Piri Reis map - Knowledge (XXG)

771: 551: 695: 539: 444: 652:. The headless men, known as Blemmyes, were portrayed in medieval maps and books as threatening. In Islamic culture, monkeys were considered ill omens. The caption states that despite the monsters' appearance, they "are harmless souls," which contrasts with previous depictions of both the headless men and the edge of the known world. Pinto characterized the map's monsters as, "a distinct break with earlier, and in fact, co-terminus manuscript traditions, which enforce and reinforce the notion that the Encircling Ocean is full of scary beasts and therefore should not be crossed." In addition to the Blemmye, several other creatures from 265: 629: 1501:"Midway in my research on the old charts and maps, I discovered that the grids marked on them were incorrect. After deciding that these incorrect grids had probably been added much later by persons other than the original draftsman, I removed them and worked out what I consider to be the correct grids. During this time it became obvious that each map or chart was an assembly of several charts and/or maps of contiguous areas and that the separate charts or maps combined to produce a single map were not all drawn to the same zero point ( 707:

of an Asian mainland. During the 1494 exploration of Cuba, Columbus was so adamant that he had found Asia, that he had a notary board each of his ships anchored off the coast. Columbus compelled his men to swear that Cuba was a part of Asia and agree to never contradict this interpretation "under a penalty of 10,000 maravedis and the cutting out of the tongue". The mainland in the extreme northwest is labeled with place-names from Columbus's voyages along the coasts of Cuba. For example, a stretch of coast is labelled

911: 1290:"My friend, the Franks both read and write everything there is to know about the science of the sea. But do not suppose that they invented such knowledge on their own; and if you wish, I will explain why. During his time, the famous ruler Alexander traveled over all the seas, and whatever he saw and whatever he heard he had recorded, item by item, by a competent person. In this way he had a full description of the entire sea compiled and written down" (Piri Reis 1526, via 33: 145: 1066:(1521), as translated by Kahle (1933): "This poor man had previously constructed a map which, in comparison with maps hitherto known, displayed many more different details, in which he had included even the newly published maps of the Indian and Chinese Oceans which at that time were totally unknown in the country of Rūm ; and he had presented it in Cairo to the Turkish Sultan Selim I, who graciously accepted it, ( 613:. Historian Svat Soucek has described the egg etymology as naive. Historian Karen Pinto has proposed that the egg etymology is better understood in the context of traditional attitudes towards the deep seas in Islamic culture. Typical medieval world maps followed a standardized and schematic design, with a disc-shaped "inhabited quarter" of the world separated from 962:, where land rises after massive ice sheets melt away. Additionally, the 1949 survey could not measure even one percent of the area drawn in the Piri Reis map. Subsequent studies with access to more data have shown no significant similarities to Antartica's coast beneath the ice or a projected Antarctic coastline without ice. 803:. Some authors have claimed that it depicts areas of South America not officially discovered in 1513, and a popular but disproven hypothesis alleges it to be Antarctica. Maps of the period generally depicted this theoretical southern continent, in various configurations. This land was posited by Roman geographer 479:

and Turkish literary tradition, Alexander traveled to every corner of the world, thereby defining its limits. A marginal inscription describes world maps as "charts drawn in the days of Alexander". Another inscription mentions that a "book fell into the hands" of Columbus describing lands "at the end

706:

The Caribbean islands and the coastline in the Northwest corner of the map are widely believed to be based on a lost map drawn by Christopher Columbus, or under his supervision. The western coast on the map combines features of Central America and Cuba, reflecting Columbus's claim that Cuba was part

309:

The remaining third of the map focuses on the Atlantic and the Americas. In the top left corner, the Caribbean is arranged unlike modern or contemporary maps. The large island oriented vertically is labeled Hispaniola, and the western coast includes elements of Cuba and Central America. Inscriptions

1626:

Lt. Colonel Harold Ohlmeyer wrote that, "the lower part of the map agrees very remarkably with the results of the Seismic profile made across the top of the ice cap by the Expedition of 1949", and Captain Lorenzo Burroughs wrote in agreement based on the same 1949 expedition. Hapgood and Burroughs

1424:

Historian Joaquim Gaspar has suggested that both Columbus's notary stunt and his creation of a map with Hispaniola rotated to match Japan were an attempt to motivate his own men with the unattainable promise of wealth upon reaching India. Gaspar points out the difficulty in navigating the Caribbean

1581:

The gnawing weakness of Hapgood's thesis is the absence of credible supporting evidence. His use of history, archeology, linguistics, and mythology has the character of improvisation. The geological evidence seems inconclusive. That leaves the maps, and he has convinced me of their antiquity only,

757:

There is disagreement on how much of the map draws from Columbus. Kahle and most later scholars attributed everything north and west of the phantom island Antilia to this source. Soucek expressed doubts about Kahle's claim, which included some of the South American coast. McIntosh found that Cuba,

965:

Hapgood mistakenly believed that Antarctica had been free of ice in 17,000 BC and partially ice-free as late as 4,000 BC. This erroneous date range could have put the mapping of Antarctica contemporary with many known prehistoric societies. More recent ice core data shows that Antarctica was last

926:

hypotheses. Mallery used a grid system to reposition the coordinates on the map and claimed the accuracy of these reconstructed maps to be comparable to modern maps. Mallery's ideas were exposed to a wider audience when Georgetown University broadcast a discussion between Mallery, director of the

877:

noted that the parchment curves by South America, and that "it was not unusual for cartographers to adjust the orientation of a coastline to fit the surface available". Italian art historian and graphic designer Diego Cuoghi said that "Piri Reis often mentions Portuguese maps in his notes, and of

434:

in their titles. The Arabic and the four Portuguese source maps have not been conclusively identified but have been associated with several notable maps of the period. Finally, there is debate on the total number of source documents. Some scholars interpret the "20 charts and mappae mundi" in the

872:

on the map. Information about this area is attributed to recent Portuguese voyages, and the southernmost point depicted on contemporary Portuguese maps was Cananéia as described by Amerigo Vespucci, at 25 degrees south. Beyond this point, the coast curves sharply east. Some modern writers have

495:(1500): the Atlantic Ocean is accurate, South America is highly detailed, and the Caribbean is strangely organized. As a part of the expanding cartography of the sixteenth century, the map was soon surpassed. Piri Reis's own 1528 map included a more detailed and accurate version of the 272:

Kept in the Topkapı Palace Museum, the map is the remaining western third of a world map drawn on gazelle-skin parchment approximately 87 cm × 63 cm. The surviving portion shows the Atlantic Ocean with the coasts of Europe, Africa, and South America. The map is a

177:

in 1495. In one naval battle, Piri Reis and his uncle captured a Spaniard who had participated in Columbus's voyages, and who likely possessed an early map of the Americas that Piri Reis would use as a source. When his uncle died in 1511, Piri Reis temporarily retired to

248:. Kahle, and later scholars analyzing the map, found evidence for an early origin in the voyages of Columbus. The discovery of a surviving piece of an otherwise lost map of Christopher Columbus received international media attention. Turkey's first president, 1307:, p. 53). In his 1971 collection of fringe theories, journalist and ufologist, John Keel, summarized Mallery's maps as "accurate as the latest charts" and claimed that Charles Hapgood "found that the ancient maps were never more than five degrees off" ( 228:

to fund a project to preserve ancient manuscripts from the palace library. Halil Edhem gave Deissmann unprecedented access to the library's collection of non-Islamic items. Deissmann confirmed the collection to have been the vast private library of

1311:, p. 14). Keel summarized how subsequent writers used Hapgood's work to "advance belief in everything from lost Atlantis to extraterrestrial visitants", due to a perceived anomalous level of accuracy, that would have made the Piri Reis map an 1411:, p. 103). He wrote of Cuba, "I thought it must be the mainland, the province of Cathay... . At length, after the proceeding of many leagues, and finding that nothing new presented itself, and that the coast was leading me northwards" ( 240:) and—based on Mehmed II's interest in geography—asked Halil Edhem to search for potentially overlooked maps. Halil Edhem found a disregarded bundle of material containing an unusual parchment map. They showed the parchment to orientalist 127:

There are conflicting interpretations of the map. Scholarly debate exists over the specific sources used in the map's creation and the number of source maps. Many areas on the map have not been conclusively identified with real or

451:, an earlier portolan world map. They show similarities and increased detail on Piri Reis' South American coast. The peculiar configuration of the Caribbean is usually attributed to the usage of an early map of Columbus, now lost. 894:'s Atlantic opening. Aside from the subjective comparisons, there is no historical evidence that Piri Reis could have known of these places and no textual evidence in the map. In particular, the large snakes like those of the 507:

The Piri Reis map is not the most accurate map of the sixteenth century, as has been claimed, there being many, many world maps produced in the remaining eighty-seven years of that century that far surpass it in accuracy. The

1079:

Halil Edhem unearthed undocumented manuscripts and gave Deissmann access to previously inaccessible rooms including an underground treasure-chamber and three hidden crypts—one of which was only accessible via trapdoor

568: 1044:

The capture of a Spanish slave is described in the large caption on the left margin of the map. McIntosh suggests that this was likely a naval officer or pilot taken as a prisoner-of-war, who had been on at least

310:

on South America and the Southern Continent cite recent Portuguese voyages. The distance between Brazil and Africa is roughly correct, and the Atlantic islands are drawn consistent with European portolan charts.

1611:

Not only does his thesis involve the gratuitous invention of a late-Pleistocene civilization, but he is forced to invoke catastrophic earth movements in a manner which can only provoke geological amazement and

943:. Hapgood acknowledged that his theory disregarded the text and some of the placement of land masses on the map. For example, he designated an island to be one-half of Cuba—claiming it was "wrongly labeled 1544:

In arguing that there was no known way of establishing longitude in Columbus's day and until the mid-eighteenth century (p. 41-2) he overlooks the sailor's skill in estimating longitude by dead-reckoning.

466:

Piri Reis synthesizes traditional worldviews with discoveries by undermining their newness, using rhetorical strategies to reframe European discoveries as the rediscovery of ancient knowledge. He invokes

132:. Some authors have noted visual similarities to parts of the Americas not officially discovered by 1513, but there is no textual or historical evidence that the map represents land south of present-day 878:

course Portuguese would have preferred the coast south of Brazil to bend sharply to the right". This identification relies on perceived visual similarities between the map and modern maps of the

1927:, p. 367, "First, the map incorporates an early map by Christopher Columbus of his discoveries in the West Indies preserving for us Columbus's earliest geographical and cartographic ideas." 738:

is more evidence of a Columbian origin because he did not explore Hispaniola's western shore. The peninsulas protruding from Puerto Rico are not present in reality but are also depicted on the

1429:, pp. 3–4). McIntosh suggests the possibility of an unofficial map for navigation, and an official map presented as evidence of his continued claims of having discovered a route to Asia ( 4991: 4872: 1224:

was known in medieval times as a land in the west. From the sixteenth-century variations of Green Land (often in addition to a correctly depicted Greenland) appear in various locations (

124:

from the edge of the known world with positive portrayals as challenging the medieval Islamic idea of an "inhabited quarter" of the world surrounded by an impassable Encircling Ocean.

4512: 4403: 1939:, p. 199, "it provided the only known (partial) copy of Christopher Columbus' lost chart and, therefore, tangible evidence on how the latter visualised the earth geographically." 599: 958:. According to geologist Paul Heinrich, this mistakenly conflates the topography of Antarctica below the ice with a hypothetical ice-free Antarctica. It does not take into account 734:(Marco Polo's Japan) between Europe and Asia. The general position and shape of Hispaniola are similar to contemporary maps of Cipangu. The absence of the island's distinctive 301:. The colophon is written in Arabic using a different handwriting from the other inscriptions. It was likely handwritten by Piri Reis, rather than assigned to a calligrapher. 873:

interpreted this coastline as the coast of South America, either drawn along the map's edge or distorted to push it East of the line of demarcation. Cartographic historian

4520: 4236: 1319:, p. 17). When the actual map (not a corrected version) is compared to modern maps, the accuracy is mixed and does not seem to be unusual for the sixteenth century ( 770: 781:'s Orbis Terrarum of 1594 as a massive continent, spanning much of the southern hemisphere. Places discovered but little understood are depicted as the Northern edge of 950:

Hapgood, and his graduate students who aided with the research, were influential in spreading the idea that the Piri Reis map shows Antarctica as it looked during the

954:, without glacial ice. Two letters reproduced in Hapgood's book express optimism about this hypothesis based on the 1949 Norwegian-British-Swedish Seismic Survey of 4478:: by Diego Cuoghi. On the Piri Reis, Oronteus, and Philippe Buache maps; comparison to other 16th-century maps of America and Asia, debunking the Antarctica claims. 1921:, p. 624, "The startling reference to a map drawn by Columbus is fully confirmed by a critical examination of the northwestern part of Piri Reis' map ..." 1273:, pp. 97–99). As voyages crossed the empty ocean where Antilia had been placed on maps, the idea and name were applied to the New World, becoming the mythical 472: 617:

by an impassable Encircling Ocean. Pinto observed that Piri Reis had reconciled the discovery of new land beyond the sea with this existing model, by framing the

1332:

Both maps have been rotated 180 degrees to position north at the top of the map. In the full illustration of the mimetic map, the world rests upon the back of

1303:

This began with Captain Arlington Mallery, who created essentially new maps by repositioning the points of the Piri Reis fragment onto a grid that he created (

120:. The map was unusual in the Islamic cartographic tradition for incorporating many non-Muslim sources. Historian Karen Pinto has described the combination of 427:

may also refer to the largely symbolic world maps of medieval Islamic cartography. Descended from classical scholarship, these treatises sometimes used the

4888: 4503: 4039:"Searchin' His Eyes, Lookin' for Traces: Piri Reis' World Map of 1513 & its Islamic Iconographic Connections (A Reading Through Bagdat 334 and Proust)" 550: 325:(Ox island), corresponds to no known real or fictional island. Both an Atlantic island and the mainland of the Americas are referred to as the legendary 463:. The attitudes towards the Age of Discovery within the Ottoman Empire ranged from passive indifference to the outright rejection of foreign influence. 487:

Compared to earlier portolan charts, the map shows gradual improvement. Portuguese source maps would have been similar to surviving maps like the 1502

4107: 4880: 840:

in the 1770s showed that if it existed, it was much smaller than imagined previously. The first confirmed landing on Antarctica was only during the

459:, European voyages expanded the known world and disrupted the traditional conception of an "inhabited quarter" of the world comparable to the Greek 191: 1518:

Wallis, Helen (1967), "Reviewed Work(s): Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings: Evidence of Advanced Civilization in the Ice Age by Charles H. Hapgood",

927:

Weston Observatory Daniel Lineham, and director of the Georgetown University Observatory Francis Heyden in 1956. Inspired by Mallery, historian

64:. When rediscovered in 1929, the remaining fragment garnered international attention as it includes a partial copy of an otherwise lost map by 3460: 3379: 5001: 3555: 3429: 4449: 914:

The expected topography of Antarctica using modern data and accounting for isostatic rebound shows no similarities with the Piri Reis map.

4976: 923: 4378:: by Batuhan Aksu. Numbered Turkish transliteration and English translation of all text on the map (suggested by Gregory C. McIntosh). 3648: 841: 4225: 4167: 4093: 4068: 3986: 3944: 3921: 3880: 3803: 3784: 3634: 3593: 3544: 3482: 1265:, pp. 121–122). A legend arose that seven bishops sailed west to found seven cities. The seven cities were associated with the 940: 572:: One provides a traditional schematic map of the "inhabited quarter" of the world surrounded by ocean. The other provides a more 4586: 393:

refer to medieval Christian schematic maps of the world. In the fifteenth century, the term was also literally used to describe

4496: 1488:(Two of them are habitable, of which the southern, whose inhabitants are your antipodes, bears no relation to your people) " ( 1046: 245: 4791: 4439: 3440: 844:

in 1820, and the coastline of Queen Maud Land did not see significant exploration before Norwegian expeditions began in 1891.

443: 5006: 4678: 4601: 4418:: Numbered English translations by Afet İnan and Leman Yolaç (1954) and a map with the numbering errors printed in Hapgood's 667: 4786: 625:

that illuminate the map can be further interpreted in the context of new possibilities and the changing cultural landscape.

91:. The depiction of South America is detailed and accurate for its time. Scholars attribute the peculiar arrangement of the 3298:"Sirāj al-Dīn ibn al-Wardī and the Ḫarīdat al-'ajā'ib: authority and plagiarism in a fifteenth-century Arabic cosmography" 517: 4647: 1627:

also cite the International Geophysical Year subglacial studies, but only in regards to an unrelated map by Oronce Fine (

1591:"Reviewed Work(s): Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings. Evidence of Advanced Civilization in the Ice Age by Charles H. Hapgood" 3691: 1486:

Duo sunt habitabiles, quorum australis ille, in quo qui insistunt adversa vobis urgent vestigia, nihil ad vestrum genus

810:

As explorers charted the Southern Hemisphere, it pushed back the potential bounds of Terra Australis. Discoveries, like

694: 509: 84: 455:

Compared to the Islamic cartography of the era, the map shows an atypical knowledge of foreign discoveries. During the

209:). It is unknown how Selim used the map, if at all, as it vanished from history until its rediscovery centuries later. 4837: 4375: 4300: 3872: 1553:"Reviewed Work(s): Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings: Evidence of Advanced Civilization in the Ice Age by Charles Hapgood" 1004: 837: 129: 4038: 4430: 3405:

Forschungen und Funde im Serai: Mit einem Verzeichnis der nichtislamischen Handscriften im Topkapu Serai in Istanbul

758:

Central America, The Bahamas, and Hispaniola could be clearly attributed to an early map from Columbus, but not the

538: 4996: 4489: 1024: 719: 595: 4464:"...There may, in fact, be an even simpler explanation of the presence of "Antarctica" on the Piri Reis map..."." 4395: 4152: 947:" or Hispaniola—and remarked that, "nothing could better illustrate how ignorant Piri Re'is was of his own map." 602:—which illustrated well-known routes, cities, and peoples—to the portolan portrayals of newly discovered coasts. 935:, proposed a theory of global exploration by a pre-classical undiscovered civilization based on his analysis of 4745: 3814: 671: 294: 4688: 499:. Despite recent claims of an anomalous level of accuracy, Gregory McIntosh, in comparing it to several other 249: 159:

Much of Piri Reis's biography is known only from his cartographic works, including his two world maps and the

3858: 3604: 4132: 4124: 1336:

standing on a fish swimming in the cosmic ocean contained within a bowl held aloft by the wings of an angel.

815: 654: 939:

and late-medieval maps. Hapgood's book was met with skepticism due to its lack of evidence and reliance on

4904: 4481: 4244: 4115: 1379: 852:

The southernmost conclusively identified feature on the map is a stretch of Brazilian coastline including

739: 587: 492: 484:, he explicitly credits European discoveries to lost works created during legendary voyages of Alexander. 225: 221: 136:. A disproven 20th-century hypothesis identified the southern landmass with an ice-free Antarctic coast. 3908:

McIntosh, Gregory C. (2014), "The Piri Reis Map of 1513: Art and Literature in the Service of Science",

1467: 1454:. McIntosh offers two plausible readings of the name as "Cape Point Ornofay" or "Cuba, Point Ornofay", ( 1312: 298: 103:'s description of Japan. The southern coast of the Atlantic Ocean is widely accepted to be a version of 4103: 824: 818:, were initially mapped as the northern edge of the unknown southern land. As these areas were mapped, 289:

rather than a longitude and latitude grid. There are extensive notes within the map. Written with the

4935: 4719: 4626: 4345: 3913: 3868: 3723: 1274: 1019: 959: 747: 379: 65: 4249: 4981: 4952: 4923: 4911: 4540: 4412:: by Paul Kahle (1933), via JSTOR. English translations and map using a different numbering system. 1254: 887: 563: 488: 448: 407: 3563: 321:(Green Island) north of Hispaniola could refer to many islands. The large island in the Atlantic, 4986: 4760: 4683: 4657: 4581: 4278: 4194: 4025: 4017: 3845: 3739: 3523: 3351: 3343: 3035: 1602: 1572: 1535: 1346: 1258: 979: 891: 435:

inscriptions as including the other maps, and others interpret them to mean a total of 30 or 34.

121: 4842: 4796: 3936: 1144:, and the following English/Turkish dictionaries: Seslisözlük, IngilizceTurkce.com and Sözlükte. 883: 879: 161: 3625:

Hiatt, Alfred (2012), "Terra Australis and the Idea of the Antipodes", in Anne M. Scott (ed.),

910: 4827: 4550: 4221: 4163: 4136: 4089: 4064: 3982: 3961: 3940: 3917: 3876: 3799: 3780: 3678: 3658: 3630: 3589: 3540: 3478: 3474:

Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public

3425: 3408: 3335: 3284: 3275: 3258: 1476: 967: 829: 735: 622: 416: 217: 213: 149: 117: 57: 1425:

by compass using a map with a second north and Cuba unfolded into a North–South coast (

4897: 4858: 4576: 4571: 4353: 4324: 4270: 4186: 4009: 3837: 3829: 3731: 3515: 3504:"The Representation of the West Indies in Early Iberian Cartography: A Cartometric Approach" 3472: 3468: 3327: 1564: 1527: 1009: 919: 811: 786: 524:

map of 1599 ('the best map of the sixteenth century') are only a few better-known examples.

513: 456: 420: 286: 187: 80: 3316:"Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul" 678:

is shown on the Southern Continent. Other creatures likely originate in Arabic and Persian

415:. Ptolemy's book was widely printed during the sixteenth century, accompanied by maps from 182:

and began composing his first world map. The finished manuscript was dated to the month of

4714: 3864: 3579: 1250: 955: 928: 799: 778: 759: 659: 640:

The Western fringe of the map is populated by a variety of strange monsters from medieval

314: 290: 264: 105: 88: 4473: 3955: 3371: 3250: 4349: 3727: 4729: 4566: 1266: 983: 975: 861: 723: 583: 521: 468: 282: 274: 190:

919 AH, equivalent to 1513 AD. Piri Reis returned to the navy and played a role in the

170: 113: 72: 49: 32: 4291: 3618: 198:. After the Ottoman victory, Piri Reis presented the 1513 world map to Ottoman Sultan 4970: 4750: 4709: 4621: 4315:

Van de Waal, E. H. (1969), "Manuscript Maps in the Topkapǐ Saray Library, Istanbul",

4282: 4085: 4060: 4029: 3849: 3776: 3751: 3711: 3583: 3527: 3355: 971: 714:

Peculiar features of the Caribbean can be attributed to Columbus. Notably, a massive

241: 95:

to a now-lost map from Columbus that depicted Cuba as part of the Asian mainland and

4467: 3519: 628: 212:

Scholars unearthed a fragment of the map in late 1929. During the conversion of the

4755: 4724: 4616: 4611: 4535: 4258: 3978: 3931:

Mollat du Jourdin, Michel; La Roncière, Monique; le R. Dethan, L. (trans.) (1984),

3448: 1128:

Original translations in draw from Akçura's transliteration, machine translation,

822:

shrank, grew vague, and became a fantastical locale invoked in literature, notably

682:. The multi-horned beast on the bottom edge of the map may represent the legendary 645: 633: 278: 195: 174: 76: 4079: 3670: 3644: 3492:

Flagg, Thomas R. (1995), "The Transfer Bridge at the Port of New York: Part III",

662:

inhabit the Americas. The dog-faced man shown dancing with a monkey is one of the

636:(left, holding flowers) converses peacefully with a monkey (right, holding fruit). 4468:

The Mysterious Origins of Man: The Oronteus Finaeus Map of 1532, by Paul Heinrich

4013: 609:", or "sound egg". The accepted etymology comes from the world-encircling river, 4765: 4415: 4213: 4148: 999: 936: 874: 865: 663: 383: 347: 338: 133: 3585:

Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings: Evidence of Advanced Civilization in the Ice Age

1156:

Because of its irregular shape, the dimensions have been variously reported as:

621:—ocean included—as a giant lake surrounded by the shores of the New World. The 4704: 4606: 4545: 4357: 4328: 4274: 790: 715: 389:

There is some scholarly debate over the various sources. In the modern sense,

166: 100: 96: 3339: 17: 4832: 4642: 4591: 4336:

Yerci, M. (1989), "The Accuracy of the First World Map Drawn by Piri Reis",

3768: 3682: 3288: 3262: 1933:, plate 7, " it is based in part on a map produced by Christopher Columbus." 1221: 1014: 951: 899: 853: 683: 618: 614: 591: 496: 394: 230: 179: 144: 92: 53: 45: 4140: 3662: 3412: 1027:, made in 1515 and 1520. Also shows a Southern Continent at the South Pole. 797:

The Southern Continent stretching across the Atlantic Ocean is most likely

4218:

Piri Reis and Turkish Mapmaking after Columbus: The Khalili Portolan Atlas

447:

The Piri Reis map's coastlines (outlined in black) are laid over the 1502

4801: 4652: 4596: 4237:"His uniqueness among cartographers and hydrographers of the Renaissance" 3998:"The Maps Are the Message: Mehmet II's Patronage of an 'Ottoman Cluster'" 3841: 3331: 1362: 987: 699: 679: 675: 500: 428: 397:, and it is possible the source maps fit in that broader definition. The 326: 183: 153: 61: 4381: 4021: 3997: 3347: 3315: 3283:(1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), 1174: 244:, who identified it as a creation of Piri Reis citing a source map from 4811: 4806: 4662: 4198: 4178: 3833: 1606: 1590: 1539: 1399:

as directly south of Cathay. Columbus identified the native placename,

804: 731: 727: 610: 582:

Piri Reis's inclusion of many foreign accounts was atypical within the

573: 460: 412: 253: 199: 165:(Book of Maritime Matters) completed in 1521. He sailed with his uncle 4409: 3957:

The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A.D. 500–1600

3743: 1576: 1552: 698:

Comparison of Piri Reis's organization of the Caribbean (left) to the

594:

began a project of creating copies of traditional Islamic maps in the

4770: 3654: 2893: 1333: 1233: 895: 718:

is oriented north to south. Columbus traveled West with a chart from

649: 4190: 3933:

Sea Charts of the Early Explorers, Thirteenth to Seventeenth Century

3910:

Seapower, Technology, and Trade: Studies in Turkish Maritime History

3503: 3297: 1531: 922:, a civil engineer and amateur archaeologist who was a supporter of 807:

as a counterbalance to the extensive land areas in the known world.

3891: 3735: 1568: 605:

Piri Reis provides an unusual etymology of "Ocean" as coming from "

4917: 3892:"The Tale of Two Admirals: Columbus and the Piri Reis Map of 1513" 909: 769: 693: 627: 598:

tradition. Piri Reis adapted the elements of iconography from the

480:

of the Western Sea". In the 1526 version of Piri Reis' atlas, the

476: 442: 263: 143: 31: 3965: 3754:(April 1956), "Piri Re'is: The Turkish Sailor and Cartographer", 1395:

Cathay was a historical name for China, and Marco Polo described

762:, especially the Virgin Islands which are duplicated on the map. 369: 281:

from which lines of bearing radiate. Designed for navigation by

4485: 3271: 4220:, London and New York: Nour Foundation and Azimuth Editions, 898:

family mentioned on the map, are not found that far south in

686:, said to emit music as wind blows through its hollow horns. 56:. Approximately one third of the map survives, housed in the 3815:"The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" 3393:

Cuoghi, Diego (2003), "I Misteri Della Mappa di Piri Reis",

1403:, for a region on the southern side of Cuba as Marco Polo's 836:. Belief in the Southern Continent was abandoned after the 4179:"Piri Reis and Ottoman Discovery of the Great Discoveries" 475:—in his inscriptions regarding Columbus. According to the 1365:

manuscripts, six originate from this period in Istanbul (

711:, as recorded by Columbus but depicted on no other maps. 3588:(Revised American 2nd ed.), New York: E.P. Dutton, 1353:, p. 273), and referred to by Karen Pinto as KMMS ( 978:

have uncritically repeated Hapgood's claims as proof of

644:

and bestiaries. Among the mountains in South America, a

4513:

Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world

4404:

Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey

1207: 3675:

Life and Works of Piri Reis: The Oldest Map of America

3127: 3125: 1175:

Mollat du Jourdin, La Roncière & le R. Dethan 1984

173:

until Kemal Reis received an official position in the

2439: 2437: 2082: 2080: 1378:

These later appeared in many medieval works like the

966:

free of ice over ten million years ago. Writers like

216:

into a museum, the Director of National Museums Dr.

4162:, vol. 2, Book 1, University of Chicago Press, 3677:(2nd ed.), Ankara: Turkish Historical Society, 4945: 4871: 4851: 4820: 4779: 4738: 4697: 4671: 4635: 4559: 4528: 4519: 3794:Mallery, Arlington; Harrison, Mary Roberts (1951), 3257:(1st ed.), Paris: G.P. Maisonneuve et Larose, 2913: 2911: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 1887: 1885: 1760: 1758: 401:are seen by scholars as a corruption of the Arabic 2685: 2683: 2157: 2155: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1709: 1707: 1474:(southern zone) in referring to the Antipodes in 4992:Geographical works of the medieval Islamic world 2983: 2956: 2650: 2638: 2566: 2248: 1963: 1791: 1383: 1178: 860:on the map), possibly the earliest depiction of 3554:Guthridge, Guy G. (2006) , Donald James (ed.), 3422:Antarctica: Glaciological and Geophysical folio 2814: 2812: 1502: 576:world map that incorporates recent discoveries. 473:reference to Alexander the Great from the Quran 313:Many places on the map have been identified as 4290:U.S. Antarctic Program External Panel (1997), 4055:Portinaro, Pierluigi; Knirsch, Franco (1987), 491:. Compared to the planisphere and the earlier 152:where the map was discovered, viewed from the 4497: 3650:The Oldest Map of America, Drawn by Piri Reis 2172: 2170: 674:are shown on the South American coast; and a 224:to tour its library. Deissmann persuaded the 8: 4384:: by Afet İnan and Leman Yolaç (1954), from 4153:"14 - Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean" 3617:, Geologist and Archaeological Geologist at 2490: 2488: 1361:, p. 76). Of the thirty-five remaining 1269:Antilia, located somewhere in the Atlantic ( 1108:Translations of major inscriptions are from 256:to publish facsimiles and conduct research. 252:, took an interest in the map and initiated 4261:(1985), "The Map of America by Piri Reis", 4108:"Who Discovered the 1513 Map of Piri Reis?" 4057:The Cartography of North America, 1500–1800 3975:Atlas of Columbus and the Great Discoveries 3813:Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), 1200: 112:The map is visually distinct from European 87:. It contains extensive notes primarily in 4525: 4504: 4490: 4482: 4114:, Istanbul Military Museum, archived from 3756:Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society 3714:(October 1933), "A Lost Map of Columbus", 3606:Fingerprints of the Gods Re: Piri Reis Map 2894:U.S. Antarctic Program External Panel 1997 317:or have not been identified conclusively. 4248: 3445:Science, Pseudoscience, and Irrationalism 3233: 3200: 3131: 3104: 3089: 3056: 3010: 2917: 2899: 2887: 2803: 2791: 2764: 2737: 2725: 2713: 2662: 2590: 2443: 2263: 2224: 2200: 2176: 2146: 2134: 2122: 2110: 2016: 2004: 1764: 1737: 1686: 1674: 1662: 1650: 1455: 1430: 1412: 1408: 1304: 1237: 1193: 1160: 1129: 1122: 1050: 3692:"Was Antarctica Mapped by the Ancients?" 3185: 3152: 2626: 2416: 2086: 1924: 1582:not of their origin in the last ice age. 986:, and a lost civilization comparable to 375:Four newly drawn Portuguese maps of Asia 4433:on the Piri Reis map, photocopied from 4396:Piri Reis 1513 Dünya Haritası (Turkish) 4376:Piri Reis Map: Explained and Elaborated 3627:European Perceptions of Terra Australis 3562:, NASA, U.S. Government, archived from 3173: 3116: 3083: 3068: 2701: 1643: 1628: 1514:For examples of scholarly reviews see: 1350: 1270: 1232:on Piri Reis' map most closely matches 1037: 777:, or the Southern Land, is depicted on 36:Surviving fragment of the Piri Reis map 3158: 2971: 2944: 2929: 2872: 2857: 2848: 2830: 2818: 2779: 2689: 2602: 2542: 2518: 2506: 2479: 2455: 2428: 2404: 2392: 2380: 2368: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2320: 2299: 2275: 2161: 2071: 2059: 2047: 2035: 1936: 1930: 1891: 1876: 1864: 1852: 1840: 1836: 1824: 1812: 1797: 1776: 1749: 1713: 1698: 1447: 1426: 1291: 1278: 1262: 1225: 1182: 1141: 1109: 1102: 1081: 4440:Steven Dutch, University of Wisconsin 3960:, New York: Oxford University Press, 3221: 3206: 3146: 3028: 3019: 2995: 2950: 2752: 2674: 2614: 2578: 2554: 2530: 2494: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2236: 2212: 2188: 2098: 1987: 1918: 1903: 1489: 1366: 1358: 1320: 1186: 1167: 1133: 1067: 562:Two sixteenth-century manuscripts of 7: 4450:"Piri Reis and the Columbian Theory" 3539:(1st ed.), Berlin: De Gruyter, 3041: 2758: 2467: 2305: 2269: 1975: 1951: 1725: 1450:) and McIntosh transliterates it as 1316: 1308: 1228:, ch. 6). The position and shape of 1206:86 cm × 62 cm: ( 1199:87 cm × 63 cm: ( 1192:85 cm × 60 cm: ( 1173:90 cm × 65 cm: ( 1166:86 cm × 60 cm: ( 1159:90 cm × 63 cm: ( 1137: 918:The Antarctic claim originates with 503:-style maps of the era, found that: 4406:. Numbered Turkish transliteration. 3556:"Nathaniel Brown Palmer, 1799-1877" 3025:Mallery's relationship to academia: 924:pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact 4475:The Mysteries of the Piri Reis Map 4470:: the Oronteus map and Creationism 3424:, Scott Polar Research Institute, 3382:from the original on 10 March 2004 3376:The Mysteries of the Piri Reis map 3255:La Science Chez les Turcs Ottomans 1589:Davies, Gordon L. Herries (1985), 1442:Akçura transliterates the name as 1115:Identifications of place names in 842:First Russian Antarctic Expedition 246:Colombus's voyages to the Americas 25: 3461:University of Wisconsin–Green Bay 512:maps of the 1520s and 1530s, the 4587:Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani 3647:; Yolaç, Leman (trans.) (1954), 632:Along the map's Western edge, a 549: 537: 4398:: by Yusuf Akcura (1935), from 4392:. Numbered English translation. 3796:The Rediscovery of Lost America 3520:10.1179/0082288415Z.00000000041 648:is depicted interacting with a 405:, most often taken to mean the 235: 204: 85:lines of longitude and latitude 4602:Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad 3954:Morison, Samuel Eliot (1971), 3912:(Digital ed.), Istanbul: 3890:McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000b), 3857:McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), 3657:: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 3502:Gaspar, Joaquim Alves (2015), 3420:Drewry, David J., ed. (1983), 1355:Kitāb al-masālik wa-al-mamālik 1: 4435:Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings 4422:(1966), via sacred-texts.com. 4420:Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings 3407:, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1253:led a Muslim army across the 933:Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings 864:, and likely the area around 746:near Puerto Rico is possibly 726:—showed open ocean, mythical 702:configuration of Asia (right) 5002:16th-century maps and globes 4014:10.1080/03085694.2011.568703 3779:: Neville Spearman Limited, 2984:Massetti & Veracini 2016 2957:Massetti & Veracini 2016 2651:Massetti & Veracini 2016 2639:Massetti & Veracini 2016 2567:Massetti & Veracini 2016 2249:Massetti & Veracini 2016 1964:Massetti & Veracini 2016 1792:Massetti & Veracini 2016 1551:Stunkel, Kenneth R. (1967), 1384:Massetti & Veracini 2016 1208:Smithsonian Institution 1966 1179:Portinaro & Knirsch 1987 920:Captain Arlington H. Mallery 754:, or Graceful, by Columbus. 742:, who sailed with Columbus. 83:for navigation, rather than 4838:Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi 4301:National Science Foundation 4293:Antarctica—Past and Present 4078:Ramsay, Raymond H. (1972), 3973:Nebenzahl, Kenneth (1990), 3873:University of Georgia Press 3296:Bellino, Francesca (2014), 1839:, pp. 59–60, cited in 1503:Mallery & Harrison 1951 1005:Geography in medieval Islam 838:second voyage of James Cook 27:1513 Ottoman nautical chart 5023: 4977:Historic maps of the world 4890:Book of Roads and Kingdoms 4882:Book of Roads and Kingdoms 4431:Charles Hapgood commentary 4160:The History of Cartography 4043:Journal of Ottoman Studies 3619:Louisiana State University 3314:Casale, Giancarlo (2019), 3034:Mallery's relationship to 1257:, Christian refugees fled 789:south of the Americas and 720:Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli 700:1492 Martin Behaim globe's 596:Book of Roads and Kingdoms 588:conquest of Constantinople 293:, the inscriptions are in 220:invited German theologian 4386:The Oldest Map of America 4358:10.1179/caj.1989.26.2.154 4329:10.1080/03085696908592335 4275:10.32704/erdem.1985.3.673 3860:The Piri Reis Map of 1513 3537:Deissmann the Philologist 3535:Gerber, Albrecht (2010), 3403:Deissmann, Adolf (1933), 52:admiral and cartographer 4787:Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī 4416:Key to the Piri Reis Map 4338:The Cartographic Journal 4104:Şengör, Ali Mehmet Celâl 3397:, Milan: Edizioni Piemme 1752:, pp. 267, 270, 271 1520:The Geographical Journal 834:La Terre Australe Connue 285:, portolan charts use a 48:compiled in 1513 by the 4241:Cartes & Géomatique 4133:Smithsonian Institution 4129:Art Treasures of Turkey 4125:Smithsonian Institution 3603:Heinrich, Paul (2001), 3439:Dutch, Steven (2010) , 3395:Gli enigmi della storia 1047:Columbus's third voyage 1025:Johannes Schöner globes 569:The Wonders of Creation 337:According to the map's 4905:Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar 4792:Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh 4410:A Lost Map of Columbus 3699:The Skeptical Inquirer 3629:, Ashgate Publishing, 3370:Cuoghi, Diego (2002), 3270:Akçura, Yusuf (1935), 3251:Adıvar, Abdülhak Adnan 2728:, pp. 76, 77, 86. 1093:Regarding map sources: 915: 794: 740:map of Juan de la Cosa 703: 637: 526: 493:map of Juan de la Cosa 452: 269: 226:Rockefeller Foundation 222:Gustav Adolf Deissmann 156: 37: 5007:History of Antarctica 4689:Abu'l Abbas al-Hijazi 4458:Aramco World Magazine 4382:Piri Reis Map of 1513 4235:Soucek, Svat (2013), 4177:Soucek, Svat (1994), 4037:Pinto, Karen (2012), 3996:Pinto, Karen (2011), 3690:Jolly, David (1986), 3320:Renaissance Quarterly 3086:, pp. 2, 4, 188; 2431:, pp. 58, 73–74. 1468:Marcus Tullius Cicero 913: 848:South American claims 773: 697: 631: 516:map of 1570, and the 505: 446: 267: 250:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 147: 35: 4720:Ibn Said al-Maghribi 4112:Piri Reis Sempozyumu 4081:No Longer on the Map 3914:Piri Reis University 3798:, New York: Dutton, 3477:, Psychology Press, 3372:"Part 1 (Piri Reis)" 3332:10.1017/rqx.2019.252 2545:, pp. 866, 888. 2395:, pp. 864, 897. 2347:, pp. 863, 866. 1701:, pp. 266, 269. 1631:, pp. 224–225). 1458:, pp. 104–105). 1433:, pp. 136–137). 1281:, pp. 121–214). 1275:Seven Cities of Gold 1097:Transliterations in 1084:, pp. 198–201). 960:post-glacial rebound 380:Christopher Columbus 66:Christopher Columbus 4924:The Meadows of Gold 4541:Abu Hanifa Dinawari 4350:1989CartJ..26..154Y 3937:Thames & Hudson 3728:1933GeoRv..23..621K 3716:Geographical Review 3580:Hapgood, Charles H. 3441:"The Piri Reis Map" 3161:, sheets 3 & 6. 2794:, pp. 134–139. 2767:, pp. 131–133. 2629:, pp. 370–372. 2482:, pp. 129–130. 2359:, pp. 123–131. 2074:, pp. 270–271. 1906:, pp. 621–624. 1879:, pp. 190–192. 1855:, pp. 190–192. 1815:, pp. 675–676. 1557:Geographical Review 1380:Marvels of Creation 1255:Strait of Gibraltar 931:, in his 1966 book 564:Zakariya al-Qazwini 489:Cantino Planisphere 449:Cantino Planisphere 341:, it was based on: 122:legendary creatures 4761:Hamdallah Mustawfi 4684:Muhammad al-Idrisi 4658:Mahmud al-Kashgari 4582:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi 4446:pseudo-scholarship 4400:Piri Reis Haritası 4131:, Washington, DC: 4118:on 25 October 2007 3834:10.5252/az2016n1a3 3773:Our Haunted Planet 3566:on 2 February 2006 3391:, translation of: 3277:Piri Reis Haritasi 3092:, pp. 58, 63. 3036:pseudo-scholarship 2704:, pp. 98–101. 2581:, pp. 65, 79. 2272:, pp. 24, 31; 2113:, pp. 26, 34. 1492:, pp. 10–18). 1472:cingulus australis 1053:, pp. 72–75). 980:ancient astronauts 916: 892:Strait of Magellan 825:Gulliver's Travels 795: 766:Southern Continent 704: 638: 623:Ottoman miniatures 471:—believed to be a 453: 345:Twenty charts and 270: 157: 118:Islamic miniatures 38: 4964: 4963: 4867: 4866: 4828:Sulaiman Al Mahri 4648:Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī 4627:Qudama ibn Ja'far 4551:Sulaiman al-Tajir 4426:Fringe theories: 3902:(3), Aster: 18–23 3822:Anthropozoologica 3508:Terrae Incognitae 3469:Fagan, Garrett G. 3451:on 13 August 2013 3431:978-0-901021-04-5 3203:, pp. 62–66; 3013:, pp. 55–58; 2920:, pp. 36–38. 2845:Tierra del Fuego: 2761:, pp. 37–40; 2653:, pp. 49–51. 2593:, pp. 40–42. 2569:, pp. 47–48. 2557:, pp. 90–94. 2533:, pp. 89–90. 2470:, pp. 43–44. 2239:, pp. 72–77. 2227:, pp. 17–18. 2215:, pp. 72–77. 2149:, pp. 70–75. 2137:, pp. 30–31. 1978:, pp. 26–27. 1794:, pp. 41–42; 1477:Somnium Scipionis 1345:Often called the 1185:, p. 676); ( 1177:, p. 218); ( 1020:Waldseemüller map 968:Erich von Daniken 830:Gabriel de Foigny 722:that—west of the 417:Nicolaus Germanus 218:Halil Edhem Eldem 16:(Redirected from 5014: 4912:Mu'jam Al-Buldan 4898:Tabula Rogeriana 4892:(ibn Khordadbeh) 4577:Ahmad ibn Fadlan 4572:Ahmad ibn Rustah 4526: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4483: 4460:(Jan-Feb 1980). 4455: 4360: 4331: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4298: 4285: 4253: 4252: 4243:(216): 135–144, 4230: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4172: 4157: 4143: 4119: 4098: 4088:: Viking Press, 4084:(1st ed.), 4073: 4050: 4032: 3991: 3968: 3949: 3926: 3903: 3896:Mercator's World 3885: 3852: 3819: 3808: 3789: 3763: 3746: 3706: 3696: 3685: 3665: 3639: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3598: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3549: 3530: 3497: 3487: 3463: 3458: 3456: 3447:, archived from 3434: 3415: 3398: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3309: 3302:Eurasian Studies 3291: 3282: 3272:"Piri Reis' Map" 3265: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2906: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2165: 2159: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1880: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1711: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1632: 1624: 1618: 1614: 1584: 1546: 1512: 1506: 1499: 1493: 1465: 1459: 1452:Kaw Punta Orofay 1440: 1434: 1422: 1416: 1393: 1387: 1376: 1370: 1343: 1337: 1330: 1324: 1301: 1295: 1288: 1282: 1259:Visigothic Spain 1247: 1241: 1236:in the Bahamas ( 1219: 1213: 1201:Van de Waal 1969 1181:, p. 47); ( 1154: 1148: 1119: 1091: 1085: 1077: 1071: 1070:, p. 621)." 1060: 1054: 1042: 1010:Early world maps 990:, respectively. 906:Antarctic claims 888:Valdés Peninsula 812:Tierra del Fuego 787:Tierra del Fuego 634:headless Blemmye 600:traditional maps 553: 541: 457:Age of Discovery 421:Maximus Planudes 287:windrose network 239: 238: 1444–1481 237: 208: 207: 1512–1520 206: 81:windrose network 21: 5022: 5021: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5011: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4941: 4936:Kitab al-Kharaj 4863: 4847: 4816: 4797:Ahmad ibn Mājid 4775: 4734: 4715:Yaqut al-Hamawi 4693: 4667: 4631: 4555: 4515: 4510: 4453: 4452:by Paul Lunde: 4369: 4364: 4335: 4314: 4305: 4303: 4296: 4289: 4257: 4250:10.1.1.692.1619 4234: 4228: 4212: 4203: 4201: 4191:10.2307/1595839 4185:(79): 121–142, 4183:Studia Islamica 4176: 4170: 4155: 4147: 4123: 4102: 4096: 4077: 4071: 4054: 4036: 3995: 3989: 3972: 3953: 3947: 3930: 3924: 3907: 3889: 3883: 3856: 3817: 3812: 3806: 3793: 3787: 3767: 3750: 3710: 3694: 3689: 3669: 3643: 3637: 3624: 3611: 3609: 3602: 3596: 3578: 3569: 3567: 3553: 3547: 3534: 3501: 3491: 3485: 3467: 3454: 3452: 3438: 3432: 3419: 3402: 3392: 3385: 3383: 3369: 3360: 3358: 3313: 3295: 3280: 3269: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3142: 3138: 3130: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3016:Civil engineer: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2940: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2909: 2905: 2883: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2841: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2817: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2692:, pp. 2–3. 2688: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2493: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2379: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2259: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2168: 2160: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2121: 2117: 2109: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2085: 2078: 2070: 2066: 2058: 2054: 2050:, pp. 1–2. 2046: 2042: 2034: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2003: 1994: 1986: 1982: 1974: 1970: 1962: 1958: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1914: 1910: 1902: 1898: 1890: 1883: 1875: 1871: 1863: 1859: 1851: 1847: 1835: 1831: 1823: 1819: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1787: 1783: 1775: 1771: 1763: 1756: 1748: 1744: 1736: 1732: 1728:, pp. 6–7. 1724: 1720: 1712: 1705: 1697: 1693: 1685: 1681: 1673: 1669: 1661: 1657: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1635: 1625: 1621: 1588: 1550: 1532:10.2307/1793597 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505:, p. 145)" 1500: 1496: 1482:Dream of Scipio 1466: 1462: 1441: 1437: 1423: 1419: 1415:, p. 106). 1394: 1390: 1377: 1373: 1369:, p. 159). 1349:of map making ( 1344: 1340: 1331: 1327: 1302: 1298: 1294:, p. 875). 1289: 1285: 1251:Tariq ibn Ziyad 1248: 1244: 1240:, p. 101). 1220: 1216: 1210:, p. 104). 1196:, p. 111). 1189:, p. 154). 1170:, p. 621). 1155: 1151: 1147: 1117: 1092: 1088: 1078: 1074: 1064:Kitab-ı Bahriye 1061: 1057: 1043: 1039: 1034: 996: 956:Queen Maud Land 929:Charles Hapgood 908: 884:San Matías Gulf 880:Río de la Plata 850: 820:Terra Australis 800:Terra Australis 783:Terra Australis 779:Petrus Plancius 775:Terra Australis 768: 760:Lesser Antilles 692: 660:Pliny the Elder 655:Natural History 580: 579: 578: 577: 559: 558: 557: 554: 546: 545: 542: 531: 482:Kitab-ı Bahriye 441: 335: 315:phantom islands 307: 297:except for the 295:Ottoman Turkish 291:Arabic alphabet 262: 234: 203: 162:Kitab-ı Bahriye 142: 130:mythical places 116:, populated by 114:portolan charts 106:Terra Australis 89:Ottoman Turkish 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5020: 5018: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4997:Topkapı Palace 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4969: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4958: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4932: 4927: 4920: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4886: 4877: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4732: 4730:Ibn al-Mujawir 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4567:Ibn Khordadbeh 4563: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4532: 4530: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4501: 4494: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4471: 4465: 4447: 4437: 4424: 4423: 4413: 4407: 4393: 4390:Turkey in Maps 4379: 4371:Translations: 4368: 4367:External links 4365: 4363: 4362: 4344:(2): 154–155, 4333: 4312: 4287: 4269:(3): 673–683, 4255: 4232: 4226: 4210: 4174: 4168: 4145: 4121: 4100: 4094: 4075: 4069: 4052: 4034: 4008:(2): 155–179, 3993: 3987: 3970: 3951: 3945: 3928: 3922: 3905: 3887: 3881: 3854: 3810: 3804: 3791: 3785: 3765: 3752:Kahle, Paul E. 3748: 3736:10.2307/209247 3722:(4): 621–638, 3712:Kahle, Paul E. 3708: 3687: 3667: 3641: 3635: 3622: 3600: 3594: 3576: 3551: 3545: 3532: 3499: 3489: 3483: 3465: 3436: 3430: 3417: 3400: 3367: 3326:(3): 863–909, 3311: 3293: 3267: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3238: 3234:McIntosh 2000a 3226: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3204: 3201:McIntosh 2000a 3197: 3190: 3178: 3176:, p. 177. 3166: 3163: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3143: 3136: 3132:McIntosh 2000a 3121: 3109: 3105:McIntosh 2000a 3097: 3094: 3093: 3090:McIntosh 2000a 3087: 3080: 3073: 3061: 3057:McIntosh 2000a 3049: 3046: 3045: 3039: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3017: 3014: 3011:McIntosh 2000a 3007: 3000: 2988: 2976: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2941: 2934: 2922: 2918:McIntosh 2000a 2907: 2904: 2903: 2900:Guthridge 1997 2897: 2891: 2888:McIntosh 2000b 2884: 2877: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2823: 2808: 2804:McIntosh 2000b 2796: 2792:McIntosh 2000a 2784: 2782:, p. 271. 2772: 2769: 2768: 2765:McIntosh 2000a 2762: 2756: 2755:, p. 628; 2749: 2742: 2738:McIntosh 2000a 2730: 2726:McIntosh 2000a 2718: 2714:McIntosh 2000a 2706: 2694: 2679: 2667: 2665:, p. 114. 2663:McIntosh 2000a 2655: 2643: 2631: 2619: 2607: 2595: 2591:McIntosh 2000a 2583: 2571: 2559: 2547: 2535: 2523: 2511: 2499: 2484: 2472: 2460: 2448: 2444:McIntosh 2000a 2433: 2421: 2419:, p. 368. 2409: 2397: 2385: 2383:, p. 871. 2373: 2371:, p. 876. 2361: 2349: 2337: 2335:, p. 123. 2325: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2303: 2302:, p. 677; 2297: 2296:, p. 154; 2291: 2290:, p. 106; 2285: 2284:, p. 624; 2279: 2273: 2267: 2266:, ch. 2 cites: 2264:McIntosh 2000a 2260: 2253: 2241: 2229: 2225:McIntosh 2000a 2217: 2205: 2201:McIntosh 2000a 2193: 2191:, p. 624. 2181: 2177:McIntosh 2000a 2166: 2151: 2147:McIntosh 2000a 2139: 2135:McIntosh 2000a 2127: 2125:, p. 100. 2123:McIntosh 2000a 2115: 2111:McIntosh 2000a 2103: 2101:, p. 155. 2091: 2089:, p. 372. 2076: 2064: 2052: 2040: 2038:, p. 140. 2021: 2017:McIntosh 2000a 2009: 2005:McIntosh 2000b 1992: 1980: 1968: 1956: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1915: 1908: 1896: 1894:, p. 199. 1881: 1869: 1857: 1845: 1829: 1827:, p. 270. 1817: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1795: 1788: 1781: 1779:, p. 267. 1769: 1765:Nebenzahl 1990 1754: 1742: 1738:McIntosh 2000a 1730: 1718: 1716:, p. 272. 1703: 1691: 1687:McIntosh 2000a 1679: 1675:McIntosh 2000a 1667: 1663:McIntosh 2000a 1655: 1651:McIntosh 2000a 1642: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1619: 1617: 1616: 1586: 1569:10.2307/212645 1563:(3): 440–442, 1548: 1526:(3): 394–395, 1507: 1494: 1470:used the term 1460: 1456:McIntosh 2000a 1444:Kawpunta Arofi 1435: 1431:McIntosh 2000a 1417: 1413:McIntosh 2000a 1409:McIntosh 2000a 1388: 1386:, p. 48). 1371: 1338: 1325: 1305:McIntosh 2000a 1296: 1283: 1267:phantom island 1242: 1238:McIntosh 2000a 1214: 1212: 1211: 1204: 1203:, p. 82). 1197: 1194:Deissmann 1933 1190: 1171: 1164: 1163:, p. 63). 1161:Nebenzahl 1990 1149: 1146: 1145: 1130:McIntosh 2000a 1126: 1123:McIntosh 2000a 1121:text are from 1113: 1106: 1094: 1086: 1072: 1055: 1051:McIntosh 2000a 1049:of 1498-1500 ( 1036: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 995: 992: 984:flying saucers 976:Graham Hancock 907: 904: 862:Rio de Janeiro 849: 846: 767: 764: 736:Gulf of Gonâve 724:Canary Islands 691: 688: 584:Ottoman Empire 561: 560: 555: 548: 547: 543: 536: 535: 534: 533: 532: 530: 527: 469:Dhu al-Qarnayn 440: 437: 387: 386: 376: 373: 366: 351: 334: 331: 306: 303: 283:dead reckoning 275:portolan chart 268:Translated map 261: 258: 214:Topkapı Palace 171:Barbary pirate 150:Topkapı Palace 141: 138: 73:portolan chart 58:Topkapı Palace 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5019: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4931: 4930:Piri Reis map 4928: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4859:Evliya Çelebi 4857: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4710:Saadi Shirazi 4708: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4622:Al-Ramhormuzi 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4502: 4500: 4495: 4493: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4459: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4372: 4366: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4302: 4295: 4294: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4259:Tekeli, Sevim 4256: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4227:9780197275016 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4169:9780226316352 4165: 4161: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4095:9780670514335 4091: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4076: 4072: 4070:9780816015863 4066: 4062: 4061:Facts on File 4058: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3988:9780528834073 3984: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3952: 3948: 3946:9780500013373 3942: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3923:9789944264518 3919: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3882:9780820343594 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3861: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3842:10400.5/28972 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3805:9780525475453 3801: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3786:9780860071532 3782: 3778: 3777:Great Britain 3774: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3636:9781409439417 3632: 3628: 3623: 3620: 3608: 3607: 3601: 3597: 3595:9780525476061 3591: 3587: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3546:9783110224320 3542: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3484:9780415305921 3480: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3247: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3227: 3224:, p. 35. 3223: 3218: 3215: 3209:, p. 32. 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3186:Heinrich 2001 3182: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3167: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3153:Heinrich 2001 3151: 3149:, p. 35; 3148: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3137: 3134:, p. 58. 3133: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3119:, p. 49. 3118: 3113: 3110: 3107:, p. 62. 3106: 3101: 3098: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3062: 3059:, p. 53. 3058: 3053: 3050: 3044:, p. 14. 3043: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3022:, p. 10; 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3004: 3001: 2998:, p. 33. 2997: 2992: 2989: 2986:, p. 51. 2985: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2965: 2959:, p. 49. 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2878: 2875:, p. 44. 2874: 2869: 2866: 2860:, p. 32. 2859: 2856: 2853: 2851:, p. 42; 2850: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2806:, p. 21. 2805: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2773: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2740:, p. 80. 2739: 2734: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2719: 2716:, p. 95. 2715: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2677:, p. 632 2676: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2644: 2641:, p. 48. 2640: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2627:McIntosh 2014 2623: 2620: 2617:, p. 80. 2616: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2521:, p. 60. 2520: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2461: 2458:, p. 73. 2457: 2452: 2449: 2446:, p. 59. 2445: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2417:McIntosh 2014 2413: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2314: 2308:, p. 27. 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2278:, p. 21; 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2251:, p. 44. 2250: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2206: 2203:, p. 18. 2202: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2182: 2179:, p. 17. 2178: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2087:McIntosh 2014 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2019:, p. 15. 2018: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1969: 1966:, p. 41. 1965: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1945: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1925:McIntosh 2014 1923: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1806: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1770: 1767:, p. 62. 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1630: 1623: 1620: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1347:Balkhī school 1342: 1339: 1335: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1246: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1041: 1038: 1031: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 997: 993: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 972:Donald Keyhoe 969: 963: 961: 957: 953: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 925: 921: 912: 905: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 876: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 847: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 826: 821: 817: 813: 808: 806: 802: 801: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 765: 763: 761: 755: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 712: 710: 701: 696: 689: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 656: 651: 647: 643: 635: 630: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 575: 571: 570: 565: 552: 544:Schematic map 540: 528: 525: 523: 519: 515: 511: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 485: 483: 478: 474: 470: 464: 462: 458: 450: 445: 438: 436: 433: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 409: 404: 400: 396: 392: 385: 381: 377: 374: 371: 367: 364: 360: 356: 352: 350: 349: 344: 343: 342: 340: 332: 330: 328: 324: 320: 316: 311: 304: 302: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 279:compass roses 276: 266: 259: 257: 255: 251: 247: 243: 242:Paul E. Kahle 232: 227: 223: 219: 215: 210: 201: 197: 193: 192:1517 conquest 189: 185: 181: 176: 172: 168: 164: 163: 155: 151: 146: 139: 137: 135: 131: 125: 123: 119: 115: 110: 108: 107: 102: 99:according to 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 77:compass roses 74: 71:The map is a 69: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 42:Piri Reis map 34: 30: 19: 18:Piri Reis Map 4953: 4934: 4929: 4922: 4910: 4903: 4896: 4889: 4881: 4852:17th century 4821:16th century 4780:15th century 4756:Ibn al-Wardi 4739:14th century 4725:Ibn al-Nafis 4698:13th century 4672:12th century 4636:11th century 4617:Al-Muqaddasi 4612:Ibn al-Faqih 4560:10th century 4536:Al-Khwarizmi 4474: 4461: 4457: 4443: 4442:: debunking 4434: 4425: 4419: 4399: 4389: 4385: 4370: 4341: 4337: 4323:(1): 81–95, 4320: 4316: 4304:, retrieved 4292: 4266: 4262: 4240: 4217: 4214:Soucek, Svat 4202:, retrieved 4182: 4159: 4149:Soucek, Svat 4128: 4116:the original 4111: 4080: 4059:, New York: 4056: 4046: 4042: 4005: 4001: 3979:Rand McNally 3974: 3956: 3935:, New York: 3932: 3909: 3899: 3895: 3859: 3828:(1): 41–54, 3825: 3821: 3795: 3772: 3759: 3755: 3719: 3715: 3702: 3698: 3674: 3649: 3626: 3610:, retrieved 3605: 3584: 3568:, retrieved 3564:the original 3559: 3536: 3514:(1): 10–32, 3511: 3507: 3493: 3473: 3459:– via 3453:, retrieved 3449:the original 3444: 3421: 3404: 3394: 3384:, retrieved 3375: 3359:, retrieved 3323: 3319: 3308:(2): 257–296 3305: 3301: 3276: 3254: 3229: 3217: 3193: 3181: 3174:Hapgood 1966 3169: 3139: 3117:Hapgood 1966 3112: 3100: 3084:Hapgood 1966 3076: 3069:Hapgood 1966 3064: 3052: 3003: 2991: 2979: 2967: 2937: 2925: 2880: 2868: 2854:New Holland: 2838: 2826: 2799: 2787: 2775: 2745: 2733: 2721: 2709: 2702:Morison 1971 2697: 2670: 2658: 2646: 2634: 2622: 2610: 2598: 2586: 2574: 2562: 2550: 2538: 2526: 2514: 2502: 2475: 2463: 2451: 2424: 2412: 2400: 2388: 2376: 2364: 2352: 2340: 2328: 2316: 2256: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2184: 2142: 2130: 2118: 2106: 2094: 2067: 2055: 2043: 2012: 1983: 1971: 1959: 1954:, p. 4. 1947: 1911: 1899: 1872: 1860: 1848: 1832: 1820: 1808: 1784: 1772: 1745: 1740:, p. 5. 1733: 1721: 1694: 1682: 1670: 1658: 1646: 1629:Hapgood 1966 1622: 1610: 1598: 1594: 1580: 1560: 1556: 1543: 1523: 1519: 1510: 1497: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1471: 1463: 1451: 1443: 1438: 1420: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1374: 1354: 1351:Bellino 2014 1341: 1328: 1313:erratic find 1299: 1286: 1271:Morison 1971 1245: 1229: 1217: 1152: 1116: 1098: 1089: 1075: 1063: 1058: 1040: 964: 949: 944: 932: 917: 869: 857: 851: 833: 823: 819: 809: 798: 796: 785:, including 782: 774: 756: 751: 743: 713: 708: 705: 653: 646:headless man 641: 639: 606: 604: 586:. After the 581: 567: 506: 486: 481: 465: 454: 431: 424: 411:of Claudius 406: 402: 398: 391:mappae mundi 390: 388: 372:map of India 362: 358: 354: 348:Mappae Mundi 346: 336: 323:İzle de Vaka 322: 318: 312: 308: 271: 211: 188:Islamic year 175:Ottoman Navy 160: 158: 126: 111: 104: 70: 41: 39: 29: 4766:Ibn Battuta 4746:Al-Dimashqi 4529:9th century 4521:Geographers 4317:Imago Mundi 4002:Imago Mundi 3977:, Chicago: 3496:(15): 10–17 3159:Drewry 1983 3071:, Foreword. 2972:Akçura 1935 2945:Cuoghi 2002 2930:Akçura 1935 2873:Ramsay 1972 2858:Ramsay 1972 2849:Ramsay 1972 2831:Ramsay 1972 2819:Cuoghi 2002 2780:Soucek 1992 2690:Gaspar 2015 2603:Akçura 1935 2543:Casale 2019 2519:Soucek 1996 2507:Akçura 1935 2480:Soucek 1994 2456:Soucek 1996 2429:Soucek 1996 2405:Akçura 1935 2393:Casale 2019 2381:Casale 2019 2369:Casale 2019 2357:Soucek 1994 2345:Casale 2019 2333:Soucek 1994 2321:Gaspar 2015 2300:Tekeli 1985 2276:Akçura 1935 2162:Akçura 1935 2072:Soucek 1992 2060:Akçura 1935 2048:Casale 2019 2036:Soucek 2013 1937:Gerber 2010 1931:Soucek 1996 1892:Gerber 2010 1877:Gerber 2010 1865:Şengör 2004 1853:Gerber 2010 1841:Şengör 2004 1837:Adıvar 1939 1825:Soucek 1992 1813:Tekeli 1985 1798:Akçura 1935 1777:Soucek 1992 1750:Soucek 1992 1714:Soucek 1992 1699:Soucek 1992 1601:: 108–109, 1595:Imago Mundi 1448:Akçura 1935 1427:Gaspar 2015 1292:Casale 2019 1279:Ramsay 1972 1263:Ramsay 1972 1226:Ramsay 1972 1183:Tekeli 1985 1142:Soucek 1996 1112:, as cited. 1110:Akçura 1935 1103:Akçura 1935 1082:Gerber 2010 1000:Cedid Atlas 941:polar shift 937:Renaissance 875:Svat Soucek 816:New Holland 664:cynocephaly 642:mappaemundi 556:Mimetic map 529:Iconography 384:West Indies 260:Description 4982:1513 works 4971:Categories 4946:Influences 4884:(al-Bakrī) 4751:Abu'l-Fida 4705:Ibn Jubayr 4607:Ibn Hawqal 4456:text from 4306:6 February 4049:(1): 63–94 3769:Keel, John 3671:İnan, Afet 3645:İnan, Afet 3570:6 February 3560:NASA Quest 3243:References 3222:Fagan 2006 3207:Jolly 1986 3147:Fagan 2006 3029:Dutch 2010 3020:Flagg 1995 2996:Jolly 1986 2951:Dutch 2010 2753:Kahle 1933 2675:Kahle 1933 2615:Pinto 2012 2579:Pinto 2012 2555:Pinto 2012 2531:Pinto 2012 2495:Pinto 2012 2294:Yerci 1989 2288:Kahle 1956 2282:Kahle 1933 2237:Pinto 2012 2213:Pinto 2012 2189:Kahle 1933 2099:Yerci 1989 2062:, foldout. 1988:Dutch 2010 1919:Kahle 1933 1904:Kahle 1933 1490:Hiatt 2012 1367:Pinto 2011 1359:Pinto 2012 1321:Dutch 2010 1187:Yerci 1989 1168:Kahle 1933 1134:Kahle 1933 1068:Kahle 1933 868:, labeled 791:New Guinea 716:Hispaniola 680:bestiaries 432:jughrafiya 408:Geographia 403:Jughrafiya 395:world maps 363:Jughrafiya 359:Geographia 167:Kemal Reis 101:Marco Polo 97:Hispaniola 4987:Piri Reis 4956:(Ptolemy) 4954:Geography 4843:Amīn Rāzī 4833:Piri Reis 4643:Al-Biruni 4592:Al-Masudi 4444:Piri Reis 4283:167145440 4245:CiteSeerX 4030:128713127 3966:71-129637 3850:192924551 3762:: 101–111 3673:(1987) , 3612:12 August 3582:(1979) , 3528:128885931 3455:16 August 3356:204482631 3340:0034-4338 3042:Keel 1971 2932:, § VIII. 2759:İnan 1954 2605:, § XXIV. 2509:, § XXII. 2468:İnan 1954 2306:İnan 1987 2270:İnan 1954 1976:İnan 1954 1952:İnan 1954 1726:İnan 1954 1639:Citations 1612:laughter. 1317:Keel 1971 1309:Keel 1971 1230:İle Verde 1222:Greenland 1138:İnan 1954 1101:are from 1062:From the 1015:World map 952:Neolithic 945:Espaniola 900:Patagonia 858:Kav Friyo 854:Cabo Frio 690:Caribbean 684:shadhavar 668:monoceros 619:Old World 615:Mount Qaf 592:Mehmed II 590:, Sultan 497:New World 425:Jaferiyes 399:Jaferiyes 378:A map by 355:Jaferiyes 319:İle Verde 231:Mehmed II 180:Gallipoli 93:Caribbean 54:Piri Reis 46:world map 4802:Zheng He 4679:al-Zuhri 4653:Al-Bakri 4597:Istakhri 4216:(1996), 4151:(1992), 4127:(1966), 4106:(2004), 4086:New York 4022:23016850 3771:(1971), 3683:19674051 3494:Transfer 3471:(2006), 3380:archived 3348:26845906 3289:42754605 3263:11676376 3253:(1939), 3236:, ch. 6. 1689:, ch. 6. 1677:, ch. 5. 1665:, ch. 3. 1653:, ch. 2. 1363:Istakhri 1357:) maps ( 994:See also 988:Atlantis 866:Cananéia 752:Gratiosa 750:, named 744:İle Bele 676:bonnacon 607:Ovo Sano 522:Molyneux 514:Ortelius 501:portolan 439:Analysis 429:loanword 299:colophon 254:projects 184:Muharram 154:Bosporus 134:Cananéia 62:Istanbul 4812:Fei Xin 4807:Ma Huan 4663:Domiyat 4546:Ya'qubi 4346:Bibcode 4199:1595839 4141:1027066 3869:Georgia 3724:Bibcode 3705:: 32–43 3663:2435662 3413:4536336 3386:29 July 2833:, ch.2. 2164:, § VI. 1800:, § IV. 1607:1150840 1540:1793597 1099:italics 805:Ptolemy 748:Vieques 732:Cipangu 728:Antilia 709:Ornofay 611:Oceanus 574:mimetic 510:Ribeiro 461:ecumene 413:Ptolemy 382:of the 333:Sources 327:Antilia 200:Selim I 186:in the 140:History 50:Ottoman 4771:Lin Nu 4462:Citat: 4402:, via 4388:, via 4281: 4247: 4224: 4204:27 May 4197: 4166: 4139: 4092: 4067: 4028: 4020: 3985: 3964: 3943: 3920: 3879: 3865:Athens 3848: 3802: 3783: 3744:209247 3742: 3681: 3661: 3655:Ankara 3633: 3592: 3543: 3526: 3481: 3428: 3411: 3361:27 May 3354: 3346: 3338: 3287: 3261: 3155:cites: 2974:, § X. 2407:, § V. 1605: 1577:212645 1575: 1538: 1334:Kujata 1249:After 1234:Inagua 974:, and 896:Boidae 890:, and 870:Katino 730:, and 650:monkey 518:Wright 423:. The 370:Arabic 353:Eight 339:legend 305:Places 79:and a 4918:Rihla 4873:Works 4454:ascii 4297:(PDF) 4279:S2CID 4263:Erdem 4195:JSTOR 4156:(PDF) 4026:S2CID 4018:JSTOR 3846:S2CID 3818:(PDF) 3740:JSTOR 3695:(PDF) 3524:S2CID 3352:S2CID 3344:JSTOR 3281:(PDF) 1603:JSTOR 1573:JSTOR 1536:JSTOR 1405:Mangi 1397:Mangi 1118:green 1032:Notes 477:Quran 277:with 196:Egypt 169:as a 75:with 44:is a 4308:2006 4222:ISBN 4206:2023 4164:ISBN 4137:OCLC 4090:ISBN 4065:ISBN 3983:ISBN 3962:LCCN 3941:ISBN 3918:ISBN 3877:ISBN 3800:ISBN 3781:ISBN 3679:OCLC 3659:OCLC 3631:ISBN 3614:2023 3590:ISBN 3572:2006 3541:ISBN 3479:ISBN 3457:2013 3426:ISBN 3409:OCLC 3388:2023 3363:2023 3336:ISSN 3285:OCLC 3259:OCLC 1484:): " 1401:Mago 828:and 814:and 672:yale 670:and 666:; a 419:and 148:The 40:The 4354:doi 4325:doi 4271:doi 4187:doi 4010:doi 3838:hdl 3830:doi 3732:doi 3516:doi 3328:doi 1565:doi 1528:doi 1524:133 1446:, ( 832:'s 658:by 566:'s 368:An 361:or 194:of 60:in 4973:: 4352:, 4342:26 4340:, 4321:23 4319:, 4299:, 4277:, 4265:, 4239:, 4193:, 4181:, 4158:, 4135:, 4110:, 4063:, 4047:39 4045:, 4041:, 4024:, 4016:, 4006:63 4004:, 4000:, 3981:, 3939:, 3916:, 3898:, 3894:, 3875:, 3871:: 3867:, 3863:, 3844:, 3836:, 3826:51 3824:, 3820:, 3775:, 3758:, 3738:, 3730:, 3720:23 3718:, 3703:11 3701:, 3697:, 3653:, 3558:, 3522:, 3512:47 3510:, 3506:, 3443:, 3378:, 3374:, 3350:, 3342:, 3334:, 3324:72 3322:, 3318:, 3306:12 3304:, 3300:, 3274:, 3124:^ 2910:^ 2811:^ 2682:^ 2487:^ 2436:^ 2169:^ 2154:^ 2079:^ 2024:^ 1995:^ 1884:^ 1757:^ 1706:^ 1609:, 1599:37 1597:, 1593:, 1579:, 1571:, 1561:57 1559:, 1555:, 1542:, 1534:, 1522:, 1323:). 1140:, 1136:, 1132:, 982:, 970:, 902:. 886:, 882:, 329:. 236:r. 205:r. 109:. 68:. 4505:e 4498:t 4491:v 4361:. 4356:: 4348:: 4332:. 4327:: 4311:. 4286:. 4273:: 4267:1 4254:. 4231:. 4209:. 4189:: 4173:. 4144:. 4120:. 4099:. 4074:. 4051:. 4033:. 4012:: 3992:. 3969:. 3950:. 3927:. 3904:. 3900:5 3886:. 3853:. 3840:: 3832:: 3809:. 3790:. 3764:. 3760:4 3747:. 3734:: 3726:: 3707:. 3686:. 3666:. 3640:. 3621:. 3599:. 3575:. 3550:. 3531:. 3518:: 3498:. 3488:. 3464:. 3435:. 3416:. 3399:. 3366:. 3330:: 3310:. 3292:. 3266:. 3188:. 3038:: 3031:; 2953:; 2947:; 2902:. 2896:; 2890:; 2821:. 2497:. 2323:. 2007:. 1990:. 1867:. 1843:. 1615:. 1585:; 1567:: 1547:; 1530:: 1480:( 1407:( 1382:( 1315:( 1277:( 1261:( 1125:. 1105:. 1080:( 856:( 793:. 520:- 365:) 357:( 233:( 202:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index