327:
102:
431:, copulation is always preceded by a ritualized dance by both sexes. The dance involves very conspicuous wriggling and shaking motions, especially in comparison to the species' otherwise extremely secretive lifestyle. Under the threat or presence of a predator, pipefish are more reluctant to perform their dances. In addition, when risk of predation is high, they copulate less frequently, dance less per copulation, and females transfer more eggs per copulation. Although
396:
127:
419:
to be a result of the reproductive advantage granted to pipefish ancestors that learned to deposit their eggs onto the males, who could escape predation and protect them. Furthermore, the ability to transfer immune information from both the mother (in the egg) and the father (in the pouch), unlike other chordates in which only the mother can transfer immune information, is believed to have an additive beneficial effect on offspring immunity.
2092:
451:
3084:
3066:
412:-like connection. It broods the offspring either on distinct region of its body or in a brood pouch. Brood pouches vary significantly among different species of pipefish, but all contain a small opening through which female eggs can be deposited. The location of the brood pouch can be along the entire underside of the pipefish or just at the base of the tail, as with seahorses. Pipefish in the genus
1910:
504:, a breeding system in which one female mates with two or more males. This tends to occur with greater frequency in internal-brooding species of pipefishes than with external-brooding ones due to limitation in male brood capacity. Polyandrous species are also more likely to have females with complex sexual signals such as ornaments. For example, the polyandrous Gulf pipefish (
3096:
474:. Additionally, they invest more energy per unit time than females throughout each breeding season. As a result, some males may consume their embryos rather than continuing to rear them under situations to regain energy in which their bodies are exhausted of resources. Pregnant male pipefish can absorb nutrients from their broods, in a manner very similar to
418:
have a brood pouch with a ventral seam that can completely cover all of their eggs when sealed. In males without these pouches, eggs adhere to a strip of soft skin on the ventral surface of their bodies that does not contain any exterior covering. The evolution of male brooding in pipefish is thought
478:
found in many other families of fish. The smallest eggs in a brood of various egg sizes usually have lower survival rates than larger ones due to the larger eggs having a longer-lasting food source (absent contributions from the father), hence they more likely to develop into mature adults. In other
383:
Another factor that affects pipefish populations is their use in traditional
Chinese medicine (TCM) remedies, despite the lack of evidence of efficacy beyond placebo. Syngnathidae in general are in high demand for pseudo-scientific medicinal cures but pipefish are even more exploited because of a
446:
into the male brood pouch or onto the special patch of skin on the male's ventral body surface. While the eggs are being transferred, the mating pair rises through the water until implantation is complete. At this point, the male assumes an S-shaped posture and fertilizes the eggs, all the while
379:
Due to their lack of strong swimming ability pipefish are often found in shallow waters that are easily disturbed by industrial runoffs and human recreation. Shorelines are also affected by boats and drag lines that move shoreline sediment. These disturbances cause a decrease in seagrasses and
466:
A physical limit exists for the number of eggs a male pipefish can carry, so males are considered to be the limiting sex. Females can often produce more eggs than males can accommodate inside their brood pouches, resulting in more eggs than can be cared for. Other factors may restrict female
447:
descending back down the water column. Males possessing brood pouches release their sperm directly into them; the pouches are then vigorously shaken. The ventral seams are not opened until weeks later when the male pipefish give birth.
407:
Pipefishes, like their seahorse relatives, leave most of the parenting duties to the male, which provides all of the postzygotic care for its offspring, supplying them with nutrients and oxygen through a
363:
species. They are abundant on coasts of the tropical and temperate zones. Most species of pipefish are usually 35–40 cm (14–15.5 in) in length and generally inhabit sheltered areas in
280:
formed into armored plating. This dermal skeleton has several longitudinal ridges, so a vertical section through the body looks angular, not round or oval as in the majority of other fishes.
339:
have increased numbers of vertebrae and an elongated head, are missing pelvic fins and ribs, and have an evolutionarily novel structure, the male brood pouch. Shown for comparison is the
486:, and begin feeding immediately. From the time they hatch, they are independent of their parents, which at that time may view them as food. Some fry have short larval stages and live as
439:
similar ritualized mating dances were hypothesized to aid in reproductive synchronization, by allowing the female to assess male willingness to spawn so her eggs are not wasted.
1967:
Ichthyological
Bulletin; No. 44: Review of the Indo-Pacific pipefish genus Doryrhamphus Kaup (Pisces: Syngnathidae) with descriptions of a new species and a new subspecies
380:
eelgrasses that are vital in pipefish habitats. The pipefish's narrow range distribution indicates that they are less able to adapt to new habitats or habitat change.
3289:
3217:
2796:
1993:
1930:
3294:
479:
instances, some pipefishes may consume the embryos of mates that seem less fit or desirable, as each male generally copulates with more than one female.
1463:
Roth, Olivia; Klein, Verena; Beemelmanns, Anne; Scharsack, Jörn P.; Reusch, Thorsten B.H. (2012-12-01). "Male pregnancy and biparental immune priming".
2538:
3191:
470:
Because the pipefish embryos develop within the male, feeding on nutrients supplied by him, male pipefish invest more energy than females in each
490:
for a short while. Others are fully developed but miniature versions of their parents, assuming the same behaviors as their parents immediately.
1925:
1794:
Paczolt, Kimberly A.; Jones, Adam G. (2010-03-18). "Post-copulatory sexual selection and sexual conflict in the evolution of male pregnancy".
1600:
1616:
Berglund, Anders; Rosenqvist, Gunilla; Svensson, Ingrid (1989). "Reproductive success of females limited by males in two pipefish species".
272:, which is like a long tube, ending in a narrow and small mouth which opens upwards and is toothless. The body and tail are long, thin, and
2365:
1437:"Mating systems and sexual selection in male-pregnant pipefishes and seahorses: Insights from microsatellite-based studies of maternity"
302:
Many are very weak swimmers in open water, moving slowly by means of rapid movements of the dorsal fin. Some species of pipefish have
2395:
442:
During pipefish copulation, which signifies the termination of the courtship dance, the female transfers her eggs through a small
326:
3256:
1258:
403:, with the young ready to leave the pouch: One side of the membrane of the pouch is pushed aside to allow a view of its interior.
435:
males normally prefer to mate with larger females, they mate randomly when potentially threatened by predators. Furthermore, in
2049:
1986:
3100:
1690:"Multiple mating and its relationship to alternative modes of gestation in male-pregnant versus female-pregnant fish species"
3196:
3204:
1030:
2134:
314:
for fin descriptions. Some species of pipefish have more developed caudal fins, such as the group collectively known as
310:. The majority of pipefishes have some form of a caudal fin (unlike seahorses), which can be used for locomotion. See
126:
2034:
3222:
2786:
2513:
2483:
2370:
1979:
807:
3059:
3052:
3019:
2761:
2433:
2114:
1385:"The dynamics of male brooding, mating patterns, and sex roles in pipefishes and seahorses (family Syngnathidae)"
508:) displays considerable sexual dimorphic characteristics such as larger ornament area and number, and body size.
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2828:
203:
2091:
395:
384:
belief in their higher level of potency (because they are longer than the more common variety of seahorses).
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3029:
2591:
2340:
3118:
3009:
2833:
2818:
2641:
2360:
2249:
1013:
909:
573:
455:
348:
1514:
Berglund, Anders (July 1993). "Risky sex: Male pipefishes mate at random in the presence of a predator".
3284:
3243:
3039:
3024:
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1887:
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626:
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3034:
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1961:
1950:
1803:
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932:
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between male and female pipefish involves lengthy and complicated shows of display. For example, in
101:
2823:
2766:
2566:
2453:
2242:
1549:
Sogabe, A.; Yanagisawa, Y. (2007-08-01). "The function of daily greetings in a monogamous pipefish
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662:
494:
109:
2405:
1835:
1641:
1633:
1531:
1496:
1414:
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559:
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121:
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2019:
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1811:
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2188:
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918:
802:
587:
299:
openings are extremely small and placed near the upper posterior angle of the gill cover.
178:
1807:
1705:
1660:
467:
reproductive success, including male pregnancy length and energy investment in progeny.
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2959:
2851:
2843:
2776:
2746:
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1921:
1916:
1883:
1772:
1566:
1289:
Small, C.M.; Bassham, S.; Catchen, J.; Amores, A.; Fuiten, A.M.; et al. (2016).
1188:
1172:
1128:
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1080:
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871:
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336:
59:
1645:
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2390:
2385:
2375:
2291:
2281:
2210:
2193:
2100:
2061:
2054:
1839:
1291:"The genome of the Gulf pipefish enables understanding of evolutionary innovations"
1150:
1090:
1050:
985:
944:
882:
682:
610:
311:
253:
248:
188:
1369:
295:
fins are consistently absent, and the other fins may or may not be developed. The
493:
Pair bonding varies wildly between different species of pipefish. While some are
3209:
3178:
3150:
2964:
2952:
2878:
2636:
2631:
2606:
2586:
2528:
2423:
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2129:
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1139:
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1039:
996:
970:
904:
787:
762:
704:
671:
657:
621:
526:
344:
34:
1661:"Reversed sex roles and parental energy investment in zygotes of two pipefish (
3014:
2781:
2715:
2705:
2626:
2616:
2301:
2269:
2254:
2200:
2173:
2156:
1307:
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242:
79:
44:
3141:
1823:
1723:
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is always present, and is the principal (in some species, the only) organ of
2771:
2756:
2741:
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2232:
2178:
2163:
2141:
2124:
2071:
1714:
1341:
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958:
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715:
138:
84:
1831:
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1492:
1410:
1326:
1361:
3135:
2974:
2915:
2861:
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2543:
2205:
2151:
2066:
1892:
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1025:
776:
582:
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409:
368:
307:
277:
237:
158:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
1934:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 634.
1815:
1755:
Rosenqvist G, Berglund A (2011). "Sexual signals and mating patterns in
2947:
2942:
2920:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2428:
2380:
2274:
2044:
2039:
1966:
1637:
1117:
292:
89:
64:
3183:
1659:
Berglund, Anders; Rosenqvist, Gunilla; Svensson, Ingrid (1986-03-26).
2866:
849:
471:
148:
3112:
1629:
1476:
387:
The aquarium trade of pipefish has also increased in recent years.
2969:
2898:
2308:
1915:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
449:
394:
325:
273:
269:
265:
3170:
1945:
2871:
2813:
2458:
2011:
2002:
596:
296:
233:
3116:
1975:
2910:
2478:
1342:"The genetic mating system of a sex-role-reversed pipefish (
482:
Young are born free-swimming with relatively little or no
1272:
1270:
1268:
1971:
1383:
Wilson AB, Ahnesjö I, Vincent AC, Meyer A (June 2003).
264:
Pipefish look like straight-bodied seahorses with tiny
1340:
Jones AG, Rosenqvist G, Berglund A, Avise JC (1999).
332:
Some derived traits in pipefishes and their relatives
268:. The name is derived from the peculiar form of the
3125:
3002:
2935:
2842:
2804:
2795:
2734:
2665:
2552:
2504:
2414:
2339:
2099:
2009:
1586:
1584:
1430:
1428:
1694:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1593:Parental Care and Brood Reduction in a Pipefish
1458:
1456:
1987:
8:
1688:Avise, John C.; Liu, Jin-Xian (2010-11-02).
3113:
2801:
1994:
1980:
1972:
497:or seasonally monogamous, others are not.
100:
20:
2539:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
1731:
1713:
1400:
1316:
1306:
1276:
276:-like. They each have a highly modified
1242:
1240:
1236:
454:The subcaudal pouch of the male of the
3290:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
1962:Flagtail Pipefish In The Home Aquarium
1851:
1849:
347:fish with more typical morphology, a
7:
3095:
2366:Electroreception and electrogenesis
1350:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
318:, which are quite strong swimmers.
1402:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00345.x
14:
3295:Extant Rupelian first appearances
1435:A. G. Jones; J. C. Avise (2001).
3094:
3083:
3082:
3065:
3064:
2090:
1908:
1773:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02972.x
1670:. Marine Ecology Progress Series
1567:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01523.x
1259:World Register of Marine Species
125:
2050:Environmental impact of fishing
1249:"Syngnathinae Bonaparte, 1831"
391:Reproduction and parental care
335:Syngnathid fishes such as the
1:
437:Corythoichthys haematopterus,
2135:intramembranous ossification
1957:Reefkeeping.com: PPPPipefish
1551:Corythoichthys haematopterus
521:(pipefishes and seadragons)
236:, which, together with the
232:) are a subfamily of small
3311:
2514:Fin and flipper locomotion
2484:Sequential hermaphroditism
2371:Jamming avoidance response
2088:
3078:
1442:. The Journal of Heredity
1308:10.1186/s13059-016-1126-6
359:dwellers; only a few are
216:
211:
122:Scientific classification
120:
108:
99:
23:
1896:. November 2004 version.
1886:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
375:Habitat loss and threats
322:Habitat and distribution
3030:Glossary of ichthyology
2592:Diel vertical migration
1931:Encyclopædia Britannica
1715:10.1073/pnas.1013786107
1618:The American Naturalist
1555:Journal of Fish Biology
1465:The American Naturalist
1346:): A molecular inquiry"
2396:Surface wave detection
2361:Hydrodynamic reception
2035:Diseases and parasites
1528:10.1006/anbe.1993.1172
1247:Bailly N, ed. (2015).
965:—freshwater pipefishes
463:
456:black-striped pipefish
404:
352:
349:threespine stickleback
30:Early Oligocene–recent
3244:Paleobiology Database
2534:Undulatory locomotion
2351:Ampullae of Lorenzini
1888:"Family Syngnathidae"
1362:10.1007/s002650050630
1020:(Oligocene of France)
939:(Oligocene of Russia)
500:Many species exhibit
453:
398:
329:
2762:Genetically modified
1951:Encyclopedia of Life
1014:Nepigastrosyngnathus
355:Most pipefishes are
2567:Aquatic respiration
2454:Life history theory
1816:10.1038/nature08861
1808:2010Natur.464..401P
1706:2010PNAS..10718915A
1700:(44): 18915–18920.
1591:Sagebakken (2012).
1112:—fluvial pipefishes
506:Syngnathus scovelli
399:Subcaudal pouch of
252:), form the family
110:Broadnosed pipefish
16:Subfamily of fishes
2406:Weberian apparatus
476:filial cannibalism
464:
460:Syngnathus abaster
405:
353:
3272:
3271:
3231:Open Tree of Life
3119:Taxon identifiers
3110:
3109:
3020:Fish common names
2931:
2930:
2562:Aquatic predation
2386:Capacity for pain
2115:Age determination
1802:(7287): 401–404.
1602:978-91-628-8532-8
1344:Syngnathus typhle
1225:
1214:
1203:
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1178:
1167:
1156:
1145:
1134:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1084:
1070:
1059:
1045:
1034:
1019:
1005:
991:
980:
964:
953:
938:
924:
913:
899:
888:
877:
866:
855:
844:
833:
822:
811:
797:—river pipefishes
796:
782:
771:
757:
746:
735:
724:
710:
699:
688:
677:
666:
652:
641:
630:
616:
605:
591:
577:
563:
549:
535:
428:Syngnathus typhle
316:flagtail pipefish
228:or pipe-fishes (
223:
222:
207:
114:Syngnathus typhle
3302:
3265:
3264:
3252:
3251:
3239:
3238:
3226:
3225:
3213:
3212:
3210:NHMSYS0021053454
3200:
3199:
3187:
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3174:
3173:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3114:
3098:
3097:
3086:
3085:
3068:
3067:
2802:
2094:
2025:Ethnoichthyology
1996:
1989:
1982:
1973:
1935:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1897:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1853:
1844:
1843:
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1613:
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1578:
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1516:Animal Behaviour
1511:
1505:
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1422:
1404:
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1223:
1212:
1201:
1187:
1176:
1165:
1154:
1143:
1132:
1121:
1109:
1094:
1085:—leafy seadragon
1079:
1068:
1054:
1043:
1029:
1017:
1011:
1000:
989:
974:
962:
948:
936:
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240:and seadragons (
202:
130:
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104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
3310:
3309:
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3303:
3301:
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3106:
3074:
2998:
2927:
2838:
2791:
2730:
2661:
2554:
2548:
2500:
2444:Ichthyoplankton
2410:
2342:
2335:
2331:Digital Library
2326:Teleost leptins
2265:Shark cartilage
2189:pharyngeal slit
2184:pharyngeal arch
2120:Anguilliformity
2105:
2103:
2095:
2086:
2005:
2000:
1942:
1924:, ed. (1911). "
1920:
1909:
1907:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1865:
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1334:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1266:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1234:
1009:
928:
803:Histiogamphelus
514:
401:Syngnathus acus
393:
377:
334:
324:
262:
201:
179:Syngnathiformes
124:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
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62:
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52:
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37:
29:
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17:
12:
11:
5:
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3162:
3147:
3131:
3129:
3123:
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2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2848:
2846:
2844:Wild fisheries
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2767:Hallucinogenic
2764:
2759:
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2744:
2738:
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2729:
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2678:
2672:
2670:
2663:
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2654:
2649:
2644:
2642:Schooling fish
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2602:Filter feeders
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2577:Bottom feeders
2574:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2556:
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2277:
2267:
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2247:
2246:
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2235:
2230:
2225:
2223:Leydig's organ
2220:
2219:
2218:
2216:pharyngeal jaw
2213:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2169:branchial arch
2161:
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2014:
2007:
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1991:
1984:
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1941:
1940:External links
1938:
1937:
1936:
1922:Chisholm, Hugh
1904:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1884:Froese, Rainer
1878:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1861:paleobiodb.org
1845:
1786:
1767:(6): 1647–61.
1747:
1680:
1651:
1630:10.1086/284932
1624:(4): 506–516.
1608:
1601:
1580:
1561:(2): 585–595.
1541:
1522:(1): 169–175.
1506:
1477:10.1086/668081
1471:(6): 802–814.
1452:
1424:
1395:(6): 1374–86.
1375:
1356:(5): 357–365.
1332:
1295:Genome Biology
1281:
1279:, p. 634.
1264:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1215:
1204:
1198:Trachyrhamphus
1193:
1179:
1168:
1157:
1146:
1144:Swainson, 1839
1135:
1124:
1113:
1101:
1086:
1071:
1060:
1046:
1035:
1021:
1018:Pharisat, 1993
1006:
992:
981:
966:
954:
940:
933:Maroubrichthys
925:
914:
912:and Hale, 1921
900:
889:
878:
867:
856:
845:
834:
823:
817:Hypselognathus
812:
798:
783:
772:
758:
747:
736:
725:
711:
700:
694:Dunckerocampus
689:
678:
667:
653:
647:Corythoichthys
642:
631:
617:
606:
592:
578:
569:Apterygocampus
564:
550:
536:
513:
510:
392:
389:
376:
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341:axial skeleton
330:
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220:
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213:
209:
208:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
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176:
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169:Actinopterygii
166:
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3102:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3071:
3070:more lists...
3063:
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3049:
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3045:
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3036:
3033:
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3025:Fish families
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3010:Aquarium life
3008:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2993:
2992:fleshy-finned
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2960:Cartilaginous
2958:
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2147:Chromatophore
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1277:Chisholm 1911
1273:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1224:Whitley, 1951
1222:
1221:
1216:
1213:GĂĽnther, 1870
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1177:Bleeker, 1851
1175:
1174:
1173:Syngnathoides
1169:
1166:Whitley, 1948
1164:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1129:Siokunichthys
1125:
1122:Whitley, 1948
1120:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1106:Pseudophallus
1102:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1077:
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1067:
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1036:
1032:
1028:
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1022:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1003:
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990:Whitley, 1948
988:
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982:
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973:
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961:
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947:
946:
941:
935:
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923:Whitley, 1948
921:
920:
915:
911:
907:
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901:
896:
895:
890:
885:
884:
879:
874:
873:
872:Kyonemichthys
868:
863:
862:
857:
854:Whitley, 1951
852:
851:
846:
843:Whitely, 1947
841:
840:
839:Idiotropiscis
835:
830:
829:
828:Ichthyocampus
824:
821:Whitley, 1948
819:
818:
813:
809:
805:
804:
799:
794:
790:
789:
784:
779:
778:
773:
769:
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764:
759:
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753:
748:
745:Whitley, 1948
743:
742:
737:
734:Whitley, 1931
732:
731:
726:
722:
718:
717:
712:
707:
706:
701:
698:Whitley, 1933
696:
695:
690:
685:
684:
679:
674:
673:
668:
664:
660:
659:
654:
649:
648:
643:
638:
637:
636:Choeroichthys
632:
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598:
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585:
584:
579:
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561:
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555:Anarchopterus
551:
547:
543:
542:
541:Amphelikturus
537:
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528:
523:
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366:
362:
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350:
346:
342:
338:
337:gulf pipefish
333:
328:
321:
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317:
313:
309:
306:tails, as in
305:
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76:
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66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
3285:Syngnathidae
3157:Syngnathinae
3127:Syngnathinae
3126:
3099:
3087:
2987:spiny-finned
2936:Major groups
2657:Intelligence
2637:Scale eaters
2582:Cleaner fish
2464:Mouthbrooder
2416:Reproduction
2391:Schreckstoff
2376:Lateral line
2292:Swim bladder
2282:Spiral valve
2211:hyomandibula
2194:pseudobranch
2077:Hypoxia in -
1949:
1929:
1891:
1864:. Retrieved
1860:
1857:"PBDB Taxon"
1799:
1795:
1789:
1764:
1760:
1757:Syngnathidae
1756:
1750:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1672:. Retrieved
1663:Syngnathidae
1662:
1654:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1595:. Goteborg.
1592:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1468:
1464:
1444:. Retrieved
1392:
1388:
1378:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1335:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1252:
1218:
1207:
1196:
1182:
1171:
1160:
1151:Stigmatopora
1149:
1138:
1133:Herald, 1953
1127:
1116:
1110:Herald, 1940
1104:
1091:Phyllopteryx
1089:
1074:
1069:Dawson, 1977
1063:
1051:Penetopteryx
1049:
1044:Dawson, 1979
1038:
1024:
1012:
995:
986:Mitotichthys
984:
969:
957:
945:Micrognathus
943:
937:Parrin, 1992
931:
917:
903:
892:
883:Leptoichthys
881:
870:
865:Dawson, 1980
859:
848:
837:
826:
815:
801:
786:
781:Paxton, 1975
775:
761:
750:
739:
728:
714:
709:Dawson, 1981
703:
692:
683:Doryrhamphus
681:
670:
656:
645:
634:
620:
615:Herald, 1953
611:Bulbonaricus
609:
595:
581:
567:
553:
539:
525:
519:Syngnathinae
518:
505:
499:
492:
481:
469:
465:
459:
441:
436:
432:
426:
421:
413:
406:
400:
386:
382:
378:
354:
331:
312:fish anatomy
301:
282:
263:
254:Syngnathidae
249:Phyllopteryx
247:
241:
230:Syngnathinae
229:
225:
224:
217:
199:Syngnathinae
198:
189:Syngnathidae
113:
18:
3179:iNaturalist
3151:Wikispecies
3101:WikiProject
3060:Prehistoric
3044:Threatened
2735:Other types
2632:Sardine run
2607:Forage fish
2587:Corallivory
2439:Development
2424:Bubble nest
2297:physoclisti
2287:Suckermouth
2260:Root effect
2082:Ichthyology
1926:Pipe-fishes
1902:Attribution
1761:J Fish Biol
1162:Stipecampus
1140:Solegnathus
1100:—seadragons
1065:Phoxocampus
1040:Notiocampus
997:Nannocampus
975:Herald and
971:Minyichthys
905:Lissocampus
876:Gomon, 2007
788:Hippichthys
763:Haliichthys
705:Enneacampus
672:Doryichthys
658:Cosmocampus
622:Campichthys
527:Acentronura
365:coral reefs
260:Description
195:Subfamily:
3279:Categories
2716:Groundfish
2711:Freshwater
2706:Euryhaline
2691:Coral reef
2627:Salmon run
2617:Paedophagy
2519:Amphibious
2506:Locomotion
2314:pharyngeal
2302:physostome
2255:Photophore
2201:Glossohyal
2174:gill raker
2157:dorsal fin
2107:physiology
1946:"Pipefish"
1866:2024-04-17
1674:2013-09-15
1665:) species"
1446:2013-09-15
1301:(1): 258.
1232:References
1220:Vanacampus
1202:Kaup, 1853
1184:Syngnathus
1155:Kaup, 1853
1076:Phycodurus
1031:Rafinesque
963:Kaup, 1853
898:Kaup, 1853
894:Leptonotus
887:Kaup, 1853
832:Kaup, 1853
756:Kaup, 1856
752:Halicampus
741:Filicampus
730:Festucalex
687:Kaup, 1856
676:Kaup, 1853
651:Kaup, 1853
640:Kaup, 1856
517:Subfamily
495:monogamous
444:ovipositor
433:S. thyphle
415:Syngnathus
361:freshwater
345:perch-like
304:prehensile
289:locomotion
285:dorsal fin
243:Phycodurus
226:Pipefishes
218:See text.
2965:chimaeras
2852:Predatory
2829:Salmonids
2787:Whitefish
2777:Poisonous
2752:Diversity
2686:Coldwater
2622:Predatory
2612:Migratory
2572:Bait ball
2555:behaviour
2474:Pregnancy
2469:Polyandry
2243:papillare
2238:Operculum
2233:Meristics
2179:gill slit
2142:Cleithrum
2072:Fish kill
2062:Fear of -
2055:- as food
2045:Fisheries
2030:Evolution
2020:Diversity
1824:0028-0836
1724:0027-8424
1575:1095-8649
1485:0003-0147
1389:Evolution
1209:Urocampus
959:Microphis
861:Kimblaeus
808:McCulloch
716:Entelurus
502:polyandry
423:Courtship
308:seahorses
238:seahorses
204:Bonaparte
145:Kingdom:
139:Eukaryota
3171:46567493
3136:Wikidata
3089:Category
3040:Smallest
2953:lampreys
2916:flatfish
2906:Demersal
2862:mackerel
2857:billfish
2797:Commerce
2726:Tropical
2701:Demersal
2696:Deep-sea
2652:Venomous
2544:RoboTuna
2494:triggers
2489:Spawning
2449:Juvenile
2434:Egg case
2067:FishBase
1893:FishBase
1832:20237568
1781:21651521
1742:20956296
1646:85253639
1536:53159104
1501:30248226
1493:23149404
1419:16855358
1411:12894945
1327:27993155
1254:FishBase
1189:Linnaeus
1096:Swainson
1026:Nerophis
919:Maroubra
777:Heraldia
583:Bhanotia
488:plankton
484:yolk sac
410:placenta
369:seagrass
278:skeleton
185:Family:
159:Chordata
155:Phylum:
149:Animalia
135:Domain:
24:Pipefish
3142:Q675781
3035:Largest
2948:hagfish
2943:Jawless
2921:pollock
2894:sardine
2889:herring
2884:anchovy
2834:Tilapia
2824:Octopus
2819:Catfish
2806:Farming
2721:Pelagic
2681:Coastal
2668:habitat
2524:Walking
2429:Clasper
2381:Otolith
2343:systems
2341:Sensory
2275:ganoine
2250:Papilla
2101:Anatomy
2040:Fishing
1948:at the
1919::
1877:Sources
1840:1009344
1804:Bibcode
1733:2973910
1702:Bibcode
1638:2462085
1318:5168715
1118:Pugnaso
1002:GĂĽnther
977:Randall
950:Duncker
793:Bleeker
721:Duméril
627:Whitley
371:beds.
293:ventral
212:Genera
175:Order:
165:Class:
3262:154405
3249:358088
3236:145131
3223:129914
3197:644844
3184:488479
3053:sharks
2970:sharks
2899:sprats
2879:Forage
2867:salmon
2747:Coarse
2529:Flying
2401:Vision
2356:Barbel
2270:Scales
2130:dermal
2010:About
1913:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1796:Nature
1779:
1740:
1730:
1722:
1644:
1636:
1599:
1573:
1534:
1499:
1491:
1483:
1417:
1409:
1370:812962
1368:
1325:
1315:
1217:Genus
1206:Genus
1195:Genus
1191:, 1758
1181:Genus
1170:Genus
1159:Genus
1148:Genus
1137:Genus
1126:Genus
1115:Genus
1103:Genus
1098:, 1839
1088:Genus
1083:, 1896
1073:Genus
1062:Genus
1058:, 1881
1048:Genus
1037:Genus
1033:, 1810
1023:Genus
1008:Genus
1004:, 1870
994:Genus
983:Genus
979:, 1972
968:Genus
956:Genus
952:, 1912
942:Genus
927:Genus
916:Genus
902:Genus
891:Genus
880:Genus
869:Genus
858:Genus
850:Kaupus
847:Genus
836:Genus
825:Genus
814:Genus
810:, 1914
800:Genus
795:, 1849
785:Genus
774:Genus
770:, 1859
760:Genus
749:Genus
738:Genus
727:Genus
723:, 1870
713:Genus
702:Genus
691:Genus
680:Genus
669:Genus
665:, 1979
663:Dawson
655:Genus
644:Genus
633:Genus
629:, 1931
619:Genus
608:Genus
604:, 1940
602:Herald
594:Genus
590:, 1926
580:Genus
576:, 1913
566:Genus
562:, 1935
552:Genus
548:, 1930
538:Genus
534:, 1853
524:Genus
512:Genera
472:zygote
357:marine
291:. The
266:mouths
234:fishes
206:, 1831
3257:WoRMS
3015:Blind
3003:Lists
2782:Rough
2647:Sleep
2553:Other
2319:shark
2309:Teeth
1836:S2CID
1668:(PDF)
1642:S2CID
1634:JSTOR
1532:S2CID
1497:S2CID
1440:(PDF)
1415:S2CID
1366:S2CID
1056:Lunel
910:Waite
574:Weber
560:Hubbs
343:of a
274:snake
270:snout
3218:NCBI
3192:ITIS
3048:rays
2982:Bony
2975:rays
2872:tuna
2814:Carp
2772:Oily
2757:Game
2742:Bait
2676:Cave
2459:Milt
2164:Gill
2152:Fins
2125:Bone
2012:fish
2003:Fish
1828:PMID
1820:ISSN
1777:PMID
1738:PMID
1720:ISSN
1597:ISBN
1571:ISSN
1489:PMID
1481:ISSN
1407:PMID
1323:PMID
1081:Gill
768:Gray
597:Bryx
588:Hora
546:Parr
532:Kaup
297:gill
246:and
35:Preęž’
3205:NBN
3166:EoL
2911:cod
2666:By
2479:Roe
2206:Jaw
2104:and
1928:".
1812:doi
1800:464
1769:doi
1759:".
1728:PMC
1710:doi
1698:107
1626:doi
1622:133
1563:doi
1553:".
1524:doi
1473:doi
1469:180
1397:doi
1358:doi
1313:PMC
1303:doi
367:or
3281::
3259::
3246::
3233::
3220::
3207::
3194::
3181::
3168::
3153::
3138::
1890:.
1859:.
1848:^
1834:.
1826:.
1818:.
1810:.
1798:.
1775:.
1765:78
1763:.
1736:.
1726:.
1718:.
1708:.
1696:.
1692:.
1640:.
1632:.
1620:.
1583:^
1569:.
1559:71
1557:.
1530:.
1520:46
1518:.
1495:.
1487:.
1479:.
1467:.
1455:^
1427:^
1413:.
1405:.
1393:57
1391:.
1387:.
1364:.
1354:46
1352:.
1348:.
1321:.
1311:.
1299:17
1297:.
1293:.
1267:^
1257:.
1251:.
1239:^
283:A
256:.
116:)
85:Pg
1995:e
1988:t
1981:v
1869:.
1842:.
1814::
1806::
1783:.
1771::
1744:.
1712::
1704::
1677:.
1648:.
1628::
1605:.
1577:.
1565::
1538:.
1526::
1503:.
1475::
1449:.
1421:.
1399::
1372:.
1360::
1329:.
1305::
1261:.
1010:â€
929:â€
462:)
458:(
351:.
112:(
90:N
80:K
75:J
70:T
65:P
60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:ęž’
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