 6000: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5909:Sunday scaries 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5833: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5759: 5757: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5660: 5658:Phillips curve 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5623: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5559:Retirement age 5556: 5546: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5512:Exit interview 5509: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5482: 5476: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5442: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5339: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5262:Discrimination 5259: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5214:Gender pay gap 5211: 5206: 5200: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5151: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5063: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5034: 5029: 5027:Parental leave 5024: 5022:Marriage leave 5019: 5017:Life insurance 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4988: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4873:Income bracket 4869: 4867: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4801:Eight-hour day 4798: 4793: 4787: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4560: 4558:Creative class 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4518: 4516:Apprenticeship 4512: 4510: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4484:Scarlet-collar 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4430: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4224: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4200:Temporary work 4197: 4192: 4187: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4168:Skilled worker 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4112: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4082: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4026:Ottoman Empire 4023: 4018: 4013: 4011:Ancient Greece 4008: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3985:United Kingdom 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3896: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3880: 3878:Home-ownership 3875: 3870: 3864: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3831: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3757: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3733:American Dream 3730: 3724: 3718: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3695: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3679: 3674: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3646: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3621: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3578: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3538: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3526: 3520: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3508: 3501: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3439: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3357: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3329: 3328: 3317: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3305: 3300: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3238: 3237: 3226: 3224: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3176: 3174: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3145:Migrant worker 3142: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3081: 3075: 3073: 3065: 3064: 3061:By demographic 3059: 3052: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3044: 3041:Status Anxiety 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2995:Ranked society 2992: 2987: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2937:Class conflict 2934: 2929: 2923: 2921: 2920: topics 2915: 2914: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2894:Mudsill theory 2891: 2886: 2881: 2875: 2873: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2861: 2854: 2847: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2821: 2814: 2807: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2765: 2764:External links 2762: 2761: 2760: 2754: 2737: 2731: 2718: 2704: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2652:(5): 553–565. 2625: 2596:(5): 553–565. 2579: 2572:Wajman, Judy. 2564: 2543: 2521: 2515:978-0271008028 2514: 2494: 2475:(5): 389–415. 2459: 2433: 2400: 2383:The New Agenda 2369: 2341: 2329: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2239:(1): 151–162. 2218: 2206: 2194: 2182: 2169: 2153: 2128: 2119: 2110: 2101: 2092: 2065:(2): 237–257. 2042: 2030: 2018: 1997:(3): 381–416. 1974: 1962: 1936: 1929: 1903: 1877: 1868: 1859: 1844: 1803: 1784:(4): 496–508. 1765: 1753: 1741: 1712: 1703: 1690:10.2307/582762 1684:(3): 251–259. 1668: 1659: 1650: 1623: 1596: 1573: 1517: 1490:(1): 119–154. 1463: 1437: 1408:(7): 529–534. 1379: 1350: 1323: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1283: 1280: 1266: 1263: 1241: 1238: 1222:Elizabeth Toth 1216: 1213: 1181: 1178: 1165: 1162: 1112:Women's Bureau 1068: 1065: 1041: 1038: 959: 956: 856: 853: 840:apprenticeship 835: 832: 764: 761: 760: 759: 754: 741: 734: 731: 730: 729: 723: 718: 713: 710: 704: 694: 685: 682: 673: 668: 655: 652:Camp counselor 649: 644: 639: 634: 624: 614: 605: 600: 594:Museum docents 591: 582: 565: 558: 555: 554: 553: 546: 543: 542: 541: 536: 526: 517: 512: 505:make-up artist 498: 477: 462: 459: 458: 457: 450: 447: 446: 445: 442: 439: 430: 420: 415: 409: 404: 399: 393: 390: 385: 380: 375: 374:Administration 372: 371: 370: 367: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 333: 328: 323: 318: 309: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 269: 266: 265: 264: 259: 254: 245: 236: 225: 222: 221: 220: 215: 208: 205: 168:service sector 159: 156: 89: 88: 49:of the subject 47:worldwide view 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6050: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6028:Working class 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5940: 5939: 5936: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5884:Make-work job 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5803:Right to work 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5788:Job guarantee 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5773:Make-work job 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5544:Restructuring 5542: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5522:Notice period 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5428:Unfree labour 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5398:Bonded labour 5396: 5395: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5312:Whistleblower 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5245:Control fraud 5243: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5219:Glass ceiling 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5154:Work accident 5152: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5142:United States 5140: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5043: 5042:United States 5040: 5039: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4997:Casual Friday 4995: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4954:Paid time off 4952: 4950: 4949:Overtime rate 4947: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4931: 4930:United States 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4796:Four-day week 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4680:Practice firm 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4578:Employability 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4479:Orange-collar 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4426:Working class 4423: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4300:Job interview 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4153:Part-time job 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4138:Full-time job 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4098: 4096: 4091: 4089: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4068: 4060: 4059: 4056: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3990:United States 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3891:Other regions 3889: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3716:United States 3713: 3709: 3700: 3696: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3155:Socioeconomic 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3030:Social stigma 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3020:Social orphan 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2985: 2980: 2979: 2978:Nouveau riche 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2952:Class traitor 2950: 2948: 2947:Class society 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2884:Gilbert model 2882: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2837: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2746: 2745: 2738: 2734: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2716:0-553-20762-8 2713: 2709: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2580: 2576:. p. 27. 2575: 2568: 2565: 2560: 2554: 2546: 2544:9780880990080 2540: 2535: 2534: 2525: 2522: 2517: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2498: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2463: 2460: 2447: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2404: 2401: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2370: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2345: 2342: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2288: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2105: 2102: 2096: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1950: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1932: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1916: 1907: 1904: 1891: 1887: 1881: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1855: 1848: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1807: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1729: 1725: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1707: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1672: 1669: 1663: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1638: 1634: 1627: 1624: 1611: 1607: 1600: 1597: 1584: 1577: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1367: 1363: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1338: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1209:glass ceiling 1206: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1149: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1134:Equal Pay Act 1130: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1055: 1052: 1046: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1003: 999: 996: 992: 988: 985: 981: 977: 973: 964: 957: 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 932: 930: 926: 922: 920: 916: 912: 909:, an already 908: 905:In addition, 903: 901: 900:stenographers 897: 890: 886: 882: 881:We Can Do It! 877: 870: 866: 861: 854: 852: 850: 845: 841: 833: 831: 829: 825: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 800: 796: 794: 789: 787: 783: 779: 778:right to vote 775: 769: 762: 758: 755: 753: 749: 748:choreographer 745: 742: 740: 737: 736: 732: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 716:Car attendant 714: 711: 709: 705: 702: 698: 697:Retail clerks 695: 693: 692:waiting staff 689: 686: 683: 681: 680:event planner 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 666:social worker 663: 659: 656: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 632: 631:Maid services 628: 625: 622: 618: 615: 613: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 595: 592: 590: 586: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 566: 564: 561: 560: 556: 552: 549: 548: 544: 540: 537: 534: 530: 527: 525: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511:/ esthetician 510: 506: 502: 501:Cosmetologist 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 478: 476: 475:hair colorist 472: 468: 465: 464: 460: 456: 453: 452: 449:Entertainment 448: 443: 440: 438: 434: 431: 428: 424: 421: 419: 416: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 397: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 378: 377: 373: 368: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 326:Social worker 324: 322: 319: 317: 313: 310: 308: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 275: 272: 271: 267: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 252:nursery nurse 249: 246: 244: 240: 237: 235: 231: 228: 227: 223: 219: 216: 214: 211: 210: 206: 204: 203: 199: 196: 192: 187: 183: 181: 177: 173: 172:United States 169: 165: 157: 155: 153: 148: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 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