75:
364:
613:
220:
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50:
31:
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508:
covering the central dorsal surface of the disc, beginning in front of the eyes and extending to cover the entire tail; there are also small, sharp thorns on the midline, which become densest at the base of the tail. Juveniles are either smooth-skinned or have a sparser covering of flat, heart-shaped
844:
at sites in the
Maldives, French Polynesia, and elsewhere; they are attracted to visitors in large numbers by the promise of food. The government of the Maldives has taken steps to preserve ray ecotourism by banning all exports of ray products in 1995. In 2005, stingray ecotourism at Moorea brought
296:
disc wider than long, with a broad-angled snout and a very long, whip-like tail without fin folds. It has only a few small thorns on its back and is uniform brownish to grayish pink in color, becoming much darker past the tail sting. This large ray can reach 1.8 m (5.9 ft) across and over
509:
denticles. This species is uniform grayish to brownish pink above, becoming dark gray to black on the tail past the sting, and uniformly light below. It grows to at least 1.8 m (5.9 ft) across and over 5 m (16 ft) long. Its maximum weight on record is 19 kg (42 lb).
489:. There is a short and broad curtain of skin with a finely fringed posterior margin between the long, thin nostrils. The mouth is fairly small and surrounded by prominent furrows; the lower jaw has a small indentation in the middle. There are two large central and two tiny lateral
484:
disc of the pink whipray is diamond-shaped and thick at the center, measuring about 1.1–1.2 times wider than long. The outer corners of the disc are angular. The snout forms a very obtuse angle, with the tip barely protruding. The small, widely spaced eyes are followed by larger
833:), and Indonesian fishers are also increasingly operating illegally in Australian waters. Off northern Australia, the pink whipray is caught incidentally by the Northern Prawn Fishery (NPF), but bycatch levels have likely fallen significantly since the use of
845:
in over €500,000. However, a 2008 study of Moorea whiprays found a negative effect of ecotourism in the form of bite and impact injuries, stemming from artificially high ray density and interactions with boat traffic at the feeding sites. The
604:. It tends to be found closer to shore during the warm season. Genetic and telemetry studies across Polynesian islands have found that individual rays tend to remain within a local area, with very little between-island movement.
853:
overall. Although the species has a wide distribution that includes refuge regions with few conservation threats such as the population off northern
Australia. By contrast the Southeast Asian population is heavily fished.
504:
The tail is extremely long and thin, measuring at least twice the disc length when intact. It lacks fin folds and usually bears a single serrated stinging spine. Adults have small, rounded
1256:
Pierce, S.J.; Scott-Holland, T.B.; Bennett, M.B. (April 2011). "Community
Composition of Elasmobranch Fishes Utilizing Intertidal Sand Flats in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia".
821:
is intense and largely unregulated, and this large ray may be more vulnerable to depletion than its smaller relatives because of its slower reproductive rate. The population in the
1759:
300:
Gregarious in nature, the pink whipray has been known to form large active and resting aggregations, and associate with other large ray species. It preys mainly on
846:
340:
1848:
1813:
1733:
1005:
The
Polynesian Wanderings: Tracks of the Migration Deduced From an Examination of the Proto-Samoan Content of Efaté and Other Languages of Melanesia
1772:
1082:
1035:
955:
1843:
1833:
1853:
690:
structures. The newborns measure 55–60 cm (22–24 in) across. Shark Bay may be a nursery area for this species. Males reach
1838:
1823:
973:"The fishes of Samoa: Description of the species found in the archipelago, with a provisional check-list of the fishes of Oceania"
1785:
347:, due to its wide distribution that includes relatively protected areas, such as northern Australia. However, its population in
1858:
1443:
Blainville in
Lamarck, 1818 (Monogenea, Capsalidae, Entobdellinae) from stingray hosts, with descriptions of two new species"
1351:
Chisholm, L.A.; Whittington, I.D. (October 1996). "Descriptions of the larvae of six species of monocotylid monogeneans from
1107:
1777:
1163:
Vaudo, J.J.; Heithaus, M.R. (2009). "Spatiotemporal variability in a sandflat elasmobranch fauna in Shark Bay, Australia".
1707:
733:
74:
1828:
1605:
406:
748:
703:
739:
727:
292:. Individuals exhibit a high degree of fidelity to particular locations. The pink whipray has a diamond-shaped
1209:
Gaspar, C. (June 30, 2009). "Pd.D. Thesis
Summary: Study of feeding of the pink whiprays, in French Polynesia
709:
391:
323:("uterine milk") produced by the mother. Across much of its range, substantial numbers of pink whiprays are
1398:
Taschenberg, 1878 (Monogenea : Monocotylidae) with descriptions of three new species from
Australia".
1073:
Last, P.R.; Compagno, L.J.V. (1999). "Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae". In
Carpenter, K.E.; Niem, V.H. (eds.).
580:
The pink whipray has been recorded from as deep as 200 m (660 ft), but is usually found from the
1647:
834:
490:
486:
476:
The pink whipray can be identified by its uniform grayish dorsal coloration, which darkens past the sting.
1075:
FAO identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the
Western Central Pacific
757:
715:
632:. When resting, up to ten individuals may pile atop one another, sometimes mixing with other species. On
288:
that generally inhabits shallow water under 70 m (230 ft) deep, in sandy areas associated with
1712:
1699:
1132:
671:
316:
189:
721:
493:
on the floor of the mouth. The teeth are small and arranged into pavement-like surfaces. Five pairs of
363:
1790:
1407:
1172:
909:
398:
1573:(Crustacea, Isopoda, Gnathiidae) that parasitizes elasmobranchs from Okinawan coastal waters, Japan"
694:
at 1.1–1.2 m (3.6–3.9 ft) across, while the maturation size for females is unknown. Known
1818:
1685:
526:
429:
39:
1009:
620:
Small to large gatherings of pink whiprays have been observed over sandy flats and coral reefs in
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1498:
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850:
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453:
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232:
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54:
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777:. Usually, it must be thrown overboard before the rest of the catch can be sorted. Throughout
574:
156:
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1415:
1368:
1322:
1273:
1265:
1180:
984:
904:
810:
660:
629:
447:
636:, it has been seen "riding" on larger species of rays. The pink whipray feeds primarily on
691:
581:
505:
461:
441:
277:
146:
1434:
1564:
1411:
1176:
1003:
663:, sizable feeding aggregations are known to form at night in shallow water. However, at
612:
886:
818:
656:
562:
348:
219:
126:
116:
1326:
1807:
1520:
n. sp (Cestoda : Trypanorhyncha) from
Australian dasyatid and rhinobatid rays".
1103:
1052:
Taxonomy and phylogenetic systematics of the Indo-Pacific Whip-Tailed Stingray genus
895:
633:
554:
372:
344:
59:
1624:
1502:
1380:
1287:
1192:
472:
351:
is likely declining under heavy fishing pressure, and there it has been assessed as
30:
1725:
1549:
798:
585:
546:
542:
538:
517:
481:
328:
308:
293:
285:
273:
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is thought to have been particularly affected by an Indonesian fishery targeting
1746:
1679:
1077:. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. p. 1486.
822:
774:
558:
414:
209:
1670:
1246:. UC Berkeley: UCB Moorea Class: Biology and Geomorphology of Tropical Islands.
1239:
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86:
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382:, on the basis of a specimen 37 cm (15 in) across collected off
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1116:
782:
744:
695:
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534:
525:
The exact range of the pink whipray is unclear due to confusion with the
270:
262:
136:
106:
1738:
1372:
1278:
885:
Manjaji Matsumoto, B.M.; White, W.T.; Fahmi.; Gutteridge, A.N. (2016).
837:(TEDs) and Bycatch Reduction Devices (BRDs) became compulsory in 2000.
802:
786:
648:
324:
305:
258:
1751:
1477:(Elasmobranchii, Dasyatidae) from Heron Island, Queensland, Australia"
553:, from the year 2014 appears in the Red Sea. Its range extends to the
417:
for this species is Tahitian stingray. In 2004, Mabel Manjaji grouped
367:
The illustration that accompanied Jordan and Seale's 1906 description.
1694:
1269:
1056:
Müller & Henle 1837 (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae)
753:
687:
675:
664:
589:
410:
96:
1641:
616:
Pink whiprays often form groups for natural and artificial reasons.
1359:(Rhinobatidae) from Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia".
1313:(Dasyatididae) from Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia".
1301:
Chisholm, L.A.; Whittington, I.D. (November 1996). "A revision of
770:
611:
597:
516:
471:
402:
387:
362:
301:
1473:
sp nov (Monogenea, Capsalidae) from the skin of the pink whipray
785:, and probably elsewhere in its range, this species is a regular
383:
1645:
1612:. The IUCN/SSC Shark Specialist Group. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
950:(second ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 443–444.
880:
878:
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870:
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593:
773:
sting makes it difficult to handle when it is thrashing in a
1346:
1344:
655:
are by far the dominant prey type for rays of all sizes. At
667:
it tends to be a solitary forager with a large home range.
769:
Though not highly dangerous to humans, the pink whipray's
1606:"The economics of shark and ray watching in the Maldives"
1058:(Ph.D. Thesis). University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania.
1158:
1156:
1154:
1654:
1240:"Varying impact of human feeding on Pink Whiprays,
1137:
collected from Iriomote Island, the Ryukyu Islands"
1068:
1066:
1064:
521:
The pink whipray frequents shallow, sandy habitats.
1008:. The Carnegie Institution of Washington. p.
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
269:, with a wide but ill-defined distribution in the
1305:(Monogenea: Monocotylidae) with a description of
1394:Chisholm, L.A. (September 1998). "A revision of
910:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T161615A104219816.en
592:, and other soft-bottomed habitats, often near
1516:Beveridge, I.; Jones, M.K. (September 2000). "
847:International Union for Conservation of Nature
533:). It is believed to be common throughout the
341:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1433:Kearn, G.C.; Whittington, I.D. (March 2005).
971:Jordan, D.S.; Seale, A. (December 15, 1906).
339:, being attracted to visitors with bait. The
319:, in which the unborn young are nourished by
8:
584:to a depth of 70 m (230 ft). This
569:, and eastward to various islands including
16:Species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae
674:, with the mother supplying her developing
371:The pink whipway was described by American
1642:
1098:
1096:
1094:
670:Like other stingrays, the pink whipray is
218:
48:
29:
20:
1492:
1277:
1204:
1202:
1021:
1019:
908:
1563:Ota Y.; Hirose E. (September 23, 2009).
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
849:(IUCN) has assessed the pink whipray as
1467:Whittington, I.D.; Kearn, G.C. (2008).
862:
1604:Anderson, C.; Waheed, A. (July 2001).
1315:International Journal for Parasitology
378:and Alvin Seale in the 1906 volume of
813:. When retained, the meat, skin, and
686:("uterine milk") through specialized
343:(IUCN) has listed this species under
7:
1030:. ProStar Publications. p. 86.
977:Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries
896:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
380:Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries
946:Last, P.R.; Stevens, J.D. (2009).
817:are utilized. Fishing activity in
497:are located beneath the disc. The
14:
1131:Hidenori, Y.; Tetsuo, Y. (1999).
1028:Reef Sharks and Rays of the World
331:and marketed for meat, skin, and
1849:Taxa named by David Starr Jordan
1814:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
840:The pink whipray is valuable to
698:of the pink whipray include the
541:, probably occurring all around
73:
1141:Japanese Journal of Ichthyology
734:Neoentobdella parvitesticulata
335:. It is also of importance to
1:
1327:10.1016/S0020-7519(96)00113-0
1133:"First record of a stingray,
588:species prefers sandy flats,
1518:Prochristianella spinulifera
948:Sharks and Rays of Australia
749:Prochristianella spinulifera
297:5 m (16 ft) long.
1844:Vulnerable fauna of Oceania
1625:Fishes of Australia :
1307:Heterocotyle capricornensis
704:Heterocotyle capricornensis
1875:
1834:Vulnerable biota of Africa
1569:n. sp and a new record of
1471:Trimusculotrema heronensis
1400:Journal of Natural History
1244:, at two sites on Mo'orea"
740:Trimusculotrema heronensis
304:, but also consumes other
227:Range of the pink whipray
1854:Taxa named by Alvin Seale
1592:10.11646/zootaxa.2238.1.4
1494:10.2478/s11686-008-0044-5
1420:10.1080/00222939800770631
1185:10.1007/s00227-009-1282-2
809:, and to a lesser extent
728:Merizocotyle australensis
238:
231:
226:
217:
195:
188:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1839:Vulnerable fauna of Asia
1824:Fish of the Indian Ocean
1106:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
710:Monocotyle helicophallus
513:Distribution and habitat
397:means "stingray" in the
1534:10.1023/A:1006486713630
1522:Systematic Parasitology
1439:gen nov for species of
1361:Systematic Parasitology
989:10.5962/bhl.title.46247
903:: e.T161615A104219816.
835:Turtle Excluder Devices
1859:Fish described in 1906
1050:Manjaji, B.M. (2004).
1026:Michael, S.W. (2005).
1002:Churchill, W. (1911).
617:
522:
501:are small and narrow.
477:
368:
1636:on Sealife Collection
1120:. April 2009 version.
672:aplacental viviparous
615:
520:
475:
366:
317:aplacental viviparous
1571:Gnathia grandilaris
1481:Acta Parasitologica
1450:Acta Parasitologica
1412:1998JNatH..32.1259C
1355:(Dasyatididae) and
1177:2009MarBi.156.2579V
758:Gnathia grandilaris
608:Biology and ecology
557:, northward to the
325:caught incidentally
40:Conservation status
1373:10.1007/BF00009823
1238:McCoy, B. (2008).
765:Human interactions
626:Great Barrier Reef
618:
523:
478:
376:David Starr Jordan
369:
315:. This species is
1829:Fish of Indonesia
1801:
1800:
1648:Taxon identifiers
1321:(11): 1169–1190.
1171:(12): 2579–2590.
1084:978-92-5-104302-8
1037:978-1-57785-538-5
957:978-0-674-03411-2
643:, but also takes
575:Marquesas Islands
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1406:(9): 1259–1290.
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1357:Rhinobatos typus
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787:incidental catch
661:French Polynesia
651:. In Shark Bay,
630:Caroline Islands
527:Jenkins' whipray
506:dermal denticles
399:native languages
392:specific epithet
327:by a variety of
222:
201:
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586:bottom-dwelling
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545:periphery from
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462:species complex
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278:southern Africa
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147:Myliobatiformes
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1627:Pateobatis tai
1620:
1619:External links
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1597:
1567:Gnathia nubila
1555:
1508:
1487:(3): 251–257.
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1367:(2): 145–156.
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1264:(2): 235–247.
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1165:Marine Biology
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1104:Froese, Rainer
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889:Pateobatis fai
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819:Southeast Asia
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657:Rangiroa Atoll
653:penaeid prawns
649:teleost fishes
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563:Ryukyu Islands
537:waters of the
514:
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469:
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373:ichthyologists
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349:Southeast Asia
286:bottom dweller
265:in the family
255:Pateobatis fai
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1656:Himantura fai
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1634:Pink whipray
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1303:Heterocotyle
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900:
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831:Rhynchobatus
830:
768:
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732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
702:
669:
619:
579:
549:to northern
547:South Africa
543:Indian Ocean
539:Indo-Pacific
531:H. jenkinsii
530:
524:
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482:pectoral fin
479:
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452:
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430:H. jenkinsii
428:
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329:fishing gear
299:
294:pectoral fin
274:Indo-Pacific
254:
251:pink whipray
250:
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206:D. S. Jordan
198:
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180:
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167:
133:Superorder:
18:
1747:iNaturalist
1680:Wikispecies
1456:(1): 32–48.
1279:10125/23222
1147:(1): 39–43.
983:: 173–455.
916:11 November
827:wedgefishes
823:Arafura Sea
795:tangle nets
789:of coastal
775:fishing net
716:M. spiremae
700:monogeneans
645:cephalopods
641:crustaceans
602:coral reefs
559:Philippines
499:pelvic fins
468:Description
454:H. undulata
436:H. leoparda
424:H. gerrardi
415:common name
313:bony fishes
290:coral reefs
181:P. fai
1819:Pateobatis
1808:Categories
1632:Photos of
1528:(1): 1–8.
1441:Entobdella
1396:Monocotyle
1309:n sp from
858:References
851:Vulnerable
842:ecotourism
807:seine nets
752:, and the
684:histotroph
571:Micronesia
495:gill slits
413:. Another
401:of Samoa,
353:Vulnerable
337:ecotourism
321:histotroph
284:. It is a
267:Dasyatidae
168:Pateobatis
157:Dasyatidae
123:Subclass:
55:Vulnerable
1586:: 43–55.
1221:(2): 186.
1054:Himantura
815:cartilage
811:longlines
791:fisheries
779:Indonesia
722:M. youngi
696:parasites
624:, on the
622:Shark Bay
551:Australia
487:spiracles
448:H. uarnak
333:cartilage
282:Polynesia
175:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1765:11191070
1671:Q3785693
1665:Wikidata
1542:10937661
1503:22839816
1381:24661310
1288:38462666
1193:84230010
1117:FishBase
803:gillnets
783:Malaysia
771:venomous
745:tapeworm
680:nutrient
567:Iriomote
535:tropical
491:papillae
442:H. toshi
359:Taxonomy
271:tropical
263:stingray
233:Synonyms
153:Family:
137:Batoidea
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1739:5215874
1580:Zootaxa
1550:8884971
1408:Bibcode
1335:9024861
1173:Bibcode
688:uterine
676:embryos
638:decapod
590:lagoons
457:in the
306:benthic
259:species
257:) is a
163:Genus:
143:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1791:271457
1778:564348
1752:102763
1695:ARKive
1548:
1540:
1501:
1379:
1333:
1286:
1215:Cybium
1191:
1081:
1034:
954:
793:using
754:isopod
743:, the
737:, and
682:-rich
665:Moorea
647:, and
598:atolls
573:, the
565:, and
561:, the
459:uarnak
451:, and
419:H. fai
411:Tahiti
409:, and
407:Futuna
390:. The
302:prawns
212:, 1906
208:&
1786:WoRMS
1760:IRMNG
1726:3LY36
1713:19725
1576:(PDF)
1546:S2CID
1499:S2CID
1446:(PDF)
1377:S2CID
1284:S2CID
1189:S2CID
678:with
421:with
403:Tonga
388:Samoa
276:from
210:Seale
1773:ITIS
1734:GBIF
1708:BOLD
1584:2238
1538:PMID
1331:PMID
1079:ISBN
1032:ISBN
952:ISBN
918:2021
901:2016
781:and
596:and
594:cays
480:The
384:Apia
311:and
249:The
1721:CoL
1588:doi
1530:doi
1489:doi
1416:doi
1369:doi
1323:doi
1274:hdl
1266:doi
1213:".
1181:doi
1169:156
1010:218
985:doi
905:doi
659:in
600:in
395:fai
280:to
261:of
1810::
1788::
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1667::
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1343:^
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1282:.
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1201:^
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1179:.
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960:.
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