Breast cancer awareness - Knowledge (XXG)

869:. Women who choose not to conform to the culture may feel excluded and isolated; those who cannot conform to the prescribed triumphant script report feeling unable to share their stories honestly. Anger, negativity and fatalism transgress the feeling rules, and women with breast cancer who express anger or negativity are corrected by other women with breast cancer and members of the breast cancer support organizations. Appearing unattractive—such as going out in public with a bare, bald head if treatment causes temporary hair loss—transgresses the approved, upper-class style of pink femininity and provokes shaming comments from strangers. Programs such as Reach to Recovery and Look Good, Feel Better inform breast cancer patients of this cultural standard and help them conform to it. This standard is not universally adhered to in every detail. Ehrenreich says that "he question of wigs versus baldness ... defines one of the few real disagreements in breast-cancer culture." Some women have 421: 1245:, director of the breast cancer program at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, says, "I don't know anyone who offers women the option of doing nothing". Further complicating the issue of early diagnosis is the fact that it is currently impossible to distinguish malicious cancers from benign ones. Otis Brawley, a top official for the American Cancer Society, says that "even if we overdiagnose 1 in 5, we have numerous studies showing that by treating all these women, we save a bunch of lives". For instance, a 2011 Cochrane review showed a sample of mammogram screening programs resulted in a 15% reduction in mortality rate despite over-diagnosis, indicating that mammography programs save lives regardless of over-diagnosis. 1357:, and greater postmenopausal weight. ... for many other factors, the evidence from human studies is more limited, contradictory, or absent" and called for additional research. Conducting research into whether a chemical causes cancer is difficult, because "suspect chemicals cannot ethically be given to people to see if they cause cancer. People exposed in the past can be studied, but information about the dose and timing may be sketchy. Animal studies can provide useful information, but do not always apply to humans. And people are often exposed to mixtures of chemicals that may interact in complex ways, with effects that may also vary depending on an individual's genetic makeup". 963:. Breast cancer activist Virginia Soffa wrote that "s long as it is not a national priority, the breast cancer epidemic will remain a metaphor for how society treats women". Barbara Ehrenreich writes that, before the feminist movement "medicine was a solid patriarchy", and women with breast cancer were often treated as passive, dependent objects, incapable of making appropriate choices, whose role was to accept whatever treatment was decreed by the physicians and surgeons, who held all of the power. Because of sexism in education, female surgeons were far outnumbered by their male counterparts, and until the 1990s, when 895:. The "booby campaigns", such as "Save the Tatas" and the "I ♥ Boobies" gel bracelets, rely on a cultural obsession with breasts and a market that is already highly aware of breast cancer. This message trivializes women and reflects a belief that breast cancer is important because cancer and its treatment makes women feel less sexually desirable and interferes with men's sexual access to women's breasts, instead of because cancer and its treatment kill and disable women. These sexualized campaigns tend to attract a younger audience than traditional campaigns. 507:

Manufacturers also produce products with pink labels or pink ribbon logos to donate a sum of money to support the cause. The donation is typically capped so that it is reached after a fixed level of sales, although in some cases the company is providing only free advertising for a selected charity. Although advertising costs are rarely disclosed, some companies have been found to spend far more money advertising "pink products" and tie-ins than they donate to charitable organizations supporting research or patients. For example, in 2005,

479: 40: 674:. For example, some of the prominent sponsors of these advertisements include businesses that sell the expensive equipment needed to perform screening mammography; an increase in the number of women seeking mammograms means an increase in their sales, which has led critics to say that their sponsorship is not a voluntary act of charity, but an effort to increase sales. The regulated drug and medical device industry uses the color pink, positive images, and other themes of the pink ribbon culture in 345: 688: 1455:

duty in the war on cancer. In 1952, the first peer-to-peer support group, called Reach to Recovery, was formed. Later taken over by the American Cancer Society, it provided post-mastectomy, in-hospital visits from women who had survived breast cancer, who shared their own experiences, practical advice, and emotional support, but never medical information. This was the first program designed to promote restoration of a feminine appearance, e.g., through providing

835:, the she-ro uses the emotional trauma of being diagnosed with breast cancer and the suffering of extended treatment to transform herself into a stronger, happier and more sensitive person who is grateful for the opportunity to become a better person. In particular, she sees breast cancer as an opportunity to give herself permission for necessary personal growth that she felt she was prohibited from or unable to make before. Breast cancer thereby becomes a 552:, was designed in 1998. Products like these emphasize the relationship between being a consumer and supporting women with breast cancer. In Canada, the Royal Canadian Mint produced 30 million 25-cent coins with pink ribbons during 2006 for normal circulation. Designed by the mint's director of engraving, Cosme Saffioti (reverse), and Susanna Blunt (obverse), this colored coin is the second in history to be put into regular circulation. 1436: 1046:. More recently, Angelina Jolie has also come forward publicly regarding her experience surrounding her diagnosis and treatment, which managed to raise public awareness of the issue significantly. In one study, when a survey of women was taken following Jolie's announcement, awareness rose by 4% among those women surveyed. The media reported these women's health and their treatment choices, and even invited some to appear on 622: 556: 727:, is used in discussions of breast cancer to refer to women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer, and sometimes to those who have survived breast cancer. The term describes an "idealized" patient who combines assertiveness, optimism, femininity and sexuality, despite the effects of treatment, and as a "paragon uses a diagnosis of breast cancer as a catalyst for a personal transformation". 1317:, and existing treatments. Only a small fraction of the funds is spent on research, and less than 7% of the total research funding provided by breast cancer organizations goes to prevention. Instead, most of the charities fund research into detection and treatment. Advocates like Breast Cancer Action and women's health issues scholar Samantha King, whose book inspired the 2011 documentary 818:

sources of information, but the rightness of their advice is not to be seriously questioned by women with breast cancer. Patients are not encouraged to ask where research money is going or if the research industry is making progress in finding the "cure". The emphasis on cheerfulness allows society to blame women for developing breast cancer and limits their responses to certain

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treatment failure is a "dirty little secret" that others want to make invisible. Similarly, the culture is also ill-equipped to deal with the news that a previously hyped treatment or screening procedure has been determined to be ineffective, with women advocating for the acceptance and promotion of inexpedient activities and inefficient or even sometimes harmful drugs.

213: 1285:, rather than to prevent or cure breast cancer. A Ford spokesperson acknowledged that the objective of the promotion was to "do good works throughout the community and derive some marketing exposure at the same time", but said that over the promotion's 15 years the company had donated $ 100 million and that the company continued the program during the 409:. Participants solicit donations to a breast cancer-related charity in return for running, walking, or riding in the event. Through mass-participation events, breast cancer survivors form a single, united group that speaks and acts consistently and shares a coherent set of beliefs. They also reinforce the cultural connection between each individual's 1323:, are unhappy that relatively little money or attention is devoted to identifying the non-genetic causes of breast cancer or to preventing breast cancer from occurring. The mainstream breast cancer culture has been criticized for focusing on detecting and curing existing breast cancer cases, rather than on preventing future cases. 1210:, even though, as of 2006, eleven times as many women died from heart disease and stroke as from breast cancer. According to cardiologist Lisa Rosenbaum, this may be because women "view heart disease as the consequence of having done something bad, whereas to get breast cancer is to have something bad happen to you". 451:, which was started in America to encourage appropriate medical care and reduce the stigma of breast cancer among Muslim women, and Male Breast Cancer Awareness Week, which some organizations highlight during the third week of October. Most events are well-received, but some, like the unauthorized painting of the 975:, the physicians who provided breast cancer treatments were generally men. Love said that some male physicians tended to impose their own values on women, such as recommending mastectomy to older women because, being past the age of child bearing and breastfeeding, they no longer "needed" their breasts. The 590:). Such promotions generally result in a token donation to a breast cancer-related charity by taking advantage of the consumers' fear of cancer and grief for people who have died to drive sales. Critics say that these promotions, which net more than US$ 30 million each year just for fundraising powerhouse 1360:

Samantha King says that prevention research is minimized by the breast cancer industry because there is no way to make money off of cases of breast cancer that do not happen, whereas a mammography imaging system that finds more possible cancers, or a "magic bullet" that kills confirmed cancers, would

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An emphasis on educating women about lifestyle changes that may have a small impact on preventing breast cancer often makes women feel guilty if they do develop breast cancer. Some women decide that their own cancer resulted from poor diet, lack of exercise, or other modifiable lifestyle factor, even

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Supporting breast cancer detection and treatment was seen as a distinctively pro-woman stance popular among public official. This has resulted in better access to care. For example, in much of the United States, low-income women with breast cancer may qualify for taxpayer-funded health care benefits,

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The primary purposes or goals of the breast cancer culture itself are to maintain breast cancer's dominance as the preëminent women's health issue, to promote the appearance that society is "doing something" effective about breast cancer, and to sustain and expand the social, political, and financial

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The effort of maintaining the role of a she-ro can be stressful. The role encourages women with breast cancer to care for others rather than themselves. Some of them find this comforting, but it may lead to them feeling reluctant or unable to ask for the help they need or want, and this can lead to

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characteristics of assertiveness, selfishness and "fighting" cancer by cultivating a feminine appearance and concern for others. During and after treatment, the she-ro regains her femininity by using breast reconstruction, prosthetic devices, wigs, cosmetics, and clothing to present an aesthetically

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suspects pollution as a significant cause, possibly from pesticides, plastics, and industrial runoff in ground water. Large organizations, such as Susan G. Komen for the Cure and the American Cancer Society, are not part of the environmental breast cancer movement. These large organizations benefit

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The promotion of research to make screening programs find ever more cancers is also criticized. One-third of diagnosed breast cancers might recede on their own. In addition to efficiently finding most deadly cancers, screening programs also find most non-life-threatening, asymptomatic breast cancers

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of a cure for breast cancer, rather than the reality that there is neither any certain cure for breast cancer nor any guarantee there will ever be such a cure. The practice of blindly wearing or displaying a pink ribbon without making other, more concrete efforts to prevent or cure breast cancer has

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Breast cancer advocates have successfully increased the amount of public money being spent on cancer research and shifted the research focus away from other diseases and towards breast cancer. Breast cancer advocates also raise millions of dollars for research into cures each year, although most of

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The breast cancer culture tells women with breast cancer that their participation in fundraising, social support of other women with breast cancer, and appearance at public events are critical activities that promote their own emotional recovery. Because of this message, some women begin to believe

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Breast cancer has been known since ancient times. With no reliable treatments, and with surgical outcomes often fatal, women tended to conceal the possibility of breast cancer as long as possible. With the dramatic improvement in survival rates at the end of the 19th century—the radical mastectomy

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Awareness has also led to increased anxiety for women. Early detection efforts result in overdiagnosis of precancerous and cancerous tumors that would never risk the woman's life (about one-third of breast cancers diagnosed through screening programs), and result in her being subjected to invasive

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Understood as a rite of passage, breast cancer resembles the initiation rites so exhaustively studied by Mircea Eliade: First there is the selection of the initiates—by age in the tribal situation, by mammogram or palpation here. Then come the requisite ordeals—scarification or circumcision within

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Breast cancer culture, or pink ribbon culture, is the set of activities, attitudes, and values that surround and shape breast cancer in public. The dominant values are selflessness, cheerfulness, unity, and optimism. It is pro-doctor, pro-medicine, and pro-mammogram. Health care professionals are

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The breast cancer culture is ill-equipped to deal with women who are dying or who have died, and their experiences may not be memorialized, validated or represented as part of the movement, instead being ignored or shunned as failures and as hope-destroying examples of reality. They may feel like

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Many corporate and charitable organizations run advertisements related to breast cancer, especially during National Breast Cancer Awareness Month, in the hope of increasing sales by aligning themselves with a positive, helpful message. In addition to selling pink products, corporate advertisements

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A wide variety of charitable organizations are involved in breast cancer awareness and support. These organizations do everything from providing practical support, to educating the public, to dispensing millions of dollars for research and treatment. Thousands of small breast cancer organizations

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Early campaigns included the "Women's Field Army", run by the American Society for the Control of Cancer (the forerunner of the American Cancer Society) during the 1930s and 1940s. Explicitly using a military metaphor, they promoted early detection and prompt medical intervention as every woman's

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from mastectomy surgery; before about 1980, it was common to perform the biopsy and, if a quick review of tissues indicated a probable need, a mastectomy in the same surgery. The one-step surgery prevented women from seeking different opinions about their treatment, and sent them into the surgery

983:, and an active, informed role in the patient's health care. Since the end of the breast cancer wars, feminists have again objected to the breast cancer culture's treatment of women with breast cancer as little girls who need to be obedient to authority figures, cooperative, pleasant and pretty. 518:

Advertisers and retail consultants have said that because of consumer cynicism, a company can benefit from marketing its support for a cause such as breast cancer awareness only when the company treats that support as "a commitment and not a marketing opportunity". Andrew Benett, an executive at

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rather than a disease, with pink ribbon culture honoring the suffering of its she-roes by selecting them based on the amount of misery they have experienced, and leading women whose treatment is less painful or debilitating to feel excluded and devalued. The suffering, particularly the extended

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objects offer consumers an opportunity to simultaneously buy an object and make a donation to a breast cancer organization. Some of these products are produced and/or sold by breast cancer survivors or charities for fundraising purposes, while others are for profits in addition to fundraising.

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Some critics say that breast cancer awareness has transformed the disease into a market-driven industry of survivorship and corporate sales pitches. Corporate marketing machines promote early detection of breast cancer, while also opposing public health efforts, such as stricter environmental

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and pre-cancers, and miss some fast growing, aggressive, dangerous cancers. According to H. Gilbert Welch of the Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, "I'm certainly not asking anyone to stop getting mammograms. I am asking my profession to tell women the truth about

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said that because consumers "have become more mindful, more thoughtful, about how they consume, where they consume, why they consume", companies cannot succeed by "just slapping a pink ribbon on a product and people will buy more". Pink products have also been condemned as promoting

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that are nominally supposed to help them. Support from "the sisterhood" favors the "passionately pink", and tends to overlook women whose response to being diagnosed with breast cancer is incompatible with the pink ribbon culture, because they feel angry, unhappy, or afraid.

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In 1998, the Art.Rage.Us art collective published a book that collected some of the art work from their traveling collection. This included art that was shocking, painful and realistic rather than beautiful, such as several self-portraits that showed mastectomy scars.

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While the pink ribbon culture is dominant, there are alternatives. The environmental breast cancer movement is one type of dissent. Another is the rejection of compliant optimism, aesthetic normalization, and social pleasingness that the pink ribbon culture promotes.

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bitterness that their friends and family did not offer these services unbidden. The success of their efforts to look and act normally may paradoxically increase their dissatisfaction, as their apparent ability to handle it all discourages people from offering help.

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Educational interventions using written material and brief one-to-one interaction about breast checking behaviour, breast cancer symptoms and age-related risk have the potential to increase breast cancer awareness in older women, over a sustained period of time.

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for survival, this situation may represent a conflict of interest that prevents these organizations from representing the needs of current and future people with breast cancer when those needs conflict with the profit-making motives of the corporate sponsors.

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because "It's part of our DNA now." Ford believes that the recipient of the funds, Susan G. Komen for the Cure, benefited because Ford helped it reach "people who might not have thought of this organization before or may be supporting other organizations".

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of breast cancer awareness. It may be worn to honor those who have been diagnosed with breast cancer, or to identify products that a manufacturer would like to sell to consumers that are interested in breast cancer. Pink ribbons are sometimes sold as

1199:. Women with these conditions are promoted as breast cancer survivors due to the fear they experienced before they became educated about their condition, rather than in respect of any real threat to their lives. This effectively increases the 799:

and fighting spirit. While cheerfulness, hope, and good social support can be advantageous to health outcomes, it cannot determine survival rates. Women who reject the she-ro model may find themselves socially isolated by the breast cancer

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The high level of awareness and organized political lobbying has resulted in a disproportionate level of funding and resources given to breast cancer research and care. Favoring breast cancer with disproportionate research may have the

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The breast cancer movement has supported practical, educational, emotional, and financial care for women with breast cancer. Support groups, individual counseling opportunities, and other resources are made available to patients.

193:. Overall, as a result of awareness, breast cancers are being detected at an earlier, more treatable stage. Awareness efforts have successfully utilized marketing approaches to reduce the stigma associated with the disease. 1293:

However, the primary sponsors are part of the breast cancer industry, particularly cancer drug makers like AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Novartis. Because the national breast cancer organizations are dependent on

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was therefore considered an adjunct treatment used to produce a cheerful, self-affirming identity. This theory was predominant among psychiatrists through the 1970s, but has since been discredited. In a process called

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said that corporate promotions enabled the organization to reach new audiences and that "America is built on consumerism. To say we shouldn't use it to solve the social ills that confront us doesn't make sense to me".

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that it forces her to put her needs momentarily above the needs of others or due to her perceived inadequacy in caring for her family or other women with cancer. Also included in the role is a form of the have-it-all

711:. Socially aware, pro-woman individuals, businesses, politicians, and organizations use pink ribbons and other trappings of breast cancer awareness to signal their support for women, health, and mainstream medicine. 1568: 958:

Advocates for women's issues have said that breast cancer is special because of its status as a largely female disease, society's response to it is an ongoing indication of the status of women and the existence of

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legislation, that might decrease the incidence rate of breast cancer. These critics believe that some of the breast cancer organizations, particularly the highly visible Susan G. Komen for the Cure, have become

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Business marketing campaigns, particularly sales promotions for products that increase pollution or have been linked to the development of breast cancer, such as alcohol, high-fat foods, some pesticides, or the

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of peace signs, panthers, and frogs; another expresses herself with a shocking purple wig; a third reports that unadorned baldness makes her feel 'sensual, powerful, able to recreate myself with every new

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and breast cancer awareness. Because of the pink ribbon brand's strength, the advertisement is easily recognized as a promotion for breast cancer awareness, even among people who cannot read the Japanese

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to associate their breast cancer products with the fear, hope, and wholesome goodness of the breast cancer movement. This is particularly evident in advertisements designed to sell screening mammograms.

1238:". Welch said that research on screening mammography has taken the "brain-dead approach that says the best test is the one that finds the most cancers" rather than the one that finds dangerous cancers. 934:

were a series of conflicts between advocates and others about the causes, treatments, and societal responses to breast cancer. Women in the late 1980s and 1990s followed the successful approach used by

1427:(the situation inexorably goes from bad to worse). The cure and quest narratives fit neatly with the breast cancer culture. Chaos narratives, which are rarer in stories about breast cancer, oppose it. 1281:

sports car, which critics say was intended to sell cars and counter the bad publicity the company received by reducing its workforce by tens of thousands of people, causing many of them to lose their

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traditional cultures, surgery and chemotherapy for the cancer patient. Finally, the initiate emerges into a new and higher status—an adult and a warrior—or in the case of breast cancer, a "survivor".

605:'s "Not Just Ribbons" campaign, and Breast Cancer Action's "Think Before You Pink" campaign. NBCC's "Not Just Ribbons" campaign sought to focus awareness efforts onto substantive issues such as 1115:

said, "The treatment has been skewed by the lobbying, there is no doubt about that. Breast cancer sufferers get better treatment in terms of bed spaces, facilities and doctors and nurses".

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though most cases of breast cancer are due to non-controllable factors, like genetics or naturally occurring background radiation. Adopting such a belief may increase their sense of being

328:. Critics say that the feel-good nature of pink ribbons and "pink consumption" distracts society from the lack of progress in curing breast cancer. It is also criticized for reinforcing 613:, and environmental breast cancer research. "Think Before You Pink" encouraged consumers to ask questions about pink products (e.g., to find out how much of a donation was being made). 498:

Thousands of breast cancer-themed products are developed and sold each year. Some of these items are everyday products that have been repackaged or repositioned to take advantage of

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promoted by William Stewart Halsted raised long-term survival rates from 10% to 50%—efforts to educate women about the importance of early detection and prompt action were begun.

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and other AIDS awareness groups, of staging media-friendly protests to increase political pressure. Prominent women who made the "wrong" choice were publicly excoriated, as when

655:, which are free advertisements provided by newspapers, radio and television stations, and other media. Some marketing blurs the line between advertisements and events, such as 594:, do little more than support the marketing machines that produce them. Komen says that corporate sponsorships are necessary to pay for the organization's efforts: in the 2010 1302:

The structure of the breast cancer movement may allow large organizations to claim to be the voice of women with breast cancer, while simultaneously ignoring their desires.

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it spent $ 175 million on public health education and awareness campaigns, $ 75 million on medical research and about $ 67 million on treatment and screenings for patients.

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are illuminated in pink lights as a visible reminder of breast cancer, and public events, such as American football games, may use pink equipment or supplies. In 2010, all

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due to its lack of real effects, and has been compared to equally simple yet ineffective "awareness" practices like the drive for women to post the colors of their bras on

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Clinicians have responded that they are unwilling to consider the possibility of leaving potential deadly cancers alone because it is "far-riskier" than the alternative.

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that refusing to raise money for breast cancer organizations or to become mentors for newly diagnosed women with breast cancer is an unhealthy response to breast cancer.

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Breast cancer has been known to educated women and caregivers throughout history, but modesty and horror at the consequences of a largely untreatable disease made it a

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O'Mahony, Máirín; Comber, Harry; Fitzgerald, Tony; Corrigan, Mark A; Fitzgerald, Eileen; Grunfeld, Elizabeth A; Flynn, Maura G; Hegarty, Josephine (10 February 2017).

865:. Women with breast cancer are surrounded by childish kitsch such as pink teddy bears and crayons, but there is no equivalent gift of toy cars for men diagnosed with 1099:

such as screening mammography, biopsies, or treatment, while women with the same income, but another form of cancer or a medical condition other than cancer, do not.

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Since the beginning of the 21st century, breast cancer culture has become more sexualized, and many awareness campaigns now reflect the old advertising truism that

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of the breast cancer culture is encouraged, including remaining optimistic of a full cure, rationalizing the selfishness of treatment as a temporary measure, and

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of women with breast cancer and anyone who visibly identifies themselves with breast cancer patients. This brand permits and even encourages people to substitute

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public appearance and demeanor, who aggressively fights breast cancer through compliance with screening guidelines and "disciplined practice of 'breast health

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Private companies may arrange a "pink day", in which employees wear pink clothes in support of breast cancer patients, or pay for the privilege of a relaxed

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appealing, upper-class, heterosexual feminine appearance and by maintaining relationships in which she can nurture other people. Following the proper

3891: 3872: 417:. Events organized by Avon or Komen are known to allocate around 25%-33% of donations to the funds needed to organize the event and advertise it. 3381:"Click. Support. Whatever. Social network campaigns build 'slacktivism' to new heights, but is there real impact behind these digital devotions?" 1354: 1270:, mammography equipment manufacturers, and pollution-causing industries, as well as large corporations, creating or exacerbating other problems. 1230:. Similarly, the emphasis on early detection results in many women wrongly blaming themselves if their cancer is not detected at an early stage. 3936: 4484: 795:

The breast cancer culture celebrates women who display the attitude deemed correct, which implies that their continued survival is due to this

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notes printed with a pink ribbon logo. Sales were nearly double what the company expected, but the campaign resulted in a $ 300,000 donation.

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the funds they raise is spent on screening programs, education and treatment. Most breast cancer research is funded by government agencies.

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At the beginning and middle of the 20th century, breast cancer was usually discussed in hushed tones, as if it were shameful. As an example,

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Some breast cancer organizations, such as Breast Cancer Action, refuse to accept funds from medical or other companies they disapprove of.

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refused to publish an advertisement for a breast cancer support group in the early 1950s, stating that it would not print either the word

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issues relating to breast cancer, and advocates for system-wide change based on prevention. Breast Cancer Action is also known for its

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in scientific progress, and an optimistic "can-do" attitude. It encourages individuals to focus on the emotionally appealing ultimate

1481:: This large umbrella organization played key roles in several prominent pieces of American legislation, such as the creation of the 955:

and the development of breast cancer in premenopausal women, which pitted breast cancer advocates against abortion rights advocates.

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origin and that people who were diagnosed with cancer had a "cancer personality" that was depressed, repressed, and self-loathing.

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has become a staple of breast cancer literature and is prominent in women's magazines. This may take the form of a restitution or

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to raise money and increase screening. The breast cancer brand is strong: people who support the "pink brand" are members of the

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for breast cancer organizations, medical establishments, pharmaceutical manufacturers, and the makers of mammography equipment.

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in these relatively common conditions (almost a quarter of "breast cancer" diagnoses in the US), they are not life-threatening

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comic strips on one Sunday were printed in shades of red and pink, with a pink ribbon logo appearing prominently in one panel.

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The first breast cancer awareness stamp in the U.S., featuring a pink ribbon, was issued in 1996. As it did not sell well, a

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The establishment of the brand and the entrenchment of the breast cancer movement has been uniquely successful because no

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National Breast Cancer Organization: Closed in 2004. A dissenter to the notion of mandatory public unity, it provided

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and the women's health movement, has mostly removed those taboos through its modern advocacy and awareness campaigns.

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In recent years, the definition of breast cancer has expanded to include non-invasive, non-cancerous conditions like

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narrow focus of research funding on screening and existing treatments at the expense of prevention and new treatments

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that dramatically reduced death rates due to breast cancer, but later proved to be controversial in its own right.

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for the disease. Breast cancer receives significantly more media coverage than other prevalent cancers, such as

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As a result, screening mammography is promoted by the breast cancer culture as the sole possible approach to

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are subjected to social pressure, scare tactics, guilt, and threats from some physicians to terminate the

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Rosenbaum, Lisa (February 2014). ""Misfearing"—Culture, Identity, and Our Perceptions of Health Risks".

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The brand ties together fear of cancer, hope for early identification and successful treatment, and the

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is the most prominent symbol of breast cancer awareness, and in many countries, the month of October is

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recommendations, and, by definition, she survives her diagnosis and treatment. The role emphasizes the

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The marketing of breast cancer awareness allows people to incorporate support for awareness into their

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without knowing whether their breasts would be removed that day. In response to women's concerns over

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was developed. Advocacy efforts also led to the formal recommendation against the routine use of the

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to be able to solve any problem if given enough money, and prefer curative treatments to prevention.

139: 48: 4004: 3380: 3672: 3331: 1592: 687: 660: 634: 487: 248: 182: 170: 108: 3476: 4434: 4082: 3453: 3423: 1539: 1443: 1350: 1319: 1274: 1014: 1001: 899: 849: 406: 329: 3482:(Report). Interagency Breast Cancer and Environmental Research Coordinating Committee (IBCERCC). 1000:

subject. The breast cancer movement, which developed in the 1980s and 1990s out of 20th century

1507:, such as pharmaceutical companies, medical imaging companies, or pollution-causing industries. 1391:

campaign, launched in 2002, which encourages consumers to ask critical questions before buying

4161: 4136: 4111: 4086: 4072: 4057: 4027: 4005:"Annex Table 2: Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, estimates for 2002" 3988: 3983: 3965: 3955: 3928: 3905: 3895: 3857: 3838: 3809: 3799: 3776: 3758: 3714: 3693: 3656: 3633: 3625: 3602:

Lebo, Patricia Beatrice; Quehenberger, Franz; Kamolz, Lars-Peter; Lumenta (15 November 2015).

3558: 3533: 3509: 3428: 3405: 3340: 1584: 1456: 1412: 1255: 1062: 944: 267: 124: 58: 3395: 1333:

As the majority of women with breast cancer have no risk factors other than sex and age, the

822:. The requirement of cheerful optimism arose from the then-popular theory that cancer had a 3830: 3766: 3750: 3615: 1544: 1499:, BCA emphasizes the need for research into pollution as a cause of breast cancer. Like the 1314: 1282: 1223: 1215: 903: 876: 537: 410: 367: 316: 237: 196:

Generally speaking, breast cancer awareness campaigns have been highly effective in getting

178: 44: 31: 4408: 4395: 4343: 4153:

The breast cancer wars: hope, fear, and the pursuit of a cure in twentieth-century America

3923: 3385: 1599: 1424: 1420: 866: 862: 836: 832: 775: 664: 467: 463: 394:

and other forms of early detection as the most effective means of fighting breast cancer.

333: 301: 274: 263: 201: 174: 120: 96: 86: 663:. The typical participant in the breast cancer movement, and therefore the advertisers' 1435: 1349:

The non-genetic factors with consistent evidence increasing breast cancer risk include "

848:

or rite of passage that initiates women into the inner circle of breast cancer culture.

4454: 4363: 4323: 3771: 3738: 1564: 1416: 1259: 1219: 1054: 980: 907: 621: 610: 555: 4509: 4259: 4234: 4220: 4128:

A Darker Ribbon: A Twentieth-Century Story of Breast Cancer, Women, and Their Doctors

3604:"The Angelina effect revisited: Exploring a media-related impact on public awareness" 1475:: Komen is the largest and best funded organization, with highly visible fundraisers. 1384: 1327: 1235: 1207: 1150: 1140: 1058: 827: 823: 801: 771: 750: 696: 644: 503: 255: 233: 190: 66: 62: 1330:

for breast cancer. Alternatives, such as pollution prevention, are largely ignored.

4403: 4132: 3754: 3400: 1580: 1278: 1035: 940: 402: 240: 17: 3574: 3467: 1419:(the protagonist seeks a physical or spiritual return to a pre-diagnosis life), a 906:

involved with breast cancer organizations often feel like their role is to be the

4151: 4126: 4101: 4076: 4047: 3945: 3885: 3789: 3548: 3530:

Breast Cancer and the Environment: A Life Course Approach (Institute of Medicine)

861:

Mainstream pink ribbon culture has aspects that are trivializing, silencing, and

266:, like buying or wearing a pink ribbon, for concrete, practical results, such as 4479: 1588: 1392: 1200: 1071: 871: 766: 762: 595: 577: 545: 529: 525: 491: 452: 424:

A breast cancer awareness program is presented in India to Muslim women in 2013.

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opposes the breast cancer movement or believes that breast cancer is desirable.

225: 217: 131: 111:. They may conduct educational campaigns or provide free or low-cost services. 100: 1030:, the former child star, who announced her diagnosis in 1972. In October 1974, 470:

time and because the cheerful marketing images do not match their experiences.

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or other breast-related services. Non-profit organizations often benefit from

569: 440: 349: 308: 186: 3992: 3969: 3932: 3813: 3762: 3660: 3629: 3513: 3432: 3409: 85:, and that money raised for breast cancer will produce a reliable, permanent 3909: 1047: 892: 730: 692: 656: 648: 630: 626: 520: 398: 197: 4103:

The biopolitics of breast cancer: changing cultures of disease and activism

3842: 3780: 3637: 189:, the number of breast cancers detected, and the number of women receiving 1061:, and other advances in patient care. The movement successfully separated 502:, such as teddy bears, clothing, jewelry, candles, and coffee mugs. These 447:. Some events are directed at people in specific communities, such as the 3834: 3589: 1380: 952: 951:

was formulated when an early study showed a connection between voluntary

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find that BCAM is an emotionally difficult time, as it reminds them of a

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Most of the money raised by advocates is spent on increasing awareness,

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Forman, Michelle R.; Gould, Michael N.; Rizzo, Jeanne (February 2013).

512: 3947:

Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health

1057:, the development of less invasive surgical procedures, the spread of 647:

for a chosen charity. Medical institutions may run advertisements for

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suffering of months of chemotherapy and radiation treatment, forms a

292: 3887:

The Journey Beyond Breast Cancer: From the Personal to the Political

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The breast cancer movement has resulted in widespread acceptance of

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Pink Ribbons, Inc.: Breast Cancer and the Politics of Philanthropy

1434: 997: 686: 620: 554: 477: 419: 343: 312: 211: 38: 3419:"For Some Breast Cancer Survivors, October Is the Cruelest Month" 737:

and ascribes it qualities that include being an educated medical

4189: 3669:"2006 Pink Ribbon Coin: Creating a Future Without Breast Cancer" 734: 724: 374:

because of the increased production of pink goods for sale, and

229: 27:

Effort to raise awareness and reduce the stigma of breast cancer

4193: 643:

may promote the company's progressive policies, or may provide

390:. The organization that runs the official BCAM aims to promote 3647:"Breast Cancer Group Questions Value of Pink Ribbon Campaigns" 1180:

and sometimes dangerous radiological and surgical procedures.

667:, is a white, middle-aged, middle-class, well-educated woman. 3739:"Interventions for Raising Breast Cancer Awareness in Women" 3489:"Panel Finds Few Clear Environmental Links to Breast Cancer" 1338:

the most from corporate sponsorships that critics deride as

902:

and women who do not fit the white, middle-class archetype.

1218:

of their fate. Increased awareness inadvertently increases

1191:(DCIS). Despite the now-regretted decision to use the word 601:

Two significant campaigns against pink consumption are the

508: 243:, who are in favor of improved lives for women, believe in 154: 149:

Breast cancer awareness campaigns have been criticized for

119:, is the cultural outgrowth of breast cancer advocacy, the 3477:

Breast Cancer and the Environment: Prioritizing Prevention

1495:: Famous for its "Think Before You Pink" campaign against 1040:

Breast Cancer: A Personal History and Investigative Report

943:

chose mastectomy over lumpectomy followed by six weeks of

898:

At the same time, breast cancer culture tends to overlook

270:

aimed at discovering non-genetic causes of breast cancer.

1611: 1206:

Women fear dying from breast cancer more than dying from

482:

The basket contains an assortment of pink ribbon-branded

158: 4177:"Just about everything turns pink for cancer in October" 3690:

Ribbon Culture: Charity, Compassion and Public Awareness

753:

the she-ro is diagnosed early due to adherence to early

572:

used by most cosmetic companies, have been condemned as

4028:"Breast Cancer Tales: The Inspirational vs. the Actual" 3853:

Fundraising Management: Analysis, Planning and Practice

3713:(1st Scribner hardcover ed.). New York: Scribner. 1383:

organization that promotes breast cancer awareness and

1423:(the protagonist must meet a goal before dying), or a 1187:(LCIS) and pre-cancerous or "stage 0" conditions like 1129:: Breast cancer is the cause of death of 2% of women. 4049:

Unnatural history: breast cancer and American society

3187: 1503:, they refuse funding from any group that may have a 220:, an international symbol of breast cancer awareness. 670:

Some corporate sponsors are criticized for having a

4467: 4417: 4390: 4362: 4322: 4315: 4287: 4227: 3730:"Breast Cancer Month Overshadowed by 'Pinkwashing'" 2031: 2020: 3710:The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer 1082:in favor of simple mastectomies and lumpectomies. 3572:Kingston, Anne (2010). "A Nice Rack of Slogans". 362:Each year, the month of October is recognized as 3366:"Can There Be Too Much Breast-Cancer Treatment?" 3086: 3074: 2804: 2792: 1567:pays for breast cancer treatment in women whose 1074:during mastectomy, the more limited approach of 1042:, which she had written while recovering from a 875:aesthetic tastes: "One decorates her scalp with 3585:"Pinkwashing: Can Shopping Cure Breast Cancer?" 4012:The world health report 2004 -changing history 1094:Increased resources for treatment and research 397:Typical BCAM events include fundraising-based 307:The pink ribbon is associated with individual 4205: 3791:Bathsheba's Breast: Women, Cancer and History 3532:. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press. 8: 1277:ran a "Warriors in Pink" promotion on their 1222:. Women who resist screening mammography or 150: 2703: 1579:§371.7), but to be screened or treated for 1468:exist. The largest and most prominent are: 683:Social role of the woman with breast cancer 142:receive substantial financial support from 4319: 4212: 4198: 4190: 3873:"Welcome, Fans, to the Pinking of America" 3160: 3149: 2944: 2922: 2838: 2777: 2738: 2656: 2645: 2622: 2493: 2482: 2438: 2422: 2399: 2371: 2311: 2042: 1942: 1931: 1898: 1841: 1806: 1535:List of health-related charity fundraisers 1111:of costing lives elsewhere. In 2001 UK MP 987:Achievements of the breast cancer movement 370:. The month-long campaign has been called 151:minimizing the risks of screening programs 107:for better care, more knowledge, and more 4255:Hereditary breast–ovarian cancer syndrome 4078:Breast cancer: society shapes an epidemic 3770: 3692:. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan UK. 3619: 3578:. Vol. 123, no. 41. p. 73. 2884: 2679: 3500:Gustines, George Gene (3 October 2010). 3051: 2527: 2504: 1887: 1747: 1411:Another art form has a wider range: the 4175:Mackenzie, Carpenter (1 October 2006). 3939:from the original on 30 September 2007. 3743:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3645:Levine, Daniel S. (30 September 2005). 3016: 2053: 1975: 1852: 1736: 1627: 1556: 1287:automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010 4485:National Breast Cancer Awareness Month 3296: 3221: 2827: 2816: 2075: 2064: 1997: 1986: 1964: 1953: 1249:Conflicts of interest in organizations 136:National Breast Cancer Awareness Month 3977:Welch, H. Gilbert (20 October 2010). 3728:Mulholland, Angela (9 October 2010). 3379:Borrelli, Christopher (1 June 2010). 3284: 3268: 3256: 3244: 3232: 3198: 3175: 3125: 3039: 3027: 3004: 2992: 2911: 2899: 2895: 2861: 2849: 2754: 2742: 2726: 2714: 2691: 2667: 2633: 2610: 2598: 2586: 2574: 2562: 2550: 2538: 2515: 2470: 2466: 2454: 2442: 2426: 2410: 2387: 2375: 2359: 2347: 2343: 2331: 2319: 2315: 2300: 2288: 2276: 2264: 2252: 2240: 2228: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2180: 2169: 2157: 2145: 2098: 2086: 1909: 1817: 1782: 1770: 1758: 1724: 1712: 1688: 1672: 1661: 1649: 969:University of California, Los Angeles 376:National Breast Cancer Industry Month 7: 3440:Elliott, Stuart (12 November 2009). 3272: 3209: 3171: 3137: 3113: 2981: 2966: 2955: 2933: 2133: 2121: 2110: 2008: 1875: 1863: 1829: 1794: 1700: 1676: 1645: 1643: 1634: 1375:Breast Cancer Action is an American 1335:environmental breast cancer movement 1309:Environmental breast cancer movement 366:by many governments, the media, and 95:and awareness efforts are a type of 3871:Singer, Natasha (16 October 2011). 3109: 3098: 3063: 2977: 2873: 2788: 1920: 1483:United States Department of Defense 926:Feminism and the breast cancer wars 4026:Zuger, Abigail (25 October 2010). 3394:Browne, Anthony (7 October 2001). 3364:Beck, Melinda (4 September 2012). 2473:, pp. 37–38, 42, 101–105, 374 1355:estrogen–progestin hormone therapy 1050:to discuss breast cancer frankly. 733:Gayle Sulik analyzed the she-ro's 352:, promote breast cancer awareness. 25: 4495:List of people with breast cancer 3917:Stukin, Stacie (8 October 2006). 3850:Sargeant, Adrian (30 July 2014). 3487:Grady, Denise (8 December 2011). 3442:"For Causes, It's a Tougher Sell" 3312:Arnst, Catherine (13 June 2007). 949:abortion–breast cancer hypothesis 548:stamp without a pink ribbon, the 123:that supports it, and the larger 4382:Hereditary lobular breast cancer 4377:Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) 4372:Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) 3417:Burns, Holly (15 October 2021). 3396:"Cancer Bias Puts Breasts First" 3349:Ave, Melanie (10 October 2006). 1573:Federal Poverty Income Guideline 1479:National Breast Cancer Coalition 979:promoted mutual aid, self-help, 603:National Breast Cancer Coalition 382:. BCAM was begun in 1985 by the 224:Breast cancer advocacy uses the 4430:Metaplastic breast cancer (MBC) 4349:Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) 4332:Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) 3823:New England Journal of Medicine 1518:United Breast Cancer Foundation 1501:National Women's Health Network 3796:Johns Hopkins University Press 3755:10.1002/14651858.cd011396.pub2 3707:Mukherjee, Siddhartha (2010). 3595:Center for Media and Democracy 3583:Landman, Anne (11 June 2008). 3528:Institute of Medicine (2012). 3087:Forman, Gould & Rizzo 2013 3075:Forman, Gould & Rizzo 2013 2805:Forman, Gould & Rizzo 2013 2793:Forman, Gould & Rizzo 2013 1612:World Health Organization 2004 765:of the she-ro, offsetting the 676:direct-to-consumer advertising 609:, access to cancer treatment, 511:spent US$ 500,000 advertising 1: 4490:Epidemiology of breast cancer 4337:Paget's disease of the breast 4108:University of Minnesota Press 4046:Aronowitz, Robert A. (2007). 3979:"The Risk of Being Too Aware" 3555:University of Minnesota Press 3336:"The Trouble with Mammograms" 1228:relationship with the patient 820:culturally determined scripts 364:Breast Cancer Awareness Month 358:Breast Cancer Awareness Month 3788:Olson, James Stuart (2002). 3652:San Francisco Business Times 3351:"All May Not Be in the Pink" 2757:, pp. 176, 185–186, 250 1008:Educated, empowered patients 973:Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book 653:public service announcements 550:breast cancer research stamp 320:been described as a kind of 4448:Atypical ductal hyperplasia 3884:Soffa, Virginia M. (1994). 3688:Moore, Sarah E. H. (2008). 2207:, pp. 42, 101–105, 374 1473:Susan G. Komen for the Cure 1127:Causes of death among women 1044:modified radical mastectomy 741:with a brave, pleasant and 691:A woman being treated with 592:Susan G. Komen for the Cure 386:and pharmaceutical company 268:collective political action 4537: 4440:Inflammatory breast cancer 4425:Medullary breast carcinoma 4297:Breast cancer chemotherapy 4150:Lerner, Barron H. (2001). 4054:Cambridge University Press 3188:Institute of Medicine 2012 3174:, pp. vii–xxv, 1–28; 1368: 1080:Halsted radical mastectomy 355: 302:poppies on Remembrance Day 284: 169:The goal of breast cancer 99:. Breast cancer advocates 29: 4307:Breast-conserving surgery 4001:World Health Organization 3502:"Comic Strips Think Pink" 3178:, pp. 55–56, 188–189 1577:Texas Administrative Code 1530:List of awareness ribbons 1258:that support and provide 1185:lobular carcinoma in situ 1070:after routine removal of 534:environmental degradation 457:Huntington, West Virginia 336:women and their breasts. 260:conscientious consumption 173:is to raise the public's 4100:Klawiter, Maren (2008). 3314:"A Gender Gap in Cancer" 2032:Royal Canadian Mint 2006 2021:Royal Canadian Mint 2006 1268:pharmaceutical companies 1189:ductal carcinoma in situ 1163: Deaths from other 971:Breast Center published 208:Breast cancer as a brand 83:long-term survival rates 69:through education about 30:Not to be confused with 4516:Breast cancer awareness 4475:Breast cancer awareness 4182:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 4158:Oxford University Press 4125:Leopold, Ellen (2000). 3952:Oxford University Press 3547:King, Samantha (2006). 3458:"Welcome to Cancerland" 3371:The Wall Street Journal 2729:, pp. 121, 171–220 2219:, pp. 225–272, 277 1598:1 February 2011 at the 1487:evidence-based medicine 1440:William Stewart Halsted 1344:precautionary principle 1119:Risks of over-awareness 977:women's health movement 914:power of breast cancer 852:describes it this way: 629:advertisement promotes 500:cause-related marketing 490:, ink pens, candy, and 484:promotional merchandise 474:Companies and consumers 434:King Features Syndicate 384:American Cancer Society 177:for breast cancer, its 138:. Some national breast 55:Breast cancer awareness 3919:"Pink Ribbon Promises" 3319:Bloomberg Businessweek 1447: 1442:, responsible for the 1361:be highly profitable. 1296:corporate sponsorships 1264:breast cancer industry 1109:unintended consequence 900:men with breast cancer 859: 700: 639: 607:genetic discrimination 560: 559:Pink Ribbon chocolates 495: 445:Lee National Denim Day 425: 353: 348:Large events, such as 221: 144:corporate sponsorships 93:Breast cancer advocacy 51: 4354:Intraductal papilloma 3944:Sulik, Gayle (2010). 2457:, pp. 35–45, 262 1593:limit is 185% of FPIG 1438: 1389:Think Before You Pink 854: 813:Breast cancer culture 690: 624: 558: 481: 459:, are controversial. 449:Global Pink Hijab Day 423: 347: 215: 155:conflicts of interest 113:Breast cancer culture 42: 3835:10.1056/NEJMp1314638 3356:St. Petersburg Times 3332:Aschwanden, Christie 2898:, pp. 240–242; 2767:O'Mahony et al. 2017 2346:, pp. 460–469; 2318:, pp. 204–205; 1505:conflict of interest 1493:Breast Cancer Action 1371:Breast Cancer Action 1365:Breast Cancer Action 1076:sentinel node biopsy 1038:published her book, 1028:Shirley Temple Black 672:conflict of interest 380:Breast Cancer Action 165:Marketing approaches 140:cancer organizations 49:Louisville, Kentucky 3673:Royal Canadian Mint 3454:Ehrenreich, Barbara 2255:, pp. 283, 286 2183:, pp. 158, 243 1563:As an example, the 1514:and other services. 1399:Dissent through art 661:guerrilla marketing 635:Avon Products, Inc. 488:awareness bracelets 291:A pink ribbon is a 171:awareness campaigns 117:pink ribbon culture 115:, sometimes called 109:patient empowerment 18:Pink ribbon culture 4444:Precursor lesions 4435:Male breast cancer 4083:Palgrave Macmillan 4073:Ferguson, Susan J. 4032:The New York Times 3892:Healing Arts Press 3877:The New York Times 3621:10.1002/cncr.29461 3506:The New York Times 3493:The New York Times 3446:The New York Times 3424:The New York Times 3334:(17 August 2009). 3259:, pp. 321–326 3247:, pp. 326–332 3235:, pp. 229–377 3054:, pp. 271–213 3030:, pp. 209–210 3007:, pp. 130–135 2995:, pp. 160–210 2902:, pp. 74, 263 2864:, pp. 170–171 2852:, pp. 165–171 2745:, pp. 168–191 2717:, pp. 124–144 2694:, pp. 124–144 2601:, pp. 195–202 2589:, pp. 192–220 2577:, pp. 192–220 2565:, pp. 305–311 2541:, pp. 308–309 2518:, pp. 372–374 2445:, pp. 240–242 2334:, pp. 365–366 2322:, pp. 200–203 2279:, pp. 274–277 2267:, pp. 243–244 2243:, pp. 279–301 2231:, pp. 279–301 2148:, pp. 205–208 2124:, pp. 110–111 2101:, pp. 369–372 2089:, pp. 366–368 1785:, pp. 48, 370 1773:, pp. 372–374 1761:, pp. 365–366 1727:, pp. 359–361 1691:, pp. 133–146 1652:, pp. 157–210 1540:Male breast cancer 1448: 1444:radical mastectomy 1351:ionizing radiation 1320:Pink Ribbons, Inc. 1275:Ford Motor Company 1149: Deaths from 1139: Deaths from 1132:Source: WHO (2004) 1015:The New York Times 1002:feminist movements 932:breast cancer wars 850:Barbara Ehrenreich 701: 640: 561: 496: 426: 354: 330:gender stereotypes 249:biomedical science 222: 52: 4503: 4502: 4463: 4462: 4167:978-0-19-516106-9 4142:978-0-8070-6513-6 4117:978-0-8166-5108-5 4092:978-0-312-29451-9 4071:Kasper, Anne S.; 4063:978-0-521-82249-7 4052:. Cambridge, UK: 3984:Los Angeles Times 3961:978-0-19-974045-1 3901:978-0-89281-448-0 3890:. Rochester, VT: 3863:978-1-134-61992-4 3805:978-0-8018-6936-5 3614:(22): 3959–3964. 3564:978-0-8166-4898-6 3539:978-0-309-22069-9 3463:Harper's Magazine 3456:(November 2001). 3341:Los Angeles Times 2160:, p. 125–145 1610:Grouped by cause 1585:diabetes mellitus 1457:breast prostheses 1413:illness narrative 1256:captive companies 1224:breast self-exams 1173: Other (56%) 1133: 1063:diagnostic biopsy 945:radiation therapy 904:African-Americans 877:temporary tattoos 797:positive attitude 705:personal identity 695:chemotherapy for 245:positive thinking 16:(Redirected from 4528: 4521:Health campaigns 4392:Fibroepithelials 4320: 4272:Self-examination 4214: 4207: 4200: 4191: 4186: 4171: 4146: 4121: 4096: 4067: 4035: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4009: 3996: 3973: 3940: 3913: 3880: 3867: 3846: 3817: 3784: 3774: 3733: 3724: 3703: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3664: 3641: 3623: 3598: 3579: 3568: 3543: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3496: 3483: 3481: 3471: 3466:. Archived from 3449: 3436: 3413: 3390: 3375: 3360: 3345: 3327: 3326:on 16 June 2007. 3322:. Archived from 3299: 3294: 3288: 3287:, pp. 37–38 3282: 3276: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3196: 3190: 3185: 3179: 3169: 3163: 3158: 3152: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3107: 3101: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2975: 2969: 2964: 2958: 2953: 2947: 2942: 2936: 2931: 2925: 2920: 2914: 2909: 2903: 2893: 2887: 2882: 2876: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2836: 2830: 2825: 2819: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2786: 2780: 2775: 2769: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2704:Lebo et al. 2015 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2682:, pp. 26–27 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2654: 2648: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2502: 2496: 2491: 2485: 2480: 2474: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2436: 2430: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2309: 2303: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2195:, pp. 78–89 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2073: 2067: 2062: 2056: 2051: 2045: 2040: 2034: 2029: 2023: 2018: 2012: 2011:, pp. 61–79 2006: 2000: 1995: 1989: 1984: 1978: 1973: 1967: 1962: 1956: 1951: 1945: 1940: 1934: 1929: 1923: 1918: 1912: 1907: 1901: 1896: 1890: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1850: 1844: 1839: 1833: 1832:, pp. 46–49 1827: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1745: 1739: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1715:, p. 43, 65 1710: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1670: 1664: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1638: 1632: 1615: 1608: 1602: 1561: 1545:The Scar Project 1315:cancer screening 1283:health insurance 1172: 1162: 1148: 1138: 1131: 883: 748: 645:free advertising 538:Nancy G. Brinker 464:cancer survivors 411:physical fitness 378:by critics like 368:cancer survivors 264:symbolic actions 57:is an effort to 45:awareness ribbon 32:Breast awareness 21: 4536: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4459: 4413: 4409:Phyllodes tumor 4386: 4358: 4344:Comedocarcinoma 4311: 4283: 4223: 4218: 4174: 4168: 4149: 4143: 4124: 4118: 4106:. Minneapolis: 4099: 4093: 4081:. Basingstoke: 4070: 4064: 4045: 4042: 4040:Further reading 4025: 4016: 4014: 4007: 3999: 3976: 3962: 3943: 3916: 3902: 3883: 3870: 3864: 3849: 3820: 3806: 3787: 3749:(2): CD011396. 3736: 3727: 3721: 3706: 3700: 3687: 3678: 3676: 3667: 3644: 3601: 3582: 3571: 3565: 3553:. Minneapolis: 3546: 3540: 3527: 3518: 3516: 3499: 3486: 3479: 3474: 3470:on 9 June 2011. 3452: 3439: 3416: 3393: 3386:Chicago Tribune 3378: 3363: 3348: 3330: 3311: 3308: 3303: 3302: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3182: 3170: 3166: 3161:Ehrenreich 2001 3159: 3155: 3150:Ehrenreich 2001 3148: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3093: 3089:, pp. 7–12 3085: 3081: 3077:, pp. 7–12 3073: 3069: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2950: 2945:Aschwanden 2009 2943: 2939: 2932: 2928: 2923:Aschwanden 2009 2921: 2917: 2910: 2906: 2894: 2890: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2839:Aschwanden 2009 2837: 2833: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2811: 2807:, pp. 7–12 2803: 2799: 2795:, pp. 7–12 2787: 2783: 2778:Mulholland 2010 2776: 2772: 2765: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2739:Ehrenreich 2001 2737: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2657:Ehrenreich 2001 2655: 2651: 2646:Ehrenreich 2001 2644: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2623:Ehrenreich 2001 2621: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2526: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2499: 2494:Ehrenreich 2001 2492: 2488: 2483:Ehrenreich 2001 2481: 2477: 2469:, p. 120; 2465: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2439:Ehrenreich 2001 2437: 2433: 2423:Ehrenreich 2001 2421: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2400:Ehrenreich 2001 2398: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2372:Ehrenreich 2001 2370: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2342: 2338: 2330: 2326: 2312:Ehrenreich 2001 2310: 2306: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2168: 2164: 2156: 2152: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2109: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2085: 2081: 2074: 2070: 2063: 2059: 2052: 2048: 2043:Mulholland 2010 2041: 2037: 2030: 2026: 2019: 2015: 2007: 2003: 1996: 1992: 1985: 1981: 1974: 1970: 1963: 1959: 1952: 1948: 1943:Ehrenreich 2001 1941: 1937: 1932:Ehrenreich 2001 1930: 1926: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1904: 1899:Ehrenreich 2001 1897: 1893: 1886: 1882: 1878:, p. 15–18 1874: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1851: 1847: 1842:Ehrenreich 2001 1840: 1836: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1812: 1807:Ehrenreich 2001 1805: 1801: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1769: 1765: 1757: 1753: 1746: 1742: 1735: 1731: 1723: 1719: 1711: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1687: 1683: 1671: 1667: 1660: 1656: 1648: 1641: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1618: 1609: 1605: 1600:Wayback Machine 1562: 1558: 1553: 1526: 1512:case management 1465: 1433: 1425:chaos narrative 1421:quest narrative 1401: 1373: 1367: 1311: 1251: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1160: 1158: 1146: 1144: 1136: 1130: 1121: 1096: 1055:second opinions 1010: 994: 992:Social progress 989: 928: 881: 867:prostate cancer 837:rite of passage 833:benefit finding 815: 789: 746: 723:, derived from 717: 685: 665:target audience 619: 476: 360: 342: 289: 283: 275:countermovement 262:and individual 210: 202:prostate cancer 191:breast biopsies 175:brand awareness 167: 121:social movement 97:health advocacy 61:and reduce the 59:raise awareness 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4534: 4532: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4508: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4455:Nipple adenoma 4452: 4451: 4450: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4400: 4398: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4368: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4328: 4326: 4317: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4293: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4264: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4242: 4240:Classification 4237: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4209: 4202: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4172: 4166: 4147: 4141: 4122: 4116: 4097: 4091: 4068: 4062: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4023: 3997: 3974: 3960: 3941: 3914: 3900: 3881: 3879:. p. BU1. 3868: 3862: 3847: 3818: 3804: 3785: 3734: 3732:. CTV.ca News. 3725: 3720:978-1439181713 3719: 3704: 3698: 3685: 3665: 3642: 3599: 3580: 3569: 3563: 3544: 3538: 3525: 3497: 3484: 3472: 3450: 3437: 3414: 3391: 3376: 3361: 3346: 3328: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3289: 3277: 3261: 3249: 3237: 3225: 3214: 3202: 3191: 3180: 3164: 3153: 3142: 3130: 3118: 3102: 3091: 3079: 3067: 3056: 3044: 3032: 3020: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2970: 2959: 2948: 2937: 2926: 2915: 2904: 2888: 2885:Rosenbaum 2014 2877: 2866: 2854: 2842: 2831: 2820: 2809: 2797: 2781: 2770: 2759: 2747: 2731: 2719: 2707: 2696: 2684: 2680:Mukherjee 2010 2672: 2660: 2649: 2638: 2626: 2615: 2603: 2591: 2579: 2567: 2555: 2543: 2531: 2520: 2508: 2497: 2486: 2475: 2459: 2447: 2431: 2415: 2403: 2392: 2380: 2364: 2352: 2336: 2324: 2304: 2293: 2281: 2269: 2257: 2245: 2233: 2221: 2209: 2197: 2185: 2173: 2162: 2150: 2138: 2126: 2114: 2103: 2091: 2079: 2068: 2057: 2046: 2035: 2024: 2013: 2001: 1990: 1979: 1968: 1957: 1946: 1935: 1924: 1913: 1902: 1891: 1880: 1868: 1856: 1845: 1834: 1822: 1810: 1799: 1787: 1775: 1763: 1751: 1740: 1729: 1717: 1705: 1693: 1681: 1675:, p. 22; 1665: 1654: 1639: 1626: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1603: 1569:income is 200% 1565:State of Texas 1555: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1508: 1490: 1476: 1464: 1461: 1432: 1429: 1417:cure narrative 1400: 1397: 1379:education and 1369:Main article: 1366: 1363: 1353:, combination 1310: 1307: 1260:social capital 1250: 1247: 1220:victim blaming 1169: 1159: 1145: 1135: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1095: 1092: 1059:support groups 1009: 1006: 993: 990: 988: 985: 927: 924: 908:token minority 888:opportunity". 814: 811: 802:support groups 788: 785: 776:feeling guilty 716: 713: 684: 681: 618: 617:Advertisements 615: 611:patient rights 475: 472: 356:Main article: 341: 338: 285:Main article: 282: 279: 256:moral goodness 238:socially aware 228:and the color 209: 206: 166: 163: 125:women's health 43:Breast cancer 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4533: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4453: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4260:BRCA mutation 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4235:Breast cancer 4233: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4221:Breast cancer 4215: 4210: 4208: 4203: 4201: 4196: 4195: 4192: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4104: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4013: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3948: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3888: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3856:. Routledge. 3855: 3854: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3797: 3794:. Baltimore: 3793: 3792: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3705: 3701: 3699:9780230583382 3695: 3691: 3686: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3576: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3495:. p. A3. 3494: 3490: 3485: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3448:. p. F1. 3447: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3278: 3275:, p. xix 3274: 3271:, p. 1; 3270: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3131: 3128:, p. 204 3127: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3060: 3057: 3053: 3052:Sargeant 2014 3048: 3045: 3042:, p. 376 3041: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2642: 2639: 2636:, p. 198 2635: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2619: 2616: 2613:, p. 208 2612: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2528:Kingston 2010 2524: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2505:Kingston 2010 2501: 2498: 2495: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2432: 2429:, p. 373 2428: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2396: 2393: 2390:, p. 319 2389: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2365: 2362:, p. 236 2361: 2356: 2353: 2350:, p. 342 2349: 2345: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1888:Gustines 2010 1884: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1803: 1800: 1797:, p. xxi 1796: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1748:Borrelli 2010 1744: 1741: 1738: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1706: 1703:, p. 111 1702: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1628: 1621: 1614:, p. 120 1613: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1591:, the income 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1463:Organizations 1462: 1460: 1459:, as a goal. 1458: 1452: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1385:public health 1382: 1378: 1372: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1328:public health 1324: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1273:For example, 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1236:overdiagnosis 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1208:heart disease 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1166: 1156: 1152: 1151:heart disease 1142: 1141:breast cancer 1134: 1128: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1104: 1100: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1007: 1005: 1003: 999: 991: 986: 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 933: 925: 923: 919: 917: 911: 909: 905: 901: 896: 894: 889: 887: 878: 874: 873: 868: 864: 863:infantilizing 858: 853: 851: 847: 843: 838: 834: 829: 828:Psychotherapy 825: 824:psychosomatic 821: 812: 810: 806: 803: 798: 793: 786: 784: 782: 777: 773: 772:feeling rules 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 726: 722: 714: 712: 710: 706: 698: 697:breast cancer 694: 689: 682: 680: 677: 673: 668: 666: 662: 659:as a form of 658: 654: 650: 646: 636: 632: 628: 623: 616: 614: 612: 608: 604: 599: 597: 593: 589: 588: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 557: 553: 551: 547: 542: 539: 535: 531: 527: 522: 516: 514: 510: 505: 504:blended value 501: 493: 489: 485: 480: 473: 471: 469: 465: 460: 458: 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