433:
morphologically able to carry the egg mass. Male presence during the molt is beneficial for the female, as searching for a male during her soft-bodied receptive phase would put her at mortal risk. Mates have more success with partners having greater body mass. The larger shrimp are most successful. These animals practice mate guarding, leading to a decline in mate competition, as well as bonding of partners. The male and female will defend their shelter to protect both territory and young. Larva develop in three stages: The
267:
71:
466:
402:. The burrow is built and tended by the pistol shrimp, and the goby provides protection by watching out for danger. When both are out of the burrow, the shrimp maintains contact with the goby using its antennae. The goby, having better vision, alerts the shrimp of danger using a characteristic tail movement, and then both retreat into the safety of the shared burrow. This association has been observed in species that inhabit
454:
49:
377:
432:
The snapping shrimp species will retain the same mate after copulation, making them monogamous. Most females of the
Alpheidae species are susceptible to mating. Young females become receptive to males either just before (premolt stage) or after the puberty molt, making them physiologically mature and
262:
at the end. Rather, it has a pistol-like feature made of two parts. A joint allows the "hammer" part to move backward into a right-angled position. When released, it snaps into the other part of the claw, emitting an enormously powerful wave of bubbles capable of stunning larger fish and breaking
344:
Snapping shrimp have the ability to reverse claws. When the snapping claw is lost, the missing limb will regenerate into a smaller claw and the original smaller appendage will grow into a new snapping claw. Laboratory research has shown that severing the nerve of the snapping claw induces the
428:
in colonies that can number over 300. All of them are the offspring of a single large female, the queen, and possibly a single male. The offspring are divided into workers who care for the young and predominantly male soldiers who protect the colony with their huge claws.
315:
bubble. As it collapses, the cavitation bubble emits a short flash of light with a broad spectrum. If the light were of thermal origin it would require a temperature of the emitter of over 5,000 K (4,700 °C). In comparison, the surface temperature of the
283:
of up to 80 kilopascals (12 psi) at a distance of 4 cm from the claw. As it ejects from the claw, the bubble reaches speeds of 25 m/s (90 km/h; 56 mph). The pressure is high enough to kill small fish. It corresponds to a peak
270:
Snapping shrimp claw action. 1. closed pistol shrimp claw with hidden plunger (P). 2. open claw with exposed (P) and chamber (C). 3. open claw with water (W) entering (C). 4. claw with (P) pushed into chamber (C), forcing jet stream (J) out of
340:
outwards to determine if any fish are passing by. Once it feels movement, the shrimp inches out of its hiding place, pulls back its claw, and releases a "shot" which stuns the prey; the shrimp then pulls it to the burrow and feeds on it.
324:. It is most likely a by-product of the shock wave with no biological significance. However, it was the first known instance of an animal producing light by this effect. It has subsequently been discovered that another group of
257:
Its disproportionately large claw, larger than half the shrimp's body, is a dimorphic addition to the arsenal of the shrimp. The claw can be on either arm of the body, and, unlike most shrimp claws, does not have typical
335:
The snapping is used for hunting (hence the alternative name "pistol shrimp"), as well as for communication. When hunting, the shrimp usually lies in an obscured spot, such as a burrow. The shrimp then extends its
300:
source levels between 185 and 190 dB re 1 μPa m, depending on the size of the claw. Similar values are reported by
Ferguson and Cleary. The duration of the click is less than 1
1030:
A. Anker; S. T. Ahyong; P. Y. Noel; A. R. Palmer (2006). "Morphological phylogeny of alpheid shrimps: parallel preadaptation and the origin of a key morphological innovation, the snapping claw".
1302:
B. G. Ferguson; J. L. Cleary (2001). "In situ source level and source position estimates of biological transient signals produced by snapping shrimp in an underwater environment".
1996:
1563:
320:
is estimated to be around 5,772 K (5,500 °C). The light is of lower intensity than the light produced by typical sonoluminescence and is not visible to the
1862:
1075:
1901:
1304:
1275:
1836:
332:, contains species whose club-like forelimbs can strike so quickly and with such force as to induce sonoluminescent cavitation bubbles upon impact.
203:
The family is diverse and worldwide in distribution, consisting of about 1,119 species within 38 or more genera. The two most prominent genera are
1875:
345:
conversion of the smaller limb into a second snapping claw. The reversal of claw asymmetry in snapping shrimp is thought to be unique in nature.
1506:
1392:
1431:
361:
243:
1534:
1700:
1688:
1963:
1396:
1107:
477:
More than 620 species are currently recognised in the family
Alpheidae, distributed among 52 genera. The largest of these are
211:, with species numbering well over 330 and 160, respectively. Most snapping shrimp dig burrows and are common inhabitants of
1880:
1570:
1888:
167:
296:(dB re 1 μPa), equivalent to a zero to peak source level of 190 dB re 1 μPa m. Au and Banks measured
200:
characterized by having asymmetrical claws, the larger of which is typically capable of producing a loud snapping sound.
1797:
1784:
70:
1906:
1596:
2001:
232:
1476:
M. R. McClure (1996). "Symmetry of large claws in snapping shrimp in nature (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae)".
470:
458:
1724:
945:
685:
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365:
1424:"Extreme impact and cavitation forces of a biological hammer: strike forces of the peacock mantis shrimp"
1937:
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for the title of loudest animal in the sea. When in colonies, the snapping shrimp can interfere with
985:
675:
665:
223:
reefs. While most genera and species are found in tropical and temperate coastal and marine waters,
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31:
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I. Karplus (1987). "The association between gobiid fishes and burrowing alpheid shrimps".
465:
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1697:
1133:
285:
280:
453:
48:
1985:
1597:"Underwater Drones Join Microphones to Listen for Chinese Nuclear Submarines - AUVAC"
1178:
Versluis, Michel; Schmitz, Barbara; von der Heydt, Anna; Lohse, Detlef (2000-09-22).
865:
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1061:
1815:
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112:
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1247:
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489:, with 168 species. The following genera are recognised in the family Alpheidae:
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132:
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364:. The shrimp are a major source of noise in the ocean and can interfere with
17:
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82:
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92:
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W. W. L. Au; K. Banks (1998). "The acoustics of the snapping shrimp
1950:
464:
452:
375:
357:
348:
The snapping shrimp competes with much larger animals such as the
265:
246:. The shrimp are considered a major source of sound in the ocean.
239:
1828:
254:
The snapping shrimp grows to 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in) long.
438:
395:
1722:
317:
1507:"Sleuths solve case of bubble mistaken for a snapping shrimp"
1225:
M. Versluis; B. Schmitz; A. von der Heydt; D. Lohse (2000).
1648:
J. E. Duffy (1996). "Eusociality in a coral-reef shrimp".
30:"Pistol Shrimp" redirects here. For the game company, see
238:
When in colonies, the snapping shrimp can interfere with
1227:"How snapping shrimp snap: through cavitating bubbles"
1180:"How Snapping Shrimp Snap: Through Cavitating Bubbles"
235:
including being found in freshwater caves in Mexico.
1698:
Article on pistol shrimp going into physical details
1535:"Sea creatures trouble sonar operators – new enzyme"
1731:
1628:Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review
1161:The International Wildlife Encyclopedia, Volume 1
394:Some snapping shrimp species share burrows with
8:
1715:– the history and science of snapping shrimp
1305:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1276:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1997:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
1074:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
750:Anker, Poddoubtchenko & Wehrtmann, 2006
1719:
1339:D. Lohse; B. Schmitz; M. Versluis (2001).
412:behavior has been discovered in the genus
47:
38:
1444:
690:Dworschak, Anker & Abed-Navandi, 2000
1643:
1641:
1341:"Snapping shrimp make flashing bubbles"
1022:
1159:Maurice Burton; Robert Burton (1970).
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1126:
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500:Anker, Poddoubtchenko & Jeng, 2006
7:
1956:F304879B-FFCD-FF9A-FF35-FB182851FAC6
1917:c35fe311-1287-4068-af78-95d1b03a0973
1505:Kenneth Chang (September 26, 2000).
1422:S. N. Patek; R. L. Caldwell (2005).
1089:
1087:
1085:
1432:The Journal of Experimental Biology
25:
1569:. thalesgroup.com. Archived from
1397:NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
1108:World Register of Marine Species
69:
1564:"Submarine hunting in Somerset"
880:AH Banner & DM Banner, 1960
820:Ciampaglio & Weaver, 2008 †
810:Ciampaglio & Weaver, 2008 †
1391:Williams, D.R. (1 July 2013).
800:Méndez G. & Wicksten, 1982
1:
1248:10.1126/science.289.5487.2114
1196:10.1126/science.289.5487.2114
720:Anker & Dworschak, 2007
275:The claw snaps to create a
2018:
830:De Grave & Anker, 2000
740:De Grave & Anker, 2008
700:Felder & Manning, 1986
307:The snap can also produce
29:
790:Banner & Banner, 1981
385:with a goby of the genus
233:cosmopolitan distribution
66:Scientific classification
64:
55:
46:
41:
1689:How snapping shrimp snap
1134:"Shrimp, bubble and pop"
1094:De Grave, Sammy (2024).
710:Felder & Anker, 2007
670:Anker & Felder, 2005
650:Komai & Fujita, 2018
610:Anker & Iliffe, 2000
483:, with 336 species, and
471:Synalpheus fritzmuelleri
362:underwater communication
244:underwater communication
1492:10.1163/156854096X00321
1048:(inactive 2024-05-17).
227:inhabits cold seas and
1271:Synalpheus parneomeris
940:Anker & Jeng, 2007
930:Anker & Jeng, 2006
474:
462:
400:symbiotic relationship
391:
366:anti-submarine warfare
279:bubble that generates
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196:within the infraorder
1938:Paleobiology Database
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459:Betaeopsis aequimanus
456:
379:
269:
1693:University of Twente
1140:. September 21, 2000
311:from the collapsing
27:Family of crustacean
1242:(5487): 2114–2117.
1190:(5487): 2114–2117.
180:(also known as the
32:Pistol Shrimp Games
1710:Radiolab episode:
1703:2021-02-27 at the
1543:. February 2, 1947
1540:The New York Times
1512:The New York Times
1165:Marshall Cavendish
475:
463:
421:Synalpheus regalis
392:
281:acoustic pressures
273:
263:small glass jars.
1979:
1978:
1925:Open Tree of Life
1725:Taxon identifiers
1712:Bigger Than Bacon
1658:(6582): 512–514.
1446:10.1242/jeb.01831
1439:(19): 3655–3664.
1356:(6855): 477–478.
1318:10.1121/1.1339823
1273:in Kaneohe Bay".
1100:Rafinesque, 1815"
1040:(12): 2507–2528.
970:Spence Bate, 1888
398:in a mutualistic
175:
174:
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58:Alpheus digitalis
16:(Redirected from
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2002:Decapod families
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1664:10.1038/381512a0
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1603:. Archived from
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1576:on 27 March 2018
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1399:. Archived from
1393:"Sun Fact Sheet"
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1362:10.1038/35097152
1345:
1336:
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1312:(6): 3031–3037.
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760:Borradaile, 1899
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382:Alpheus randalli
309:sonoluminescence
292:relative to one
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1403:on 15 July 2010
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1167:. p. 2366.
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418:. The species
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703:
698:
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696:Fenneralpheus
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424:lives inside
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384:
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195:
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187:
186:pistol shrimp
183:
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169:
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149:Superfamily:
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19:
18:Pistol shrimp
1732:
1711:
1655:
1649:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1609:. Retrieved
1605:the original
1600:
1591:
1578:. Retrieved
1571:the original
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1538:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1510:
1500:
1483:
1477:
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1436:
1430:
1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1401:the original
1386:
1353:
1347:
1334:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1283:(1): 41–47.
1280:
1274:
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1233:
1220:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1160:
1154:
1142:. Retrieved
1137:
1111:. Retrieved
1103:
1097:
1070:cite journal
1037:
1031:
1025:
1004:
994:
984:
980:Nguyên, 2001
974:
964:
956:Stenalpheops
954:
944:
934:
924:
914:
910:Heller, 1862
904:
896:Pseudathanas
894:
884:
876:Prionalpheus
874:
870:Powell, 1979
864:
854:
844:
834:
826:Orygmalpheus
824:
814:
804:
794:
784:
774:
764:
754:
746:Leslibetaeus
744:
734:
724:
716:Jengalpheops
714:
704:
694:
684:
674:
664:
656:Coronalpheus
654:
644:
634:
624:
614:
606:Bermudacaris
604:
594:
584:
580:De Man, 1888
574:
564:
554:
550:De Man, 1910
544:
534:
526:Amphibetaeus
524:
514:
504:
494:
484:
478:
476:
469:
457:
431:
419:
413:
408:
393:
386:
380:
354:beluga whale
347:
343:
334:
306:
298:peak to peak
288:of 218
274:
256:
253:
237:
228:
224:
215:, submerged
208:
204:
202:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:
162:
139:Infraorder:
113:Malacostraca
56:
36:
1850:iNaturalist
1757:Wikispecies
1515:. p. 5
1479:Crustaceana
1006:Yagerocaris
1000:Chace, 1988
990:Anker, 2010
926:Richalpheus
900:Bruce, 1983
890:Anker, 2007
860:Chace, 1937
856:Pomagnathus
846:Parabetaeus
840:Anker, 2020
836:Pachelpheus
806:Oligorostra
786:Nennalpheus
756:Metabetaeus
736:Leptathanas
726:Leptalpheus
680:Anker, 2022
640:Anker, 2010
560:Leach, 1814
443:post larval
350:sperm whale
326:crustaceans
302:millisecond
294:micropascal
219:flats, and
213:coral reefs
133:Pleocyemata
1986:Categories
1634:: 507–562.
1017:References
996:Vexillipar
966:Synalpheus
960:Miya, 1997
936:Rugathanas
906:Pterocaris
816:Oligosella
796:Notalpheus
766:Metalpheus
646:Caligoneus
636:Bruceopsis
630:Dana, 1852
616:Betaeopsis
566:Athanopsis
506:Alpheopsis
496:Acanthanas
486:Synalpheus
415:Synalpheus
406:habitats.
404:coral reef
313:cavitation
277:cavitation
209:Synalpheus
168:Rafinesque
153:Alpheoidea
129:Suborder:
103:Arthropoda
42:Alpheidae
1992:Alpheidae
1790:Alpheidae
1777:Alpheidae
1763:Alpheidae
1733:Alpheidae
1601:auvac.org
1407:12 August
1204:0036-8075
1098:Alpheidae
1033:Evolution
976:Thuylamea
946:Salmoneus
776:Mohocaris
586:Bannereus
546:Aretopsis
396:goby fish
322:naked eye
178:Alpheidae
163:Alpheidae
89:Kingdom:
83:Eukaryota
1829:46513265
1742:Wikidata
1701:Archived
1672:33166806
1611:26 March
1580:26 March
1455:16169943
1370:11586346
1326:11425145
1256:11000111
1212:11000111
1138:BBC News
1062:18414340
1054:17263113
916:Racilius
686:Deioneus
576:Automate
445:stages.
410:Eusocial
338:antennae
290:decibels
217:seagrass
159:Family:
123:Decapoda
99:Phylum:
93:Animalia
79:Domain:
1748:Q311534
1547:July 2,
1519:July 2,
1378:4429684
1235:Science
1184:Science
1144:July 2,
1113:20 July
626:Betaeus
596:Batella
556:Athanas
516:Alpheus
480:Alpheus
426:sponges
372:Ecology
260:pincers
225:Betaeus
205:Alpheus
198:caridea
192:) is a
143:Caridea
119:Order:
109:Class:
1969:106776
1943:215233
1930:471793
1914:NZOR:
1868:109089
1670:
1651:Nature
1463:312009
1461:
1453:
1376:
1368:
1349:Nature
1324:
1254:
1210:
1202:
1060:
1052:
449:Genera
441:, and
328:, the
231:has a
221:oyster
194:family
170:, 1815
1964:WoRMS
1951:Plazi
1907:29966
1881:96600
1863:IRMNG
1855:51196
1816:84JVC
1668:S2CID
1574:(PDF)
1567:(PDF)
1459:S2CID
1427:(PDF)
1374:S2CID
1344:(PDF)
1230:(PDF)
1104:WoRMS
1058:S2CID
536:Arete
358:sonar
240:sonar
1902:NCBI
1876:ITIS
1842:4472
1837:GBIF
1803:1527
1798:BOLD
1613:2018
1582:2018
1549:2011
1521:2011
1451:PMID
1409:2013
1366:PMID
1322:PMID
1252:PMID
1208:PMID
1200:ISSN
1146:2011
1115:2024
1076:link
1050:PMID
439:zoea
360:and
352:and
271:(C).
242:and
207:and
1889:NBN
1824:EoL
1811:CoL
1785:AFD
1772:ADW
1660:doi
1656:381
1488:doi
1441:doi
1437:208
1358:doi
1354:413
1314:doi
1310:109
1285:doi
1281:103
1244:doi
1240:289
1192:doi
1188:289
1042:doi
318:Sun
188:or
1988::
1966::
1953::
1940::
1927::
1904::
1891::
1878::
1865::
1852::
1839::
1826::
1813::
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1654:.
1640:^
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20:)
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