350:
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around 1625–1655, and used by Norman-French settlers to describe the ceremonial pipes they saw used among the native peoples of the region. The settlers initially used the word to refer to the hollow decorated pipe shaft alone while the pipe bowl was a separate ritual object, a "sort of reeds used to
153:
According to oral traditions, and as demonstrated by pre-contact pipes held in museums and tribal and private holdings, some ceremonial pipes are adorned with feathers, fur, animal or human hair, beadwork, quills, carvings or other items having significance for the owner. Other pipes are very simple.
684:
Travels into North
America: containing its natural history, and a circumstantial account of its plantations and agriculture in general, with the civil, ecclesiastical and commercial state of the country, the manners of the inhabitants, and several curious and important remarks on various
104:
cultures. The style of pipe, materials smoked, and ceremonies are unique to the specific and distinct religions of those nations. Similarly, the pipes are called by names in that tribe's language. The specific type of pipes smoked in
Catholic conversion rituals first in
124:
documented the universal respect that the ceremonial pipe was shown among all Native peoples he encountered, even those at war with each other. He claimed that presenting the pipe during battle would halt the fighting. The
445:
cultures that do not have a ceremonial smoking tradition, but make pipes for social smoking only. The types of materials used vary by community and locality. Some of the known types of pipe stone and pipe materials are:
538:. After being worked, it takes on a decidedly greenish cast. This stone has been used by several Eastern Woodlands tribes for pipemaking. Several ancient Mississippian culture bluestone pipes have been excavated.
73:. The pipe ceremony may be a component of a larger ceremony, or held as a sacred ceremony in and of itself. Indigenous peoples of the Americas who use ceremonial pipes have names for them in each culture's
598:
and pipes that are jet black with a high gloss when polished. Stones which have tumbled down creeks and drainages are always selected, since these stones typically contained no cracks or defects.
774:
2813:
2193:
910:
165:
who use ceremonial pipes have names for them in each culture's indigenous language. There is no single word for all ceremonial pipes across the hundreds of diverse Native cultures.
2264:
1219:
113:
territory were known as
Calumets. Historically, ceremonial pipes have been used to mark war and peace, as well as commerce and trade, and social and political decision-making.
429:, with notable differences. Ute pipes are thicker and use shorter pipestems than the plains style and more closely resemble the pipe styles of their Northern neighbors, the
635:, then polished with water and sanded with progressively finer and finer abrasive grit and animal hide, finally being rubbed with fat or other oils to complete polishing.
89:, by the French), the smoking of a ceremonial pipe to seal a peace treaty is only one use of a ceremonial smoking pipe, by only some of the nations that utilize them.
977:
341:
in the
American Southeast, use ceremonial pipes formed as round, footed bowls. A tubular smoke tip projects from each of the four cardinal directions on the bowl.
300:, was originally used primarily by eastern tribes, but western tribes often mixed it with other herbs, barks, and plant matter, in a preparation commonly known as
1241:
1762:
522:. Today only Native Americans are allowed to quarry the pipestone from this quarry. The pipestone from this quarry is considered the softest stone available.
2803:
2238:
1084:
893:
46:
1867:
150:(Lakota sacred pipe) to the people, and instructed them in its symbolism and ceremonies. Many Native American cultures still practice these ceremonies.
77:. Not all cultures have pipe traditions, and there is no single word for all ceremonial pipes across the hundreds of diverse Native American languages.
2947:
1937:
1727:
1212:
3086:
1832:
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a soft, brittle, white on black marbled pipestone found in South Dakota and used by some of the Plains Tribes for certain types of ceremonial pipes.
1627:
502:
layers below groundwater level, as the stone erodes rapidly when exposed to the weather and outside air. Red pipestone is used primarily by the
65:
in their sacred ceremonies. Traditionally they are used to offer prayers in a religious ceremony, to make a ceremonial commitment, or to seal a
1702:
1637:
1617:
771:
3111:
2302:
1842:
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93:
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strips rolled in crushed white quartz and stretched with a bow handle to shape and rough the pipes. Pipe bowls may also be shaped with hard
349:
333:
of what today is
Minnesota, were neutral ground as people from multiple nations journeyed to the quarry to obtain the sacred pipestone. The
1205:
154:
Many are not kept by an individual, but are instead held collectively by a medicine society or similar indigenous ceremonial organization.
1149:
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1612:
2798:
1972:
1752:
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438:
162:
62:
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922:
917:. Seattle: Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, in association with University of Washington Press. p. 558.
696:
405:
528:
is used predominantly by the Plains Tribes for certain types of ceremonial pipes. Deposits of the stone are found in South Dakota.
3081:
2909:
1717:
574:, Ute, and Plains Tribes for personal and ceremonial pipes. This stone is also used to carve sacred effigies and religious items.
383:
1194:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on calumets
3076:
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2218:
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1987:
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243:, meaning 'reed' (Modern French also means 'straw', 'blowlamp'). The Calumets smoked in Catholic conversion rituals first in
3121:
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989:
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1997:
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31:
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2007:
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1977:
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people gave
Marquette such a pipe as a gift to ensure his safe travel through the interior of the land.
66:
2768:
1772:
484:
earthwork mounds in the
Eastern United States. This acorn pipe is made from South Dakota red pipestone.
469:
cane pipestems made from river cane. These pipes are made from aged river clay hardened in a hot fire.
2924:
2904:
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1321:
1301:
1130:
Hall, Robert L. "Calumet
Ceremonialism, Mourning Ritual, and Mechanisms of Inter-tribal Trade." in
318:
255:
in
Illinois and Indiana may derive from the French term or may have an independent derivation from
74:
1154:
Springer, James Warren. "An ethnohistoric study of the smoking complex in eastern North
America."
3126:
3017:
2977:
2722:
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628:
296:
260:
248:
132:
In ceremonial usage, the smoke is generally believed to carry prayers to the attention of the
121:
117:
110:
1099:
Brown, Ian W. "The calumet ceremony in the southeast and its archaeological manifestations."
3040:
3022:
2899:
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900:, Watershed Central Wiki, U.S. EPA, quoting from the "City of Chicago Calumet Land Use Plan"
852:
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2065:
1802:
1632:
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1396:
1351:
503:
480:
Mississippian and Eastern Woodlands style "acorn" pipe. These pipes have been found in
426:
338:
322:
252:
189:
In some historical sources written by colonists, a ceremonial pipe is referred to as a
126:
42:
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2967:
2825:
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1932:
1882:
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1947:
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1376:
1248:
334:
326:
302:
1036:
Geologic Formations, Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota, National Park Service
275:
1123:
Haberman, Thomas W. "Evidence for aboriginal tobaccos in eastern North America."
744:
594:
in Utah and Colorado. This stone has been used by the Great Basin Tribes for war
2982:
2942:
2887:
2778:
2101:
1982:
1962:
1827:
1687:
1677:
1562:
1306:
1118:
Tracks that speak: the legacy of Native American words in North American culture
965:
Tracks that speak: the legacy of Native American words in North American culture
612:
365:
839:. The Northern Norman dialect retains the group /ca/, when it turns into /ʃa/ (
337:
use long-stemmed pipes in some of their ceremonies. Other peoples, such as the
2138:
2035:
1907:
1822:
1737:
1647:
1197:
1106:
Cessford, Craig. "The archaeology of the clay pipe and the study of smoking."
937:
706:
545:
466:
425:
Salmon alabaster ceremonial pipe. Ute pipe styles are similar to those of the
256:
725:
The Catholic Calumet: Colonial Conversions in French and Indian North America
627:
points for drilling sacred objects from stone. One technique uses moistened
17:
2858:
1912:
1742:
679:
632:
620:
549:
495:
491:
487:
458:
314:
279:
724:
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1887:
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571:
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430:
244:
174:
146:
106:
101:
2118:
1602:
1479:
1401:
607:
567:
390: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
37:
1159:
1051:
476:
1464:
1166:
Tobacco Use by Native North Americans: Sacred Smoke and Silent Killer
1141:(Research Division of the Rochester Museum and Science Center, 1992).
687:. Translated by Johann Reinhold Forster. London: T. Lowndes. p.
624:
563:
85:
Although often called "peace pipes" by Europeans (and, specifically,
70:
1011:
418:
2280:
2208:
1069:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
606:
475:
417:
348:
274:
36:
1132:
Mirror and Metaphor: Material and Social Constructions of Reality
465:, however these are only used for social smoking. They use small
251:
territory were elaborately carved and decorated. The name of the
2168:
1139:
Proceedings of the 1989 Smoking Pipe Conference: Selected Papers
851:
in Common French. The fall of the final /l/ is specific for the
511:
462:
441:
cultures make and use ceremonial pipes. However, there are also
353:
Catlinite Inlayed Pipe Bowl with Two Faces, early 19th century,
317:, a fine-grained easily worked stone of a rich red color of the
2284:
1201:
1144:
Higgins, David A. "Clay tobacco pipes: a valuable commodity."
982:
Maps, Material, Culture, and Memory: On the Trail of the Ioway
359:
92:
Various types of ceremonial pipes have been used by different
590:
compression and is found in the southeastern drainage of the
586:
an extremely hard black quartzite slate which has undergone
978:"Catlinite, Calumet Pipes and Pipestone National Monument"
772:
Looking Horse Proclamation on the Protection of Ceremonies
855:, which explains the later confusion with another suffix
534:
a hard, greenish-blue quartzite stone from the southern
45:
area, without the pipe bowl, from the collection of the
2814:
Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
510:. The stone can be found in Minnesota (Pipestone), and
911:
Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation
518:. The quarry is located just north of the town at the
498:
typically excavated from beds occurring between hard
619:
One traditional method of manufacture is the use of
2960:
2923:
2886:
2834:
2707:
2659:
2629:
2593:
2497:
2469:
2353:
2327:
2318:
2084:
2016:
1548:
1277:
309:One material used for ceremonial pipe bowls in the
1178:
1046:Paul S. Martin, "The bow-drill in North America."
967:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (Boston : 2002).
30:"Peace pipe" redirects here. For other uses, see
27:Ceremonial smoking pipe, used by Native Americans
766:
764:
2296:
1213:
1146:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
938:The Native American Chanunpa, the Sacred Pipe
843:) in Common French and it retains the suffix
770:Looking Horse, Chief Arvol (March 13, 2003) "
8:
1120:. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2002).
1088:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
820:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico
514:(Delta, Uinta). Sacred pipestone comes from
237:
229:
227:make pipes", with a suffix substitution for
220:
199:
191:
2804:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
1191:Symbol and Substance in American Indian Art
833:
746:The Calumet Region: Indiana's Last Frontier
47:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
2892:
2711:
2324:
2303:
2289:
2281:
1220:
1206:
1198:
718:
716:
1728:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
406:Learn how and when to remove this message
738:
736:
734:
671:
615:, in both raw and cut-and-slabbed forms
1185:Pipestone County Museum – History
881:, Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 59
816:Calumet or "Peace-pipe" of the Indians
61:, used by a number of cultures of the
1168:(University of Oklahoma Press, 2000).
218:), first recorded in David Ferrand's
213:
7:
822:, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1907
388:adding citations to reliable sources
235:. It corresponds to the French word
2199:Norse colonization of North America
891:Calumet River-Frontal Lake Michigan
728:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
461:both fashion pipes made from fired
2799:Tobacco packaging warning messages
784:Indian Country Today Media Network
548:make ceremonial pipes from salmon
282:bowl of a ceremonial pipe used by
163:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
63:indigenous peoples of the Americas
25:
3036:
3035:
2910:Smoking bans in private vehicles
1062:
570:and South Dakota is used by the
364:
3087:First Nations culture in Canada
2998:Smoking in association football
2219:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
831:The word comes from Late Latin
796:CNRTL site etymology of calumet
490:is an iron-rich, reddish, soft
375:needs additional citations for
259:. Likewise, there is a current
2973:Tobacco consumption by country
2869:Smoking and female infertility
1179:Society for Clay Pipe Research
611:High-grade red pipestone from
577:Black pipestone (South Dakota)
288:Black Hawk State Historic Site
1:
2915:Tobacco-free college campuses
1012:"Pipestone National Monument"
3112:Smoking in the United States
2784:Smoking and male infertility
2184:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
2134:Eastern Agricultural Complex
722:Leavelle, Tracy Neal (2012)
603:Traditional pipemaking tools
116:During his travels down the
2759:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
1568:Bandelier National Monument
1442:List of Mississippian sites
1229:Pre-Columbian North America
859:, pronounced the same way .
749:. Indiana Historical Bureau
655:Pipestone National Monument
520:Pipestone National Monument
136:or other powerful spirits.
32:Peace pipe (disambiguation)
3143:
2844:Breastfeeding difficulties
1988:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
1593:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
1302:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
1137:Hays, Charles F. III, ed.
847:, when it has turned into
41:A pipestem from the upper
29:
3031:
2895:
2749:Schizophrenia and smoking
2744:Prevalence of tobacco use
2719:Health effects of tobacco
2714:
2257:
2229:Three Sisters agriculture
1235:
743:Moore, Powell A. (1959).
562:A white on green marbled
439:Indigenous North American
158:Varieties and terminology
3092:Native American religion
2674:Islamic views on tobacco
1768:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
1327:Buttermilk Creek complex
172:sacred pipe is called a
142:White Buffalo Calf Woman
57:is a particular type of
3082:Native American culture
2794:Tobacco-free pharmacies
1968:Town Creek Indian Mound
1938:Sierra de San Francisco
1793:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
1164:Winter, Joseph C., ed.
1085:Encyclopædia Britannica
1048:American anthropologist
583:Black pipestone (Uinta)
230:
200:
192:
3077:Native American relics
1623:Coso Rock Art District
1510:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
1413:List of Hopewell sites
834:
806:Rowland, Dunbar (1907)
616:
546:Uncompahgre Ute People
506:, and the Western and
485:
434:
357:
291:
238:
221:
50:
3102:Mississippian culture
3051:Electronic cigarettes
2874:Smoking and pregnancy
2669:Smoking in Jewish law
2031:Arlington Springs Man
1873:Portsmouth Earthworks
1127:49.2 (1984): 269-287.
1103:54.2 (1989): 311-331.
1016:National Park Service
913:; Rude, Noel (2014).
623:made with hard white
610:
536:Appalachian Mountains
482:Mississippian culture
479:
421:
352:
278:
197:(kal-yə-ˌmet, -mət).
140:tradition tells that
40:
3122:Tobacco and religion
2905:List of smoking bans
2864:Ptosis of the breast
2821:World No Tobacco Day
2239:Transoceanic contact
2129:Container Revolution
1703:Gila Cliff Dwellings
1668:Etowah Indian Mounds
1148:24.1 (1995): 47-52.
1050:36.1 (1934): 94-97.
516:Pipestone, Minnesota
384:improve this article
313:is red pipestone or
2774:Stomatitis nicotina
2728:Nicotine withdrawal
2159:Green Corn Ceremony
1973:Turkey River Mounds
1763:Lake Jackson Mounds
1583:Blue Spring Shelter
1116:Cutler, Charles L.
963:Charles L. Cutler.
915:Umatilla Dictionary
566:pipestone found in
345:Pipestone varieties
319:Coteau des Prairies
75:Indigenous language
3018:Nicotine marketing
2978:History of smoking
2925:Country and region
2769:Smoker's melanosis
2723:Nicotine poisoning
2244:Underwater panther
1918:Rosenstock Village
1788:Marmes Rockshelter
1773:L'Anse aux Meadows
1125:American Antiquity
1110:6 (2001): 84-112.
1101:American Antiquity
986:University of Iowa
954:, Barefoot's World
950:2012-12-21 at the
943:2012-12-21 at the
896:2015-10-21 at the
777:2015-11-25 at the
617:
508:Great Basin Tribes
486:
435:
358:
331:pipestone quarries
292:
51:
3117:Tobacco in Mexico
3107:Smoking in Canada
3059:
3058:
2993:Smoking fetishism
2956:
2955:
2882:
2881:
2836:Women and smoking
2789:Smoking cessation
2655:
2654:
2278:
2277:
2270:Pre-Columbian era
2071:Spirit Cave mummy
1868:Plum Bayou Mounds
1778:Lynch Quarry Site
1297:Ancient Beringian
1158:(1981): 217-235.
879:English Etymology
552:mined in central
416:
415:
408:
297:Nicotiana rustica
122:Jacques Marquette
118:Mississippi River
81:Use in ceremonies
16:(Redirected from
3134:
3039:
3038:
3023:Tobacco industry
2900:Inflight smoking
2893:
2754:Sidestream smoke
2739:Third-hand smoke
2712:
2325:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2282:
2214:Projectile point
2051:Leanderthal Lady
1978:Upward Sun River
1953:Stallings Island
1943:Shell ring sites
1893:Recapture Canyon
1808:Moorehead Circle
1653:El Fin del Mundo
1638:Cueva de la Olla
1444:
1431:Maritime Archaic
1415:
1245:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1199:
1089:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1054:
1044:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
988:. Archived from
974:
968:
961:
955:
935:
929:
928:
907:
901:
888:
882:
875:
869:
866:
860:
853:Cauchois dialect
837:
829:
823:
813:
807:
804:
798:
793:
787:
768:
759:
758:
756:
754:
740:
729:
720:
711:
710:
676:
541:Salmon alabaster
411:
404:
400:
397:
391:
368:
360:
286:, on display at
241:
233:
224:
222:La Muse normande
217:
215:[kalyme]
212:
203:
195:
120:in 1673, Father
21:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3027:
2952:
2919:
2878:
2854:Cervical cancer
2830:
2734:Passive smoking
2703:
2684:Ceremonial pipe
2651:
2625:
2589:
2493:
2465:
2349:
2320:
2314:
2312:Tobacco smoking
2309:
2279:
2274:
2265:Genetic history
2253:
2107:Ceremonial pipe
2080:
2061:Minnesota Woman
2018:
2012:
1833:Ocmulgee Mounds
1813:Morrison Mounds
1758:Kolomoki Mounds
1748:Kimball Village
1608:Candelaria Cave
1550:
1544:
1525:Suwannee Valley
1460:Old Cordilleran
1440:
1411:
1279:
1273:
1239:
1231:
1226:
1175:
1096:
1094:Further reading
1078:, ed. (1911). "
1074:
1063:
1061:
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1005:
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56:
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44:
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19:
18:Pipe ceremony
3072:Pipe smoking
3013:Smoking room
3008:Tobacco pipe
2694:Kinnikinnick
2683:
2436:Saudi Arabia
2345:South Africa
2249:Water glyphs
2204:Oasisamerica
2194:N.A.G.P.R.A.
2154:Folsom point
2144:Effigy mound
2124:Clovis point
2106:
2092:Aridoamerica
1993:Wickiup Hill
1948:Spiro Mounds
1928:Salmon Ruins
1923:Russell Cave
1718:Helen Blazes
1713:Grimes Point
1693:Fort Juelson
1683:Fort Ancient
1658:El Vallecito
1618:Chaco Canyon
1558:Angel Mounds
1520:Steed-Kisker
1470:Paleo-Arctic
1392:Glacial Kame
1377:Fort Ancient
1269:Post-Classic
1240:
1190:
1165:
1156:Ethnohistory
1155:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1107:
1100:
1083:
1047:
1042:
1031:
1019:. Retrieved
1006:
994:. Retrieved
990:the original
981:
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959:
933:
914:
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811:
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782:
751:. Retrieved
745:
723:
683:
674:
665:
664:
618:
437:A number of
436:
402:
393:
382:Please help
377:verification
374:
335:Sioux people
327:South Dakota
308:
303:kinnikinnick
301:
295:
293:
264:
247:and then in
236:
228:
219:
198:
190:
188:
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145:
144:brought the
131:
115:
109:and then in
91:
86:
84:
59:smoking pipe
54:
52:
2983:Smoking cap
2888:Smoking ban
2779:Smoking age
2482:New Zealand
2431:Philippines
2411:South Korea
2406:North Korea
2361:Afghanistan
2234:Thunderbird
2102:Black drink
2066:Peñon woman
2003:Winterville
1983:Velda Mound
1963:Taos Pueblo
1858:Parkin Park
1843:Orwell site
1828:Nodena site
1723:Holly Bluff
1698:Four Mounds
1688:Fort Center
1613:Casa Grande
1563:Anzick site
1455:Monongahela
1382:Fort Walton
1357:Coles Creek
1322:Belle Glade
1307:Anishinaabe
877:T.F. Hoad,
613:Delta, Utah
588:metamorphic
3066:Categories
3046:Cigarettes
2371:East Timor
2321:and region
2179:Metallurgy
2139:Eden point
2036:Buhl Woman
1908:Rock Eagle
1898:River Styx
1823:Mummy Cave
1818:Moundville
1798:Mesa Verde
1783:Marksville
1530:Tchefuncte
1490:Plaquemine
1426:Las Palmas
1342:Calf Creek
1337:Cades Pond
1108:Assemblage
835:calamellus
707:1083889360
680:Kalm, Pehr
661:References
633:sandstones
621:bow drills
284:Black Hawk
257:Potawatomi
211:pronounced
3127:Fur trade
2933:Australia
2859:Menopause
2601:Argentina
2477:Australia
2441:Singapore
2386:Indonesia
2376:Hong Kong
2224:Stickball
1913:Rock Hawk
1743:Key Marco
1535:Troyville
1515:St. Johns
1500:Red Ocher
1259:Formative
996:20 August
753:20 August
550:alabaster
531:Bluestone
496:claystone
492:argillite
488:Catlinite
459:Chickasaw
396:July 2015
315:catlinite
294:Tobacco,
280:Catlinite
271:Materials
239:chalumeau
3041:Category
2988:Smokeasy
2699:Pipe bag
2689:Chanunpa
2661:Religion
2611:Colombia
2426:Pakistan
2421:Malaysia
2112:Chanunpa
2097:Ballgame
2076:Vero man
2026:Anzick-1
1998:Windover
1958:SunWatch
1888:Rassawek
1708:Glenwood
1598:Brewster
1450:Mogollon
1421:La Jolla
1407:Hopewell
1367:Deptford
1280:cultures
948:Archived
941:Archived
894:Archived
775:Archived
685:subjects
682:(1772).
650:Pipe bag
645:Chanunpa
639:See also
572:Shoshone
554:Colorado
455:Cherokee
431:Shoshone
261:Umatilla
245:Illinois
180:chanunpa
147:Chanunpa
127:Illinois
107:Illinois
67:covenant
2938:England
2621:Uruguay
2616:Ecuador
2550:Ireland
2545:Iceland
2540:Hungary
2530:Germany
2520:Finland
2515:Croatia
2510:Armenia
2505:Albania
2489:Tokelau
2470:Oceania
2461:Vietnam
2340:Nigeria
2319:Country
2261:Related
2119:Chunkey
2019:remains
2008:Wupatki
1848:Paquime
1738:Huápoca
1603:Cahokia
1573:Bastian
1480:Patayan
1402:Hohokam
1387:Fremont
1362:Comondú
1317:Baytown
1312:Avonlea
1292:Alachua
1264:Classic
1254:Archaic
1242:Periods
1080:Calumet
1073::
629:rawhide
568:Wyoming
339:Catawba
265:čalámat
249:Mi'kmaq
231:calumel
201:Calumet
193:calumet
184:c'anupa
175:chanupa
134:Creator
111:Mi'kmaq
2943:France
2809:MPOWER
2708:Health
2637:Canada
2606:Brazil
2580:Turkey
2575:Sweden
2570:Russia
2565:Norway
2560:Latvia
2535:Greece
2525:France
2498:Europe
2456:Turkey
2451:Taiwan
2328:Africa
1678:Folsom
1643:Cutler
1578:Benson
1465:Oneota
1397:Glades
1372:Folsom
1352:Clovis
1249:Lithic
1160:online
1150:online
1112:online
1067:
1052:online
1021:19 May
921:
705:
695:
625:quartz
564:cupric
329:. The
263:term,
209:word (
207:Norman
170:Lakota
138:Lakota
71:treaty
2961:Other
2555:Italy
2446:Syria
2416:Macau
2401:Japan
2381:India
2366:China
2335:Egypt
2209:Piasa
2017:Human
1648:Eaker
1551:sites
1485:Plano
1287:Adena
868:CNRTL
781:" at
666:Notes
596:clubs
205:is a
102:Métis
2642:Cuba
2396:Iraq
2391:Iran
2354:Asia
2169:Kiva
1023:2012
998:2015
919:ISBN
849:-eau
841:cha-
755:2015
703:OCLC
693:ISBN
544:The
512:Utah
467:reed
463:clay
457:and
453:The
450:Clay
168:The
100:and
1673:Eva
1082:".
857:-et
845:-el
689:344
494:or
386:by
325:in
182:or
69:or
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1014:.
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818:,
763:^
733:^
715:^
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691:.
306:.
267:.
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1214:t
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1000:.
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34:.
20:)
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