600:; their buttocks would begin to rot, and their skin fell off as though they suffered from leprosy. Others were forced to swallow spoons of excrement, and when they threw it back up, they were forced to eat their own vomit. The inmates were required to accept the notion that their own family members had various criminal and grotesque features; they were required to author false autobiographies, comprising accounts of deviant behavior. Any prisoner who refused to become a perpetrator or who did not beat a former friend mercilessly was crushed by Țurcanu’s most brutal assistants — Steiner, Gherman, Pătrășcanu, Roșca, and Oprea.
673:
704:. Securitate officials who had overseen the experiment were tried the following year; all were given light sentences, and were freed soon after. Colonel Sepeanu was arrested in March 1953 and sentenced to 8 years on 16 April 1957, but was pardoned and set free on 13 November of that year. Responding to new ideological guidelines, the court concluded that the experiment had been the result of successful infiltration by
487:
38:
593:), Christian baptism was gruesomely mocked. Guards chanted baptismal rites as buckets of urine and fecal matter were brought to inmates. The inmate's head was pushed into the raw sewage; their head would remain submerged almost to the point of death. The head was then raised, the inmate allowed to breathe, only to have his or her head pushed back into the sewage.
644:, who noted that similar cases of extreme violence within imprisoned Iron Guard groups existed before the advent of the communist regime. Literary critic Arleen Ionescu argues that, "although Makarenko's and Țurcanu's projects of engineering a New Man show structural analogies, the texture of the experience was very different."
611:
Not able to resist the physical and psychological violence, some prisoners tried to commit suicide by severing their veins. Two of the inmates, Gheorghe Șerban and
Gheorghe Vătășoiu, ended their lives by throwing themselves through the opening between the stairways, before safety nets were installed.
723:
According to the
Romanian historian Mircea Stănescu, tens of people died in the "Pitești experiment"; its aim was not to kill the inmates, but to "reeducate" them. For a 2017 art exhibit at the former Pitești Prison, artist Cătălin Bădărău sculpted contorted figures lying in the hallways or in the
314:
to the point of absolute obedience. Estimates for the total number of people who passed through the experiment range from at least 780 to up to 1,000, to 2,000, to 5,000. Journalists Laurențiu Dologa and Laurențiu
Ionescu estimate almost 200 inmates died at Pitești, while historian Mircea Stănescu
715:
In the early 1980s, several apartment blocks were constructed on an area covering about a third of the prison courtyard; part of the old prison wall was left standing on the northwestern side. Abandoned and partially in ruin, the prison building was sold to a construction firm in 1991, after the
550:, with torture applied as a mean to expose intimate details of his life ("external unmasking"). Hence, they were required to reveal everything they were thought to have hidden from previous interrogations; hoping to escape torture, many prisoners would confess to imaginary misdeeds.
724:
cells; one figure stood awkwardly on his head, others had their hands tied behind their backs or were covering their faces. According to Bădărău, "They were strong people when they went into prison but they came out physical wrecks. But conversely, they became spiritual giants."
458:
before being purged, dissatisfied with the progress in
Suceava, proposed using violent means in order to enhance the process, obtaining the agreement of the Pitești prison administration. Țurcanu, who was probably acting on the orders of Securitate deputy chief
513:
Detainees, who were subject to regular and severe beatings, were required to engage in torturing each other, with the goal of discouraging past loyalties. Guards would force them to attend scheduled or ad-hoc political instruction sessions, on topics such as
506:. Initially the director of the prison, Dumitrescu, was not in favor of reeducation; he changed course, however, after Ion Marina, the local representative of the Securitate, applied pressure on him. Marina was closely coordinating with the leadership of the
727:
The prison was turned into a museum in 2014 with the help of private funding and was designated a historic monument in 2023. The
Romanian government has nominated the facility, along with four other prisons used during the communist era, to be included as
419:, the building was structured on four levels: basement, ground floor, and two upper floors, arranged in a T-shaped design. The first political prisoners it housed arrived in 1942; these were high school students suspected of having taken part in the
590:
1373:
1217:
603:
In addition to physical violence, inmates subject to "reeducation" were supposed to work for exhausting periods doing humiliating chores – for instance, cleaning the floor with a rag clenched between the teeth. Inmates were
538:, lit. "unmasking") for various real or invented misdemeanors. According to a former participant in the "reeducation", on occasion, the director of the prison, Dumitrescu, would personally engage in those beatings.
699:
were handed out on 10 November 1954. Țurcanu was held responsible for the murder of 30 prisoners, and the abuse exercised on 780 others. He and sixteen accomplices were executed by firing squad on 17 December at
384:
364:
called it "the most terrible act of barbarism in the contemporary world". Ex-detainee
Gheorghe Boldur-Lățescu has described the Pitești Experiment as being "unique in the history of crimes against humanity".
612:
Many died from injuries sustained during beatings and torture. Alexandru
Bogdanovici, one of the initiators of the reeducation process at Suceava, was repeatedly tortured until his death in April 1950.
1117:
569:
was also enforced, usually at the third stage ("public moral unmasking"), inmates were forced to denounce all their personal beliefs, loyalties, and values. Notably, religious inmates had to
2002:
888:
275:
rule. The experiment, which was implemented by a group of prisoners under the guidance of the prison administration, was designed as an attempt to violently "reeducate" the mostly young
1344:
2392:
1225:
379:
has attempted to reconstruct the recent past by transforming the victims in Pitești into martyrs and heroes, enlisting towards this end various quasi-religious organisations, the
2382:
2397:
2111:
558:
The second phase, "internal unmasking," required the tortured to reveal the names of those who had behaved less brutally or with relative indulgence to them in detention.
1528:
420:
435:
in August 1948, the Pitești Prison became a detention center for university students. By April 1949, the director of Pitești Prison was
Alexandru Dumitrescu.
334:
leaders. The overseers were put on trial; while twenty of the participating prisoners were sentenced to death, prison officials were given light sentences.
2239:
898:
2377:
685:
1855:
2387:
368:
Researcher Monica
Ciobanu noted that, as part of the Romanian post-communist politics and the trend to reincorporate a nationalist ideology within
2372:
2352:
1888:
1073:
2347:
1631:
1590:
986:
942:
1501:
720:; several of the facilities have either been torn down or underwent major changes. A memorial was built in front of the prison's entrance.
816:
204:
1961:
1682:
2367:
525:
310:, the experiment's goal was to re-educate prisoners to discard past religious convictions and ideology, and, eventually, to alter their
2097:
2068:
1950:
1801:
1262:
1189:
893:
299:
and the inmates who were held at Pitești Prison included religious believers, such as
Christian seminarians. According to writer
73:
2011:
1802:"Fost deținut politic la închisoarea Pitești: "Noaptea trebuia să dorm cu fața la becul de 500 de wați și cu mâinile în afară""
510:, particularly with Iosif Nemeș, the chief of the Operations Service, and with Tudor Sepeanu, the head of Inspection Services.
463:, selected a tight unit of reeducation survivors as his assistants in carrying out political tasks. This group was called the
2104:
288:
424:
292:
2188:
353:
66:
969:
2162:
657:
2280:
2157:
1300:
934:
757:
729:
475:
180:
637:
2290:
1145:
Stănescu, Mircea (2008). "Asupra numărului morților din reeducarea "de tip Pitești" (1949-1951). O reevaluare".
826:
212:
1347:[In search of the pain: The former Pitești prison, the place where torture became an object of study].
978:
974:
499:
468:
455:
380:
323:
272:
2229:
2053:
Beyond Invisible Walls: The Psychological Legacy of Soviet Trauma, East European Therapists and Their Patients
1024:
1994:
1254:
515:
415:'s rule. At the time, it was the most modern detention facility in Romania. Located at the northern edge of
681:
446:. The group of overseers had been formed from people who had themselves been arrested and found guilty of
361:
315:
accounts for 22 deaths during the period, 16 of them with documented participation in the "re-education".
311:
1289:
Ciobanu, Monica (2015). "Pitești: a project in reeducation and its post-1989 interpretation in Romania".
853:
383:
and some former dissidents and civic organisations. Opposition to this trend has come primarily from the
2357:
1531:[The Pitești phenomenon, the pandemonium of communist prisons. Torture and terror in Pitești!].
831:
2060:
848:
641:
2326:
2285:
2224:
2136:
1922:
1291:
1118:"Experimentul Pitești, reeducarea prin tortură: 5.000 de oameni schingiuți, aproximativ 200 de morți"
964:
767:
388:
2362:
2141:
2016:
1762:
804:
717:
408:
376:
300:
271:– the "Pitești Phenomenon") which was carried out between December 1949 and September 1951, during
836:
762:
712:'s Iron Guard agents into the Securitate, with the goal of discrediting Romanian law enforcement.
2183:
1884:
1734:
1320:
1218:"10th edition of international symposium on the Pitești experiment, re-education through torture"
1049:
752:
661:
566:
495:
460:
276:
2306:
2121:
2064:
2056:
1977:
1946:
1926:
1713:"Makarenko's and Țurcanu's Re-Education Projects: Debunking a Myth in Romanian Historiography"
1637:
1627:
1596:
1586:
1312:
1268:
1258:
1185:
1162:
1154:
982:
938:
688:
330:, the experiment was halted because the Romanian communist regime was sidelining its hardline
244:
2311:
2209:
1910:
1834:
1726:
1655:
1304:
1041:
870:
621:
451:
228:
2089:
2084:
691:, the process was stopped by the authorities themselves. The ODCC secretly faced trial for
1717:
1345:"Pe urmele durerii: fosta închisoare Pitești, locul unde tortura a ajuns obiect de studiu"
1032:
865:
843:
821:
789:
784:
664:, and other sites, where squads of former inmates were supposed to extend the experiment.
625:
597:
447:
405:
224:
216:
208:
192:
188:
794:
196:
672:
2321:
2316:
2178:
1938:
1690:
1529:"Fenomenul Pitești, pandemoniul închisorilor comuniste. Tortură și teroare la Pitești!"
860:
772:
742:
696:
586:
582:
369:
338:
220:
172:
1830:
486:
2341:
2270:
2265:
2249:
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2234:
2030:
1738:
1324:
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The experiment was abandoned in 1952, when the Stalinist leader Ana Pauker was purged
1053:
779:
705:
701:
547:
519:
443:
412:
404:
The prison itself was built at an earlier stage. Work on it had begun in 1937, under
296:
184:
2021:
467:(ODCC, "Organisation of Detainees with Communist Beliefs"), and included the future
1401:
926:
809:
747:
605:
373:
349:
342:
305:
260:
176:
454:, a prisoner and former member of the Iron Guard, who had also shortly joined the
438:
According to Rusan, early attempts at "reeducation" had occurred at the prison in
37:
1308:
1248:
1076:[Let's remember: The Pitești experiment – brainwashing through torture].
2214:
2204:
1806:
1378:
1349:
1122:
963:
Bartošek, Karel (1999). "The Other Europe: Central and Southeastern Europe". In
875:
624:
argued that techniques used by the ODCC could have been ultimately derived from
428:
232:
1045:
2219:
1930:
1893:
1891:[Counter-brainwashing or Counter-reeducation as a Possible Concept"].
1765:[The Leaders of the Central and Regional Divisions of the Securitate]
799:
709:
653:
591:
Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania
507:
432:
416:
327:
280:
252:
200:
55:
17:
1919:
On the Shoulders of Marx. An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism
1641:
1600:
1316:
1166:
1158:
88:
75:
1859:
1272:
570:
472:
331:
341:
referred to the "reeducation experiment" as the largest and most intensive
1730:
1683:"Ororile de la Pitești. Interviu cu cercetătorul CNSAS, Mihai Demetriade"
1221:
633:
629:
1074:"Să ne amintim: Experimentul Pitești – spălarea creierului prin tortură"
442:, continuing in a violent manner in Pitești and, less violently, at the
427:
in December 1947, it continued to house primarily those found guilty of
1623:
1582:
1147:
Experimentul Pitești – reeducarea prin tortură. Simpozion internațional
531:
503:
439:
345:
284:
256:
59:
1856:"Romanian ex-prisoners fight to save memory of former Communist jails"
1712:
931:
Transitional Justice in Post-Communist Romania: The Politics of Memory
1889:"Contra-spălarea creierului ori contrareeducarea ca posibil concept"
1915:
Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc
1763:"Șefii unităților centrale și teritoriale de Securitate 1948–1989"
692:
671:
485:
357:
319:
2093:
1718:
Partial Answers: Journal of Literature and the History of Ideas
1997:[The Geography and Chronology of the Romanian Gulag].
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1831:"Romania: Art exhibit at ex-prison show horrors of communism"
596:
Ierunca further states that the prisoners' whole bodies were
1502:"Directorul Alexandru Dumitrescu – apărătorul torționarilor"
1374:"Nicolae Purcărea, supraviețuitor al 'Fenomenului Pitești'"
157:
889:
Memorial of the Victims of Communism and of the Resistance
652:
The prison also ensured a preliminary selection for the
546:
Each subject of the experiment was initially thoroughly
530:, usually accompanied by random violence and encouraged
1687:
RFI România: Actualitate, informaţii, știri în direct
498:
and Romulus Rusan the process begun in 1949 involved
1552:
1550:
640:. Such connection was however disputed by historian
2299:
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2129:
1442:
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1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
166:
152:
144:
136:
128:
120:
112:
104:
65:
51:
1153:. Pitești: Fundația Culturală "Memoria": 115–140.
608:and kept in degrading and unsanitary conditions.
916:Cesereanu; Cioroianu, pp. 316–317; Rusan; Wexler
465:Organizația Deținuților cu Convingeri Comuniste
279:, who were primarily supporters of the fascist
1025:"Witnessing Horrorism: The Pitești Experiment"
2393:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc
2105:
1622:] (in Romanian) (Second ed.). Iași:
1338:
1336:
1334:
8:
1995:"Geografia și cronologia Gulagului românesc"
1579:Reeducation in communist Romania (1945–1952)
423:. For a while after the proclamation of the
30:
1575:Reeducarea în România comunistă (1945–1952)
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
958:
956:
954:
899:Romanian anti-communist resistance movement
2398:Buildings and structures completed in 1942
2112:
2098:
2090:
2010:Spiridon, Cassian Maria (September 2003).
1284:
1282:
1111:
1109:
502:(mainly through humiliation) and physical
36:
29:
1620:Pitești. Chronicle of an assisted suicide
1616:Pitești. Cronica unei sinucideri asistate
1018:
1016:
431:. Shortly after the establishment of the
2383:Buildings and structures in Argeș County
1581:] (in Romanian). Vol. I. Iași:
490:Memorial plaque at the prison's entrance
387:and others involved in the study of the
1372:Ungureanu, Laurențiu (March 17, 2013).
1067:
1065:
1063:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
909:
337:Journalist and anti-communist activist
1099:
1097:
1095:
1800:Grigorescu, Denis (October 3, 2023).
1072:Dologa, Laurențiu (August 15, 2010).
478:and the Jewish detainee Petrică Fux.
7:
1116:Ionescu, Laurențiu (March 6, 2013).
684:successfully maneuvered against the
573:religious symbols and sacred texts.
411:, and was completed in 1941, during
2085:Pitești Hall at the Sighet Memorial
1473:Cesereanu; Cioroianu, p. 317; Rusan
1681:Totok, William (28 October 2019).
1343:Grigorescu, Denis (July 8, 2017).
25:
2378:1952 disestablishments in Romania
2033:[Trial of the Zionists],
1250:The communist genocide in Romania
1247:Boldur-Lățescu, Gheorghe (2005).
1224:. October 1, 2010. Archived from
894:Re-education in Communist Romania
2198:Transylvania, Crișana, Maramureș
1921:] (in Romanian). Bucharest:
1829:Mutler, Alison (July 21, 2017).
1711:Ionescu, Arleen (January 2022).
2388:Political repression in Romania
2014:[The Pitești Tragedy].
1184:. Rough Guides UK. p. 87.
1180:Guides, Rough (4 August 2016).
2373:1949 establishments in Romania
2353:Human rights abuses in Romania
1993:Rusan, Romulus (31 May 2009).
1656:"Alexandru "Șura" Bogdanovici"
1023:Ionescu, Arleen (2019-03-29).
508:Directorate for Penitentiaries
385:Elie Wiesel National Institute
267:– the "Pitești Experiment" or
1:
2348:Socialist Republic of Romania
2300:Western Moldavia and Bukovina
2020:(in Romanian). Archived from
1976:(in Romanian). Archived from
1506:/www.fericiticeiprigoniti.net
42:Entrance to the former prison
1491:Cesereanu; Cioroianu, p. 317
1309:10.1080/00905992.2014.984288
970:The Black Book of Communism
730:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
589:activist and member of the
2414:
2368:Defunct prisons in Romania
1945:. Madrid: Editura Limite.
1301:Cambridge University Press
1182:The Rough Guide to Romania
1046:10.14324/111.0954-6839.086
935:Cambridge University Press
758:Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa
476:Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa
425:Romanian People's Republic
352:. In even stronger terms,
293:Romanian People's Republic
263:experiment (also known as
259:, best remembered for the
251:) was a penal facility in
181:Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa
2059:, Jacob D. Lindy (2001),
1573:Stănescu, Mircea (2010).
648:Selection for labor camps
636:principles in respect to
295:adhered to a doctrine of
289:Romanian Jewish community
171:
89:44.8648791°N 24.8638569°E
47:
35:
1790:Cioroianu, p. 318; Rusan
1761:Ioniță, Nicolae (2014),
979:Harvard University Press
975:Cambridge, Massachusetts
686:Minister of the Interior
500:psychological punishment
381:Romanian Orthodox Church
324:Romanian Communist Party
27:Former prison in Romania
2029:Wexler, Teodor (2020),
1255:Nova Science Publishers
676:Pitești Prison monument
516:dialectical materialism
482:Stages of "reeducation"
421:Legionnaires' rebellion
2163:Danube–Black Sea Canal
2031:"Procesul sioniștilor"
2003:Sighet Memorial Museum
1614:Mureșan, Alin (2010).
1426:Cioroianu, pp. 316–317
682:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
677:
658:Danube–Black Sea Canal
598:burned with cigarettes
491:
362:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
248:
94:44.8648791; 24.8638569
1999:www.memorialsighet.ro
1731:10.1353/pan.2022.0004
675:
494:According to writers
489:
1923:Editura Curtea Veche
1292:Nationalities Papers
389:Holocaust in Romania
265:Experimentul Pitești
140:Alexandru Dumitrescu
2017:Convorbiri Literare
1885:Cesereanu, Ruxandra
827:Ștefan I. Nenițescu
277:political prisoners
249:Închisoarea Pitești
213:Ștefan I. Nenițescu
116:Political prisoners
85: /
32:
2012:"Tragedia Pitești"
965:Courtois, Stéphane
832:Constantin Oprișan
817:Nicolae Mărgineanu
718:Revolution of 1989
695:, and over twenty
678:
567:Public humiliation
496:Ruxandra Cesereanu
492:
461:Alexandru Nikolski
205:Nicolae Mărgineanu
2335:
2334:
2122:Communist Romania
2057:Robert Jay Lifton
1972:at Present].
1911:Cioroianu, Adrian
1887:(21 April 2003).
1660:pitestiprison.org
1633:978-973-46-0798-3
1592:978-973-46-1626-8
1556:Cioroianu, p. 318
1527:Curtifan, Tudor.
1446:Cioroianu, p. 317
1406:pitestiprison.org
988:978-0-674-07608-2
944:978-1-107-02053-5
689:Teohari Georgescu
668:Ending and legacy
628:'s controversial
269:Fenomenul Pitești
238:
237:
167:Notable prisoners
16:(Redirected from
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2107:
2100:
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2083:
2061:Edwards Brothers
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1835:Associated Press
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1464:Cesereanu; Rusan
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914:
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849:Constantin Rodas
840:
813:
776:
642:Mihai Demetriade
622:Adrian Cioroianu
450:. Their leader,
448:political crimes
309:
162:
159:
148:Strada Carpați 4
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2081:
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2049:
2047:Further reading
2037:(in Romanian),
2028:
2009:
2001:(in Romanian).
1992:
1983:
1981:
1959:
1953:
1939:Ierunca, Virgil
1937:
1909:
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1862:. 10 April 2024
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1402:"Eugen Țurcanu"
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996:
989:
981:. p. 421.
962:
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920:
915:
911:
907:
885:
880:
866:Alexandru Todea
851:
844:Elisabeta Rizea
834:
822:Gheorghe Mihail
807:
790:Valeriu Gafencu
785:Corneliu Coposu
770:
768:Radu Cioculescu
738:
697:death sentences
670:
650:
626:Anton Makarenko
618:
579:
577:Torture methods
564:
556:
544:
524:History of the
484:
456:Communist Party
402:
397:
348:program in the
303:
287:members of the
273:Communist party
225:Alexandru Todea
217:Elisabeta Rizea
209:Gheorghe Mihail
193:Valeriu Gafencu
189:Corneliu Coposu
156:
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2109:
2102:
2094:
2088:
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2077:
2076:External links
2074:
2073:
2072:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2026:
2024:on 2017-11-10.
2007:
1990:
1957:
1951:
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1626:. p. 61.
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1257:. p. 22.
1239:
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1207:Ierunca, p. 41
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861:Virgil Solomon
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743:Aristide Blank
739:
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638:rehabilitation
617:
614:
587:anti-communist
583:Virgil Ierunca
578:
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483:
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401:
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372:rhetoric, the
370:anti-communist
354:Nobel Laureate
339:Virgil Ierunca
241:Pitești Prison
236:
235:
221:Virgil Solomon
173:Aristide Blank
169:
168:
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145:Street address
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31:Pitești Prison
26:
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18:Pitești prison
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2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
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2000:
1996:
1991:
1980:on 2004-07-16
1979:
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1971:
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1952:9788494844126
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1228:on 2017-02-14
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778:
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763:Ștefan Cârjan
761:
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702:Jilava Prison
698:
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576:
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561:
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520:Joseph Stalin
517:
511:
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453:
452:Eugen Țurcanu
449:
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444:Gherla Prison
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:Ion Antonescu
410:
407:
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329:
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321:
316:
313:
312:personalities
307:
302:
301:Romulus Rusan
298:
297:state atheism
294:
290:
286:
283:, as well as
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
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246:
242:
234:
230:
229:Eugen Țurcanu
226:
222:
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210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:Radu Ciuceanu
182:
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174:
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161:
158:pitestiprison
155:
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143:
139:
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123:
119:
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2358:Mind control
2275:
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2041:(2): 118–122
2038:
2034:
2022:the original
2015:
1998:
1982:. Retrieved
1978:the original
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:Popa, Ilie.
1942:
1918:
1914:
1899:. Retrieved
1892:
1864:. Retrieved
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1805:
1795:
1786:
1775:, retrieved
1770:
1756:
1747:
1722:
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1706:
1694:. Retrieved
1686:
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1664:. Retrieved
1659:
1650:
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1537:. Retrieved
1532:
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1510:. Retrieved
1505:
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1405:
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1377:
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1348:
1296:
1290:
1253:. New York:
1249:
1242:
1230:. Retrieved
1226:the original
1212:
1203:
1195:
1181:
1175:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1128:. Retrieved
1121:
1082:. Retrieved
1077:
1040:(1): 53–74.
1037:
1031:
968:
930:
921:
912:
795:Iuliu Hirțea
748:Sorin Bottez
726:
722:
714:
680:In 1952, as
679:
651:
619:
610:
606:malnourished
602:
595:
580:
565:
557:
554:Second stage
548:interrogated
545:
535:
528:Short Course
523:
512:
493:
464:
437:
429:misdemeanors
403:
374:conservative
367:
350:Eastern Bloc
343:brainwashing
336:
317:
268:
264:
240:
239:
197:Iuliu Hirțea
177:Sorin Bottez
2184:Ocnele Mari
2158:Brăila Pond
2124:(1945–1967)
2120:Prisons in
1966:în prezent"
1725:(1): 1–26.
1691:RFI România
1303:: 615–633.
876:A. L. Zissu
852: [
835: [
808: [
771: [
753:Roman Braga
662:Ocnele Mari
654:labor camps
562:Third stage
542:First stage
471:priest and
304: [
261:reeducation
233:A. L. Zissu
92: /
67:Coordinates
2342:Categories
2327:Târgu Ocna
2240:Lead mines
2225:Dumbrăveni
2137:Caransebeș
1931:1074083928
1894:Revista 22
1878:References
1696:31 October
1666:August 24,
1357:August 25,
1084:August 24,
800:Ion Ioanid
710:Horia Sima
620:Historian
433:Securitate
400:Beginnings
377:right wing
328:Ana Pauker
318:After the
281:Iron Guard
201:Ion Ioanid
113:Population
80:24°51′50″E
77:44°51′54″N
2291:Văcărești
2259:Wallachia
2189:Târgu Jiu
2142:Timișoara
1860:France 24
1739:245849120
1642:778314155
1601:639579904
1386:March 31,
1325:145186064
1317:0090-5992
1167:935614981
1159:1843-4746
1078:ziare.com
1054:167035395
571:blaspheme
536:demascare
473:dissident
360:survivor
332:Stalinist
2307:Botoșani
1941:(1981).
1913:(2005).
1866:10 April
1814:March 7,
1807:Adevărul
1771:cnsas.ro
1533:Historia
1379:Adevărul
1350:Adevărul
1273:57002619
1222:Agerpres
1130:March 7,
1123:Adevărul
929:(2013).
883:See also
706:American
634:penology
630:pedagogy
532:delation
469:Orthodox
409:Carol II
245:Romanian
137:Director
52:Location
2363:Pitești
2322:Suceava
2286:Târgșor
2276:Pitești
2230:Făgăraș
2179:Craiova
2172:Oltenia
2151:Dobruja
2035:Memoria
1984:May 25,
1974:Memoria
1970:Memoria
1964:Memoria
1943:Pitești
1840:May 25,
1777:May 25,
1624:Polirom
1583:Polirom
1539:May 24,
1412:May 25,
1232:May 25,
967:(ed.).
736:Inmates
656:at the
526:CPSU(B)
504:torture
440:Suceava
417:Pitești
395:History
346:torture
326:leader
320:purging
285:Zionist
257:Romania
253:Pitești
153:Website
108:defunct
60:Romania
56:Pitești
2312:Galați
2271:Mislea
2266:Jilava
2250:Sighet
2245:Oradea
2235:Gherla
2210:Brașov
2067:
1949:
1929:
1901:25 May
1737:
1640:
1630:
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1589:
1512:25 May
1455:Wexler
1323:
1315:
1271:
1261:
1188:
1165:
1157:
1052:
985:
941:
616:Origin
291:. The
129:Closed
121:Opened
105:Status
2130:Banat
1968:[
1917:[
1767:(PDF)
1735:S2CID
1618:[
1577:[
1321:S2CID
1299:(4).
1050:S2CID
1033:Slovo
1028:(PDF)
1010:Rusan
905:Notes
856:]
839:]
812:]
775:]
693:abuse
358:Gulag
308:]
2317:Iași
2215:Cluj
2205:Aiud
2065:ISBN
1986:2020
1947:ISBN
1927:OCLC
1903:2020
1868:2024
1842:2020
1816:2024
1779:2020
1698:2019
1668:2021
1638:OCLC
1628:ISBN
1597:OCLC
1587:ISBN
1541:2020
1514:2020
1414:2020
1388:2013
1359:2021
1313:ISSN
1269:OCLC
1259:ISBN
1234:2020
1186:ISBN
1163:OCLC
1155:ISSN
1132:2024
1103:Popa
1086:2021
983:ISBN
939:ISBN
708:and
632:and
585:(an
518:and
406:King
356:and
160:.org
132:1952
124:1942
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2005:.
1988:.
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1955:.
1933:.
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1236:.
1169:.
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