40:, enumerated in Sections 91 and 92 the topics on which the Dominion and the Provinces could respectively legislate. Notwithstanding that the lists were framed so as to be fairly full and comprehensive, soon it was found that the topics enumerated in the two sections overlapped, and the Privy Council repeatedly had to rule on the constitutionality of laws made by the federal and provincial legislatures. It was in this situation that the Privy Council evolved the doctrine that, for deciding whether an impugned legislation was
1589:
1601:
312:. The doctrine has been applied in India also to provide a degree of flexibility in the otherwise rigid scheme of distribution of powers. The reason for adoption of this doctrine is that if every legislation were to be declared invalid on the grounds that it encroached powers, the powers of the legislature would be drastically circumscribed. Cases relating to pith and substance:
51:
even though it might incidentally trench on topics not within its legislative competence. The extent of the encroachment on matters beyond its competence may be an element in determining whether the legislation is colourable: whether in the guise of making a law on a matter within its competence, the
167:
effects upon matters outside of the government's jurisdiction. This is tolerated, as a law is classified by its dominant characteristic. The modern approach to
Canadian constitutional interpretation is to allow a fair amount of interplay and overlap into the other level of government's jurisdiction.
249:
In certain cases, it may be possible to dispense with some of the aforementioned steps if a clear answer to one of them will deal with the issue. For example, if the provision in question has no relation to the regulatory scheme, the question of its validity may be quickly answered on that ground
238:
If the regulatory scheme is declared valid, the court must then determine whether the impugned provision is sufficiently integrated with the scheme that it can be upheld by virtue of that relationship. This requires considering the seriousness of the encroachment on provincial powers, in order to
111:
The pith and substance analysis is not technical or formalistic — it is essentially a matter of interpretation. The court looks at the words used in the impugned legislation as well as the background and circumstances surrounding its enactment. In conducting this analysis, the court should not be
342:
Citation in the matter of M/s. Sky
Gourmet Catering Private Limited V/s Tax Authorities (Commercial Tax and Service Tax) in the matter of Writ Appeal No. 671 to 726 of 2011 (T-Res) decided on 18th day of April, 2011 by Hon'ble High Court of Karnataka at Bangalore may also be seen.
105:, the province of Nova Scotia passed a law that prohibited certain surgical procedures from being performed outside of hospitals under the guise of health services protection. The Supreme Court of Canada ruled that in substance, the province was attempting to ban abortions.
230:
In cases under the second branch of s. 91(2) this will normally involve finding the presence of a regulatory scheme and then ascertaining whether the hallmarks articulated by the Court have been met by the scheme. If the scheme is not valid, that is the end of the
26:
a given piece of legislation falls. The doctrine is primarily used when a law is challenged on the basis that one level of government (be it provincial or federal) has encroached upon the exclusive jurisdiction of another level of government.
159:
and matters in the exclusive domain of the provincial government are enumerated under section 92. Whether the characterization of a law fits within one of the enumerated matters depends on the breadth given by the court to each matter.
99:. The effects can also reveal whether a law is colourable (does the law in form appear to address something within the legislature's jurisdiction, but in substance deal with a matter outside that jurisdiction?). For example, in
52:
legislature is, in truth, making a law on a subject beyond its competence. However, where that is not the position, the fact of encroachment does not affect the vires of the law even as regards the area of encroachment.
88:
What is the true meaning or dominant feature of the impugned legislation? This is resolved by looking at the purpose and the legal effect of the regulation or law. The purpose refers to what the legislature wanted to
243:
Parliament as an exercise of the general trade and commerce power. If the provision is not sufficiently integrated into the scheme of regulation, it cannot be sustained under the second branch of s. 91(2).
1153:
153:
Once the law has been characterized it must be assigned to one of the two heads of power. The matters in the exclusive domain of the federal government are enumerated under section 91 of the
1296:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1455:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
607:
680:
547:
142:
In cases where federal and provincial classes of subjects contemplate overlapping concepts, meaning may be given to both through the process of “mutual modification”
1291:
92:
Purpose is relevant to determine whether, in this case, Parliament was legislating within its jurisdiction, or venturing into an area under provincial jurisdiction.
1323:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
896:
891:
593:
The Board of trustees of the
Lethbridge Irrigation District and another v. The independent Order of Foresters and the Attorney-General of Canada and another
886:
766:
863:
858:
700:
1259:
705:
176:
In many circumstances, however, a law that is found to be invalid under the pith and substance analysis may still be saved by using the doctrine of
1642:
1060:
600:
586:
570:
556:
540:
524:
510:
496:
480:
259:
206:
190:
95:
The legal effect refers to how the law will affect rights and liabilities, and is also helpful in illuminating the core meaning of the law: see
1344:
853:
120:
There are two significant principles to be used in determining whether a matter falls within a particular federal or provincial jurisdiction:
1371:
487:
454:
435:
416:
397:
378:
1485:
673:
532:
The
Attorney General for Ontario v The Attorney General for the Dominion of Canada, and the Distillers and Brewers’ Association of Ontario
193:
held that certain rules of civil court procedure could be prescribed under the federal bankruptcy power. It was subsequently confirmed in
1568:
1275:
296:
321:
1339:
881:
647:
331:
326:
316:
939:
336:
220:
The court must determine whether the impugned provision can be viewed as intruding on provincial powers, and if so to what extent.
725:
47:
Thus, if a statute is found in substance to relate to a topic within the competence of the legislature, it should be held to be
1627:
1605:
1424:
746:
666:
1637:
275:
82:
The first task in the pith and substance analysis is to determine the pith and substance or essential character of the law:
1632:
577:
136:
Power is shared by two orders of government, each autonomous in developing policies and laws within their own jurisdiction
180:. In such cases, the intruding provisions of the law will only be upheld if they satisfy the "rational connection" test.
1520:
1334:
563:
The
Attorney General of Canada v The Attorney General of Ontario and others ("Employment and Social Insurance Reference"
741:
1474:
996:
1031:
975:
751:
1393:
1376:
825:
635:
223:
It must establish whether the act (or a severable part of it) in which the impugned provision is found is valid.
830:
808:
623:
101:
517:
Attorney
General of Ontario v Attorney General for the Dominion of Canada ("Assignments and Preferences Case")
612:
1558:
1500:
1388:
813:
761:
710:
616:
291:
263:
239:
decide on the proper standard for such a relationship. If the provision passes this integration test, it is
126:
The
Constitution must be interpreted flexibly over time to meet new social, political and historic realities
628:
1563:
1515:
1349:
1051:
840:
797:
689:
531:
154:
68:
31:
1510:
1505:
1445:
652:
640:
1450:
848:
309:
267:
23:
1530:
1525:
1359:
981:
818:
736:
1440:
1403:
778:
281:
198:
145:
Classes of subjects should not be construed so broadly as to expand jurisdiction indefinitely
1354:
1036:
1001:
991:
471:
271:
185:
163:
A law found to be valid under the pith and substance analysis of the law may also have some
22:
is a legal doctrine in
Canadian constitutional interpretation used to determine under which
214:, where he summarized and outlined the analysis to be used in that regard in future cases:
1435:
1381:
582:
552:
536:
520:
506:
492:
476:
596:
566:
1366:
112:
concerned with the efficacy of the law or whether it achieves the legislature’s goals.
1621:
1593:
1495:
1398:
772:
211:
337:
Zameer Ahmed
Latifur Rehman ... vs State Of Maharashtra & Ors on 23 April, 2010
488:
The
Citizens Insurance Company of Canada and The Queen Insurance Company v Parsons
332:
The Gujarat University vs Krishna Ranganath Mudholkar And ... on 21 February, 1962
986:
201:
with respect to bank loans could be prescribed under the federal banking power.
1041:
1020:
756:
262:, effectively the British imperial court of appeal, has been carried to other
327:
State Of Maharashtra vs Bharat Shanti Lal Shah & Ors on 1 September, 2008
548:
Union Colliery Company of British Columbia, Limited and others v John Bryden
658:
287:
67:
does it relate to an enumerated head of power in section 91 or 92 of the
317:
Central Bank Of India vs State Of Kerala & Ors on 27 February, 2009
280:. The substance of the doctrine has been cast in statutory form in the
258:
The pith and substance doctrine as applied in the jurisprudence of the
37:
322:
Ms Bharti Telemedia Limited vs Chief Secretory on 30 January, 2014
363:
Originally the analysis was simply referred to as "in relation to"
139:
Classes of subjects should be construed in relation to one another
64:
what is the pith and substance or essential character of the law?
1547:
1472:
1422:
1321:
1018:
964:
795:
723:
662:
129:
The principle of federalism must be respected, keeping in mind:
578:
Attorney General of Alberta v Attorney General of Canada
966:
Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982
608:
General Motors of Canada Ltd. v. City National Leasing
290:. It was also used in Australia until 1964, when the
1253:
Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada
1284:
1268:
1252:
1059:
1050:
905:
872:
839:
1269:Part III – Equalization and regional disparities
1061:Part I – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
44:, regard must be had to its pith and substance.
36:, which established a federal constitution for
773:Report on the Affairs of British North America
674:
8:
767:Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada
178:necessarily incidental or ancillary effects
1544:
1469:
1419:
1318:
1056:
1047:
1015:
961:
869:
836:
792:
726:Pre-Confederation constitutional documents
720:
681:
667:
659:
453:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWard2002 (
434:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWard2002 (
415:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWard2002 (
396:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWard2002 (
377:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWard2002 (
300:overruled its use by an alternate method.
60:The analysis must answer two questions:
1042:Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives
935:Fines and penalties for provincial laws
479:, (1880) 5 AC 409 (15 April 1880),
356:
260:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
207:General Motors v. City National Leasing
191:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
559: (on appeal from British Columbia)
183:The doctrine was first articulated in
1372:Individual ministerial responsibility
495:, 7 A.C. 96 (26 November 1881),
56:Nature of pith and substance analysis
7:
940:Matters of a local or private nature
631:, 3 SCR 463 (30 September 1993)
448:
429:
410:
391:
372:
1569:Constitution Act (British Columbia)
655:, 1 SCR 569 (22 February 2002)
195:Tennant v. The Union Bank of Canada
1549:Provincial constitutions of Canada
1475:Interpretation of the Constitution
615:, 1 SCR 641 (20 April 1989),
523:, AC 189 (24 February 1894),
503:Tennant v The Union Bank of Canada
297:Fairfax v Commissioner of Taxation
14:
1340:Cabinet collective responsibility
882:Peace, order, and good government
648:Ward v. Canada (Attorney General)
569:, AC 355 (28 January 1937),
286:for the purpose of devolution to
204:The full test was articulated in
1600:
1599:
1587:
701:List of constitutional documents
636:Reference re Firearms Act (Can.)
509:, AC 31 (9 December 1893),
643:, 1 SCR 783 (15 June 2000)
266:federations. It is used in the
1643:Legal doctrines and principles
809:Charlottetown Conference, 1864
706:Amendments to the Constitution
599:, AC 513 (4 March 1940),
585:, AC 117 (14 July 1938),
555:, AC 580 (28 July 1899),
277:Government of Ireland Act 1920
1:
1456:Other unsuccessful amendments
603: (on appeal from Alberta)
527: (on appeal from Ontario)
513: (on appeal from Ontario)
472:Charles Cushing v Louis Dupuy
1521:Interjurisdictional immunity
1345:Disallowance and reservation
997:Statute of Westminster, 1931
589: (on appeal from Canada)
573: (on appeal from Canada)
543: (on appeal from Canada)
539:, AC 348 (9 May 1896),
499: (on appeal from Canada)
483: (on appeal from Quebec)
897:Matters excepted from s. 92
1659:
1486:Indigenous self-government
976:British North America Acts
762:Constitutional Act of 1791
752:Royal Proclamation of 1763
747:Constitution of New France
172:Ancillary effects doctrine
1581:
1554:
1543:
1481:
1468:
1431:
1418:
1394:Parliamentary sovereignty
1335:At His Majesty's pleasure
1330:
1317:
1027:
1014:
971:
960:
930:Administration of justice
925:Property and civil rights
804:
791:
732:
719:
696:
97:Reference re Firearms Act
831:Fathers of Confederation
711:Quasi-constitutional law
197:, where rules governing
102:R. v. Morgentaler (1993)
16:Canadian legal principle
1559:Constitution of Alberta
1501:Equal authenticity rule
1389:Parliamentary privilege
826:London Conference, 1866
814:Quebec Conference, 1864
1628:Constitution of Canada
1564:Constitution of Quebec
1516:Implied Bill of Rights
1350:Responsible government
1052:Constitution Act, 1982
1032:Fulton–Favreau formula
1002:Newfoundland Act, 1949
992:Saskatchewan Act, 1905
920:Works and undertakings
841:Constitution Act, 1867
690:Constitution of Canada
583:[1938] UKPC 46
553:[1899] UKPC 58
537:[1896] UKPC 20
521:[1894] UKPC 13
507:[1893] UKPC 53
493:[1881] UKPC 49
477:[1880] UKPC 22
270:. It was also used in
156:Constitution Act, 1867
70:Constitution Act, 1867
33:Constitution Act, 1867
1638:Constitution of India
1425:Constitutional debate
737:Iroquois constitution
597:[1940] UKPC 8
567:[1937] UKPC 7
254:Use outside of Canada
1633:Federalism in Canada
1446:Charlottetown Accord
742:Mi'kmaq constitution
1451:Calgary Declaration
849:Canadian federalism
310:Indian constitution
268:Indian constitution
78:Essential character
1531:Dialogue principle
1491:Pith and substance
1360:King-in-Parliament
1285:Part VII – General
982:Manitoba Act, 1870
887:Trade and commerce
819:Quebec Resolutions
757:Quebec Act of 1774
308:It is used in the
199:warehouse receipts
20:Pith and substance
1615:
1614:
1594:Canada portal
1577:
1576:
1539:
1538:
1464:
1463:
1441:Meech Lake Accord
1414:
1413:
1404:Royal prerogative
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1010:
1009:
987:Alberta Act, 1905
956:
955:
952:
951:
948:
947:
787:
786:
779:Act of Union 1840
624:R. v. Morgentaler
465:Significant cases
283:Scotland Act 1998
1650:
1603:
1602:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1545:
1526:Purposive theory
1470:
1420:
1355:Fusion of powers
1319:
1057:
1048:
1037:Victoria Charter
1016:
962:
870:
837:
793:
721:
683:
676:
669:
660:
459:
458:
446:
440:
439:
427:
421:
420:
408:
402:
401:
389:
383:
382:
370:
364:
361:
272:Northern Ireland
186:Cushing v. Dupuy
1658:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1588:
1586:
1573:
1550:
1535:
1477:
1460:
1436:Triple-E Senate
1427:
1410:
1382:Question Period
1326:
1301:
1280:
1264:
1248:
1046:
1023:
1006:
967:
944:
907:
901:
874:
868:
835:
800:
783:
728:
715:
692:
687:
613:1989 CanLII 133
467:
462:
452:
447:
443:
433:
428:
424:
414:
409:
405:
395:
390:
386:
376:
371:
367:
362:
358:
354:
349:
306:
256:
174:
118:
80:
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1656:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1597:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1377:Interpellation
1374:
1369:
1367:Implied repeal
1364:
1363:
1362:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
972:
969:
968:
965:
958:
957:
954:
953:
950:
949:
946:
945:
943:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
911:
909:
903:
902:
900:
899:
894:
889:
884:
878:
876:
867:
866:
861:
856:
851:
845:
843:
834:
833:
828:
823:
822:
821:
811:
805:
802:
801:
796:
789:
788:
785:
784:
782:
781:
776:
770:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
733:
730:
729:
724:
717:
716:
714:
713:
708:
703:
697:
694:
693:
688:
686:
685:
678:
671:
663:
657:
656:
644:
632:
629:1993 CanLII 74
620:
604:
590:
574:
560:
544:
528:
514:
500:
484:
466:
463:
461:
460:
441:
422:
403:
384:
365:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
340:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
305:
302:
255:
252:
247:
246:
245:
244:
235:
234:
233:
232:
225:
224:
221:
173:
170:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
131:
130:
127:
117:
114:
109:
108:
107:
106:
93:
90:
79:
76:
75:
74:
65:
57:
54:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1655:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1608:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1496:Double aspect
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1399:Reserve power
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
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1511:Living tree
1506:Paramountcy
1324:Conventions
978:, 1867–1982
864:Section 125
859:Section 121
653:2002 SCC 17
641:2000 SCC 31
241:intra vires
89:accomplish.
49:intra vires
42:intra vires
1622:Categories
1021:Patriation
908:Section 92
875:Section 91
352:References
292:High Court
274:under the
212:Dickson CJ
165:incidental
116:Assignment
915:Licensing
451:, par. 40
449:Ward 2002
432:, par. 30
430:Ward 2002
413:, par. 18
411:Ward 2002
394:, par. 17
392:Ward 2002
373:Ward 2002
1606:Category
1069:Preamble
854:Preamble
619:(Canada)
347:See also
304:In India
294:case of
288:Scotland
231:inquiry.
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611:,
250:alone.
775:(1839)
769:(1838)
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455:help
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30:The
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