360:. His colleague, Daniel L. Everett, on the other hand, argues that the Pirahã are cognitively capable of counting; they simply choose not to do so. They believe that their culture is complete and does not need anything from outside cultures. Everett says, "The crucial thing is that the Pirahã have not borrowed any numbers—and they want to learn to count. They asked me to give them classes in Brazilian numbers, so for eight months I spent an hour every night trying to teach them how to count. And it never got anywhere, except for a few of the children. Some of the children learned to do reasonably well, but as soon as anybody started to perform well, they were sent away from the classes. It was just a fun time to eat popcorn and watch me write things on the board."
349:
altogether and sing, hum, or whistle conversations." Peter Gordon writes that the language has a very complex verb structure: "To the verb stem are appended up to 15 potential slots for morphological markers that encode aspectual notions such as whether events were witnessed, whether the speaker is certain of its occurrence, whether it is desired, whether it was proximal or distal, and so on. None of the markers encode features such as person, number, tense or gender."
393:, and that before that the language may have had no pronouns whatsoever. Many linguists, however, find this claim questionable due to lack of evidence. However, if there had been pronouns at an earlier stage of Pirahã, this would not affect Everett's claim of the significance of the system's simplicity today. There are few Tupi–Guaraní loanwords in areas of the lexicon more susceptible to borrowing (such as nouns referring to cultural items, for instance).
314:. Everett points out that there is recursion of ideas: that in a story, there may be subordinate ideas inside other ideas. He also pointed out that different experts have different definitions of recursion. If the language lacks grammatical recursion, then it is proposed as a counterexample to the theory proposed by Chomsky, Hauser and Fitch (2002) that recursion is a feature which all human languages must have.
1348:
1303:
248:
According to
Everett, the Pirahã have no concept of a supreme spirit or god; however, they do believe in spirits that can sometimes take on the shape of things in the environment. These spirits can be jaguars, trees, or other visible, tangible things including people. Everett reported one incident
212:
Although the Pirahã use canoes every day for fishing and for crossing the river beside which they live, when their canoes wear out, they use pieces of bark as temporary canoes. Everett brought in a master builder who taught and supervised the Pirahã in making a canoe, so that they could make their
164:
The Pirahã are supremely gifted in all the ways necessary to ensure their continued survival in the jungle: they know the usefulness and location of all important plants in their area; they understand the behavior of local animals and how to catch and avoid them; and they can walk into the jungle
348:
explains, "Unrelated to any other extant tongue, and based on just eight consonants and three vowels, Pirahã has one of the simplest sound systems known. Yet it possesses such a complex array of tones, stresses, and syllable lengths that its speakers can dispense with their vowels and consonants
216:
Pirahã build simple huts where they keep a few pots, pans, knives, and machetes. They make only scraping implements (for making arrowheads), loosely woven palm-leaf bags, bows, and arrows. They take naps of 15 minutes to, at the most, two hours throughout the day and night, and
245:. The concept of drawing is alien to them and when asked to draw a person, animal, tree, or river, the result is simple lines. However, on seeing a novelty such as an airplane, a child may make a model of it, which may be soon discarded.
213:
own. However, when they needed another canoe, they said that "Pirahã do not make canoes" and told
Everett he should buy them a canoe. The Pirahã rely on neighboring communities' canoe work, and use those canoes for themselves.
253:, one of the beings that lives above the clouds, was standing on a beach yelling at us, telling us that he would kill us if we go into the jungle." Everett and his daughter could see nothing and yet the Pirahã insisted that
205:; the Pirahã have no formal leaders. Their social system is similar to that of many other hunter-gatherer bands in the world, although rare in the Amazon because of a history of horticulture before Western contact (see
169:
As far as the Pirahã have related to researchers, their culture is concerned solely with matters that fall within direct personal experience, and thus there is no history beyond living memory. Pirahã have a simple
285:. In addition to a formal school being introduced to the culture, the documentary also reported that the Brazilian government installed a modern medical clinic, electricity and television in the remote area.
238:(rubbery sap used in chewing gum) for soda-can pull-tabs, which are used for necklaces. Men wear T-shirts and shorts that they get from traders; women sew their own plain cotton dresses.
1336:
371:
686:
989:
224:
They do not store food in any quantity, but generally eat it when they get it. Pirahã have ignored lessons in preserving meats by salting or smoking. They cultivate
232:
and sex for consumables or tools, e.g. machetes, gunpowder, powdered milk, sugar, whiskey. Chastity is not a cultural value. They trade Brazil nuts, wood, and
703:
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201:
Daniel
Everett states that one of the strongest Pirahã values is no coercion; one does not tell other people what to do. There appears to be no
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1322:
604:
491:
1311:
A conversation with Jose
Augusto and Yapohen Pirahã, who represent the leadership of the Pirahã tribe. (Portuguese with English subtitles.)
632:
1247:
278:
352:
Curiously, although not unprecedentedly, the language has no cardinal or ordinal numbers. Some researchers, such as Peter Gordon of
390:
282:
693:, San Francisco, March 20, 2009. For the relevant info, see transcript of the talk or play chapter 8 of the video at 33:40.
1069:
Hauser, M.; Chomsky, N.; Fitch, W. T. (2002). "The faculty of language: what is it, who has it, and how did it evolve?".
900:
775:
1352:
554:
303:, who wrote the first Pirahã grammar, claims that there are related pairs of curiosities in their language and culture.
86:
2111:
382:, "blood-like", indicating that colors in the language are adjectival comparisons that are not consistently applied.
1720:
1463:
1182:
114:
363:
The language does not have words for precise numbers, but rather concepts for a small amount and a larger amount.
337:, reducing the inventory further still. Everett states that Pirahã, Rotokas, and Hawaiian each have 11 phonemes.
828:"Cultural constraints on grammar and cognition in Pirahã: Another look at the design features of human language"
709:
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plants that grow from spit-out seeds and make only a few days' worth of manioc flour at a time. They trade
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naked, with no tools or weapons, and walk out three days later with baskets of fruit, nuts, and small game.
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374:. There are no unanalyzable root words for color; the recorded color words are all compounds like
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1040:"Cultural Constraints on Grammar in PIRAHÃ: A Reply to Nevins, Pesetsky, and Rodrigues (2007)"
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1243:(a lengthy article about the Pirahã and Daniel Everett's work with them, with accompanying
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747:"CULTURAL CONSTRAINTS ON GRAMMAR IN PIRAHÃ: A Reply to Nevins, Pesetsky, and Rodrigues"
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345:
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674:
Numerical
Cognition Without Words: Evidence from Amazonia, Supporting Online Materials
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2008:
1998:
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1229:"The Interpreter: Has a remote Amazonian tribe upended our understanding of language"
593:
555:"The Interpreter—Has a remote Amazonian tribe upended our understanding of language?"
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1016:
973:
937:
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273:, reported that a school had been opened for the Pirahã community where they learn
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198:(stepchild, favorite child, child with at least one deceased parent, and more).
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After working with the language for 30 years, Everett states that it has no
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1481:
1261:"The Piraha challenge: an Amazonian tribe takes grammar to a strange place"
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807:
156:
According to the linguistic anthropologist and former
Christian missionary
2319:
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1990:
1921:
1888:
1820:
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357:
144:. They call any other language "crooked head". Members of the Pirahã can
81:
928:
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1936:
1868:
1855:
1798:
1765:
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1586:
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1281:
1204:"Unlocking the secret sounds of language: Life without time or numbers"
1008:
965:
919:
386:
326:
171:
126:
67:
1039:
1025:
881:"Documenting Endangered Languages: The View from the Brazilian Amazon"
855:
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1835:
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1541:
1531:
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1356:
1347:
1304:
Google map of the location where Daniel
Everett lived with the Pirahã
778:(2004). "Numerical cognition without words: Evidence from Amazonia".
225:
122:
43:
1273:
846:
708:(television documentary). Smithsonian Channel. 2012. Archived from
2164:
1972:
1878:
1551:
234:
148:, which is how Pirahã men communicate when hunting in the jungle.
633:"Recursion and Human Thought: Why the Pirahã Don't Have Numbers"
2393:
2108:
1957:
1367:
1318:
1308:
340:
Their language is a unique living language (it is related to
725:"Language Log: The Straight Ones: Dan Everett on the Pirahã"
1024:
Nevins, Andrew; Pesetsky, David; Rodrigues, Cilene (2007).
988:
Nevins, Andrew; Pesetsky, David; Rodrigues, Cilene (2009).
947:"Pirahã Culture and Grammar: a Response to some criticisms"
899:
Nevins, Andrew; Pesetsky, David; Rodrigues, Cilene (2009).
329:
of any of the world's languages. Women sometimes pronounce
241:
Their decoration is mostly necklaces, used primarily to
1100:"Brazil's Pirahã Tribe: Living without Numbers or Time"
990:"Evidence and Argumentation: a Reply to Everett (2009)"
93:
in Brazil. They are the sole surviving subgroup of the
117:. As of 2018, they number 800 individuals. The name
2503:
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2429:
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2017:
1989:
1971:
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1381:
370:, contradicting Berlin and Kay's hypothesis on the
61:
49:
37:
27:
1259:
1181:
592:
458:"Interview: Wie ein Missionar zum Atheisten wurde"
356:, claim that the Pirahã are incapable of learning
444:"From Threatened Languages to Threatened Lives"
1309:A Conversation with Augusto and Yapohen Pirahã
1142:"What happens when you can't count past four?"
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
509:"The Straight Ones: Dan Everett on the Pirahã"
421:According to Daniel Everett, it is pee-da-HAN.
1330:
137:, roughly translated as "the straight ones".
8:
545:
22:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
482:Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023).
385:It is suspected that the language's entire
2408:
2390:
2119:
2105:
1968:
1954:
1378:
1364:
1337:
1323:
1315:
389:set was recently borrowed from one of the
21:
927:
854:
687:"Endangered Languages and Lost Knowledge"
325:for the distinction of having the fewest
1065:(reply to 2007 version of Nevins et al.)
668:
666:
281:the school is the responsibility of the
1026:"Pirahã Exceptionality: a Reassessment"
901:"Pirahã exceptionality: A Reassessment"
434:
414:
101:. They live mainly on the banks of the
1140:Butterworth, Brian (21 October 2004).
1056:
1045:
888:Language Documentation and Description
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
507:Pullum, Geoffrey K. (26 August 2004).
484:Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates
80:
16:Ethnic group in the Amazon Rainforest
7:
38:Regions with significant populations
1120:Strauss, Stephen (20 August 2004).
631:Everett, Daniel L. (11 June 2007).
1162:"Language may shape human thought"
1160:Biever, Celeste (19 August 2004).
1098:von Bredow, Rafaela (3 May 2006).
723:Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2004-08-26).
14:
2540:Hunter-gatherers of South America
1227:Colapinto, John (16 April 2007).
317:Pirahã is perhaps second only to
178:(parent, grandparent, or elder),
1346:
1258:Bower, Bruce (4 December 2005).
1202:Davies, Elizabeth (7 May 2006).
1180:Douglas, Kate (18 March 2006).
283:Ministry of Education of Brazil
1254:. Correction appended online.)
344:, which is no longer spoken).
277:and mathematics. According to
219:rarely sleep through the night
1:
1083:10.1126/science.298.5598.1569
639:. Includes discussion by the
595:Don't Sleep, there are Snakes
486:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
2545:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
372:universality of color-naming
249:where the Pirahã said that "
879:Everett, Daniel L. (2003).
591:Everett, Daniel L. (2008).
261:Adoption of Western culture
182:(sibling, male or female),
2561:
2395:Indigenous peoples of the
2110:Indigenous peoples of the
1959:Indigenous peoples of the
1369:Indigenous peoples of the
292:
265:A 2012 documentary called
2407:
2389:
2118:
2104:
1967:
1953:
1377:
1363:
1183:"A people lost for words"
1034:(2007 version of article)
366:The language may have no
299:Anthropological linguist
66:
54:
42:
32:
1038:Everett, Daniel (2007).
945:Everett, Daniel (2009).
745:Everett, Daniel (2007).
705:The Grammar of Happiness
267:The Grammar of Happiness
257:was still on the beach.
800:10.1126/science.1094492
691:The Long Now Foundation
464:(in German). 2018-03-27
368:unique words for colors
1122:"Life without numbers"
1055:Cite journal requires
676:, p. 5. Science, 2004.
391:Tupí–Guaraní languages
167:
146:whistle their language
645:Edge Foundation, Inc.
403:Linguistic relativity
312:grammatical recursion
207:history of the Amazon
174:system that includes
162:
140:The Pirahã speak the
835:Current Anthropology
727:. Itre.cis.upenn.edu
2112:Central-West Region
1030:The Buzz (LingBuzz)
792:2004Sci...306..496G
354:Columbia University
271:Smithsonian Channel
269:which aired on the
24:
2335:Mato Grosso do Sul
1353:Indigenous peoples
1126:The Globe and Mail
1009:10.1353/lan.0.0140
966:10.1353/lan.0.0104
920:10.1353/lan.0.0107
599:. Pantheon Books.
82:[piɾaˈhɐ̃]
2527:
2526:
2523:
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2519:
2518:
2401:Southeast Regions
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1077:(5598): 1569–79.
685:Everett, Daniel.
606:978-0-375-42502-8
553:(16 April 2007).
493:978-3-11-043273-2
442:Everett, Daniel.
91:Amazon Rainforest
87:indigenous people
73:
72:
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2120:
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1969:
1961:Northeast Region
1955:
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1316:
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1214:on June 14, 2006
1210:. Archived from
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994:
984:
982:
976:. Archived from
951:
941:
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905:
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867:. Archived from
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832:
819:
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651:on 8 August 2019
635:. Conversation.
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308:relative clauses
243:ward off spirits
203:social hierarchy
194:(daughter), and
113:in the state of
99:hunter-gatherers
84:
28:Total population
25:
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2013:
1985:
1963:
1941:
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1274:10.2307/4017032
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1208:The Independent
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824:Everett, Daniel
822:
786:(5695): 496–9.
774:
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768:Further reading
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142:Pirahã language
127:call themselves
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2052:Gavião-Pykobjê
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2431:Minas Gerais
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2132:Avá-Canoeiro
1741:Suruí (Pará)
1576:
1371:North Region
1285:. Retrieved
1266:Science News
1265:
1236:. Retrieved
1232:
1216:. Retrieved
1212:the original
1207:
1191:. Retrieved
1187:
1169:. Retrieved
1165:
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1145:
1129:. Retrieved
1125:
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1103:
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1029:
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649:the original
641:Reality Club
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79:(pronounced
76:
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19:Ethnic group
2185:Cinta Larga
2147:Mato Grosso
1810:Cinta Larga
1582:Pira-tapuya
1572:Parintintín
1287:10 December
1218:15 December
1193:15 December
1171:15 December
1151:15 December
1131:15 December
1111:15 December
230:Brazil nuts
103:Maici River
95:Mura people
2534:Categories
2504:Widespread
2421:Tupiniquim
2315:Yawalapiti
2250:Nambikwara
2180:Chiquitano
2080:Pernambuco
1817:(Rondônia)
1806:(Rondônia)
1238:2024-02-14
894:: 140–158.
856:2066/41103
756:2018-03-07
752:. LingBuzz
731:2010-07-02
566:2024-02-14
515:2007-06-22
468:2018-04-02
429:References
323:New Guinea
275:Portuguese
97:, and are
2477:São Paulo
2343:Chamacoco
2270:Rikbaktsa
2240:Munduruku
2070:Potiguara
2037:Guajajara
2027:Awá-Guajá
1904:Tocantins
1884:Wapishana
1826:Karitiana
1731:Parkatêjê
1726:Munduruku
1721:Kỳikatêjê
1562:Munduruku
1411:Machinere
1396:Asháninka
1245:Slideshow
1146:Guardian'
462:profil.at
131:Híaitíihi
85:) are an
50:Languages
2511:Kaingang
2490:Kaingang
2449:Xakriabá
2285:Tapirapé
2280:Tapayúna
2215:Kamayurá
2210:Kalapalo
2019:Maranhão
2004:Tabajara
1927:Tapirapé
1894:Ye'kuana
1889:Yanomami
1874:Patamona
1786:Rondônia
1756:Turiwára
1736:Parakanã
1652:Yanomami
1622:Turiwára
1602:Tenharim
1522:Jamamadi
1492:Barasana
1472:Amahuaca
1464:Amazonas
1444:Karipuna
1416:Yaminawá
1401:Kaxinawá
1248:Archived
1091:12446899
1017:16915455
997:Language
974:59069607
954:Language
938:15798043
908:Language
826:(2005).
808:15319490
637:Edge.org
397:See also
358:numeracy
327:phonemes
289:Language
135:Hiáitihí
115:Amazonas
111:Manicoré
62:Religion
2467:Xokleng
2358:Kadiweu
2310:Xavante
2300:Umutina
2245:Nahukuá
2230:Kuikuro
2170:Bakairi
2062:Paraíba
2047:Krĩkatí
2042:Ka'apor
1937:Xerente
1932:Xambioá
1912:Apinajé
1869:Macushi
1864:Akawaio
1856:Roraima
1799:Akuntsu
1766:Wayampi
1761:Wai-wai
1701:Araweté
1675:Amanayé
1657:Zuruahã
1632:Wayampi
1627:Wai-wai
1592:Tariana
1587:Siriano
1502:Cambeba
1477:Apurinã
1454:Wayampi
1449:Palikur
1391:Apurinã
1282:4017032
1071:Science
865:2223235
816:8941874
788:Bibcode
780:Science
387:pronoun
380:bii sai
376:mii sai
319:Rotokas
255:Xigagaí
251:Xigagaí
190:(son),
180:xahaigí
172:kinship
152:Culture
107:Humaitá
89:of the
68:Animism
2495:Terena
2485:Aimoré
2444:Kaxixó
2439:Aimoré
2373:Terena
2295:Trumai
2290:Terena
2265:Paresi
2260:Panará
2255:Paiter
2235:Matipu
2225:Kayapo
2220:Karajá
2205:Kaiabi
2200:Ikpeng
2175:Bororo
2160:Apiacá
2155:Aimoré
2137:Karajá
2088:Xukuru
2032:Canela
2009:Tapeba
1999:Kiriri
1981:Pataxó
1917:Karajá
1836:Paiter
1815:Gavião
1794:Aikanã
1771:Wayana
1751:Tiriyó
1716:Kayapo
1711:Karajá
1706:Atikum
1697:(Pará)
1690:Apiacá
1685:Aparai
1680:Anambé
1647:Witoto
1637:Wayana
1617:Tucano
1612:Tiriyó
1607:Ticuna
1577:Pirahã
1557:Matsés
1542:Macuna
1537:Kulina
1532:Korubo
1487:Baniwa
1482:Banawá
1439:Kalina
1434:Aparai
1406:Kulina
1357:Brazil
1280:
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655:6 July
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226:manioc
188:hoísai
123:exonym
121:is an
119:Pirahã
77:Pirahã
56:Pirahã
44:Brazil
23:Pirahã
2397:South
2368:Ofayé
2363:Mbayá
2353:Guató
2320:Yudjá
2305:Wauja
2195:Guató
2165:Aweti
2124:Goiás
1991:Ceará
1973:Bahia
1922:Krahô
1879:Pemon
1846:Wari’
1831:Kwaza
1821:Kanoê
1804:Arara
1746:Tembé
1695:Arara
1597:Tembé
1552:Matis
1517:Hupda
1507:Cubeo
1426:Amapá
1278:JSTOR
1013:S2CID
993:(PDF)
981:(PDF)
970:S2CID
950:(PDF)
934:S2CID
904:(PDF)
884:(PDF)
872:(PDF)
861:S2CID
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812:S2CID
750:(PDF)
409:Notes
279:FUNAI
235:sorva
196:piihí
184:hoagí
176:baíxi
2399:and
2325:Zoró
1776:Zo'é
1667:Pará
1567:Mura
1547:Mawé
1527:Juma
1497:Bora
1383:Acre
1289:2005
1220:2014
1195:2014
1173:2014
1153:2014
1133:2014
1113:2014
1087:PMID
1061:help
804:PMID
657:2016
601:ISBN
488:ISBN
342:Mura
129:the
109:and
75:The
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