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whereas it would not be seen as such in an area near the ocean or a great river. Gourmet tended, and still does in many parts of the world, to be revered by a person with access to wealth because gourmet food has always been expensive. The expense was the result of a scarcity of ingredients for a particular food in the region at the time. This fact meant they needed to be brought in from far away, which brought a variety of risks to the merchants. Merchants would have to deal with weather conditions, thieves, and broken equipment, intermediaries, and other such factors that could delay or interrupt the shipment of the good at the cost of their lives and fortune. Thus they asked for higher prices. For millennia, about 10% of the population could eat food that may have been considered gourmet in their time. Potentially 80% of the global population worked in food production and would have eaten more typical meals to survive. The typical meal would be what they could most easily get their hands on. In
Britain, for instance, that was gruels, vegetables, small amounts of wild game, and grains.
270:
must be Kosher (for Jews) Jhatka (for Hindu) and Halal (for
Muslims). One well-known example is that neither Jews nor Muslims can eat pork because they consider pigs to be unclean. Another example is that many people of India generally do not consume beef because many devout Hindus believe the cow is a sacred animal. Buddhism's encouragement of adopting vegetarianism also limits what devout Buddhists can eat. These practices and beliefs encourage what is not eaten in society but also what can be eaten. For instance, the Buddhists have a history of preparing and eating tofu to satisfy their dietary requirements for protein. There is also the role of the state when it comes to these issues sometimes dictating how meals should be prepared. An example of this would be that of edicts of Ashoka who declared that many animals shall be given decent treatment and limited the numbers that could be consumed. Ashoka was a very devout Buddhist and that affected his policies.
97:, which is characterized by their high level of refined and elaborate food preparation techniques and displays of balanced meals that have an aesthetically pleasing presentation of several contrasting, often quite rich courses. Historically the ingredients used in the meal tended to be rare for the region, which could also be impacted by the local state and religious customs. The term and the related characteristics are typically used to describe people with more discerning palates and enthusiasm. Gourmet food is more frequently provided with small servings and in more upscale and posh fine dining establishments that cater to a more affluent and exclusive client base. When it comes to cooking gourmet dishes, there are also frequent cross-cultural interactions that introduce new, exotic, and expensive ingredients, materials, and traditions with more refined, complex, formal, and sophisticated high-level cooking and food preparation techniques.
294:, meal or ingredient of high quality, of special presentation, or high sophistication. In the United States, a 1980s gourmet food movement evolved from a long-term division between elitist (or "gourmet") tastes and a populist aversion to fancy foods. Gourmet is an industry classification for high-quality premium foods in the United States. In the 2000s, there has been an accelerating increase in the American gourmet market, due in part to rising income, globalization of taste, and health and nutrition concerns. Individual food and beverage categories, such as coffee, are often divided between a standard and a "gourmet" sub-market.
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new world introduced to
Europeans tomatoes, potatoes, chocolate, and much more. Another example would be interactions with the Islamic world, which impacted Catholic cuisine in the 1100s. These interactions introduced many spices, the theory of the culinary cosmos, and cooking items such as North African pottery. These trades were facilitated by rich merchant states that traded with them, the most notable being Venice.
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Another factor would be religious/cultural beliefs and customs, which have a significant impact on the food that was eaten. For instance, Jewish and
Islamic cultures have rules for not only what they can eat, but how to prepare the food and what it can be paired with. To eat specific food items they
278:
This trading from non-local regions, also means, almost by necessity, that there was much cultural exchange between different groups to get these goods. The
Columbian Exchange introduced many ingredients and styles to the new world and Europe starting with the expansion of the Iberian Empires. The
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What is considered gourmet is different depending on the time and geographic region. What is gourmet historically depended upon what ingredients the people of that region had access to and how easily they acquire them. For instance, seafood could be considered a luxury in an area that lacks fish,
123:
was formerly the reputable name for a connoisseur of delicious things that were not eaten primarily for nourishment: "A good gourmet", wrote the conservative eighteenth-century
162:
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and features. Gourmet tourism is a niche industry catering to people who travel to food or wine tastings, restaurants, or food and wine production regions for leisure.
521:
437:(Belknap Press, Harvard University) 1989:289-92, "Gluttons and Epicures", traces the significance of these French terms in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
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183:, defined as "refined and uncontrolled love of good food", employing reproving illustrations that contrasted the frugal ancient
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Cotgrave's French-English dictionary of 1611, quoted by Jean-Louis
Flandrin, whose chapter "Distinction Through Taste", in
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Diego Puga, Daniel
Trefler; International Trade and Institutional Change: Medieval Venice’s Response to Globalization,
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can refer to a person with refined or discriminating taste who is knowledgeable in the craft and art of food and
621:"Pork (لَحم الخنزير) From the Quranic Arabic Corpus – Ontology of Quranic Concepts". Retrieved 29 December 2015.
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732:"From McMuffins to McLattes:McDonald's Chases Gourmet Coffee Market, Plans Massive Restaurant Upgrade"
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446:"I love a ragout, and I am a connoisseur, but if it isn't good-looking, it seems bad to me." (
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is similar to a gourmet, but the word may sometimes carry overtones of excessive refinement.
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Ley, Willy (December 1965). "The
Healthfull Aromatick Herbe". For Your Information.
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478:. The Travel Psychologist Travel Tales Series. Michael Brein Incorporated. p. 207.
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93:) is a cultural idea associated with the culinary arts of fine food and drink, or
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carries additional connotations of one who enjoys food in great quantities.
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Chakravarti, Monmohan (1906). "Animals in the inscriptions of
Piyadasi".
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809:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 288.
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with a particularly high caliber of cooking talent and culinary skill.
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Cultural ideal associated with the culinary arts of fine food and drink
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133:", or a refined palate. The pleasure is also visual: "J'aime un
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717:"The U.S. Market for Gourmet and Specialty Foods and Beverages"
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Heyne, Paul; Boettke, Peter J.; Prychitko, David L. (2014).
79:
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The United States of
Arugula:How We Became a Gourmet Nation
580:
Pearson, K. (1997). Nutrition and the Early-Medieval Diet.
85:
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768:. Travel Industry Association of America. Archived from
650:
Buddhism & Vegetarianism Archived 2013-10-21 at the
435:
A History of Private Life: Passions of the Renaissance
306:
cater to people who consider themselves gourmets and
751:
Niche Tourism: Contemporary Issues, Trends and Cases
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82:
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538:, Volume 129, Issue 2, 1 May 2014, Pages 753–821,
500:(13th ed.). London: Pearson. pp. 5–8.
337:is often used by the media as a conversational
730:Vicki Mabrey; Deborah Apton (March 31, 2008).
829:
8:
569:Cuisine and Empire: Cooking in World History
520:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
310:. Television programs (such as those on the
129:, employing this original sense, "must have
476:Travel Tales of Michael Brein: My Best 100:
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814:
634:, Penguin Books Limited, pp. 80, 101–108,
462:"In Arizona back country, a gourmet life"
668:Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
426:
179:offered a moralising tone in its entry
513:
3023:Historical North Indian and Pakistani
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149:carried disreputable connotations of
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460:Charles McGrath (January 26, 2007).
290:may describe a class of restaurant,
207:to task, reminding its readers that
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320:magazine often serve gourmets with
764:Christy Harrison (March 7, 2007).
536:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
14:
719:. Packaged Facts. September 2005.
571:. University of California Press.
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464:. International Herald Tribune.
3013:Historical Indian subcontinent
474:Brein, M.; Keller, T. (2013).
163:Monsieur Grimod de la Reynière
1:
498:The Economic Way of Thinking
365:The Official Foodie Handbook
363:and Ann Barr, co-authors of
349:was coined synchronously by
191:with the decadent luxury of
161:was rendered respectable by
119:employed by a wine dealer.
3389:Food and drink appreciation
3197:List of historical cuisines
3033:History of alcoholic drinks
1050:Lowcountry (South Carolina)
766:"Tour Buses on the Horizon"
705:. Doubleday Broadway. 2006.
314:) and publications such as
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2484:Trinidadian and Tobagonian
630:Krishna, Nanditha (2014),
113:term for a wine broker or
18:
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3103:Scottish royal household
3048:History of vegetarianism
1286:Central African Republic
753:. Butterworth-Heinemann.
169:, essentially the first
21:Gourmet (disambiguation)
806:Encyclopædia Britannica
749:Marina Novelli (2004).
632:Sacred Animals of India
302:Certain events such as
201:Dictionnaire de Trévoux
126:Dictionnaire de Trévoux
3028:History of agriculture
690:Galaxy Science Fiction
253:is used to refer to a
167:Almanach des Gourmands
137:, et je suis friand",
2998:Early modern European
2726:Indigenous Australian
2285:São Tomé and Príncipe
1172:Bosnian-Herzegovinian
3161:Molecular gastronomy
3093:Pre-contact Hawaiian
3003:Historical Argentine
2889:Mangalorean Catholic
1070:Pacific Northwestern
411:– a restaurant guide
400:– a restaurant guide
261:Regional differences
19:For other uses, see
3018:Historical Japanese
2853:Transylvanian Saxon
2721:Indigenous American
567:Laudan, R. (2013).
3394:Gastronomy by type
3098:Korean royal court
3043:History of seafood
3008:Historical Chinese
2983:Antebellum America
2823:Pennsylvania Dutch
1435:Equatorial Guinean
1405:Dominican Republic
787:Luxury food brands
544:10.1093/qje/qju006
448:Histoire de ma vie
3371:
3370:
3113:Thirteen Colonies
2973:Ancient Israelite
2173:Papua New Guinean
971:Intercontinental
772:on June 30, 2007.
640:978-81-8475-182-6
507:978-0-13-299129-2
484:978-1-886590-27-4
274:Cultural exchange
213:Seven Deadly Sins
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3279:Meal preparation
3192:List of cuisines
3038:History of bread
2963:Ancient Egyptian
2940:Ritual slaughter
2798:Louisiana Creole
2736:Italian American
2555:African American
1544:Greek Macedonian
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328:Related concepts
298:Gourmet pursuits
229:food preparation
219:Associated terms
171:restaurant guide
139:Giacomo Casanova
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2352:
2347:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2310:Sierra Leonean
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1492:French Guianan
1489:
1484:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1212:Northern Irish
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1009:
998:
997:
995:
994:
993:
992:
990:Middle Eastern
987:
982:
980:Latin American
977:
969:
964:
963:
962:
957:
952:
947:
937:
936:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
905:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
878:
877:
876:
871:
866:
855:
853:
849:
848:
843:
841:
840:
833:
826:
818:
812:
811:
797:, ed. (1911).
795:Chisholm, Hugh
790:
789:
782:
781:External links
779:
776:
775:
756:
741:
722:
708:
694:
676:
674:(17): 361–374.
656:
643:
623:
611:
596:
573:
547:
527:
506:
488:
467:
452:
439:
425:
424:
422:
419:
418:
417:
412:
409:Michelin Guide
406:
401:
395:
389:
388:
372:
369:
329:
326:
299:
296:
284:
281:
275:
272:
262:
259:
220:
217:
189:Roman Republic
157:has retained.
131:le goût friand
102:
101:Origin of term
99:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3406:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3384:Culinary arts
3382:
3381:
3379:
3364:
3356:
3354:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3326:
3324:
3316:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3235:Culinary arts
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2978:Ancient Roman
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:Ancient Greek
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2884:Goan Catholic
2882:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2669:Crimean Tatar
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:South African
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:Saudi Arabian
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2006:Luxembourgish
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1726:Uttar Pradesh
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1661:Maharashtrian
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1621:Chhattisgarhi
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1415:East Timorese
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1055:Midwestern US
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1003:
999:
991:
988:
986:
985:Mediterranean
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
970:
968:
965:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
941:
938:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
910:
909:
906:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
882:
879:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
860:
857:
856:
854:
850:
846:
839:
834:
832:
827:
825:
820:
819:
816:
808:
807:
801:
796:
792:
791:
788:
785:
784:
780:
771:
767:
760:
757:
752:
745:
742:
737:
733:
726:
723:
718:
712:
709:
704:
698:
695:
691:
685:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
663:
661:
657:
653:
647:
644:
641:
637:
633:
627:
624:
618:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
594:
590:
586:
583:
577:
574:
570:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
548:
545:
541:
537:
531:
528:
523:
517:
509:
503:
499:
492:
489:
485:
481:
477:
471:
468:
463:
456:
453:
449:
443:
440:
436:
430:
427:
420:
416:
413:
410:
407:
405:
402:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
386:
380:
375:
370:
368:
366:
362:
358:
357:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:
327:
325:
323:
319:
318:
313:
309:
305:
304:wine tastings
297:
295:
293:
289:
282:
280:
273:
271:
267:
260:
258:
256:
252:
247:
245:
240:
238:
237:
232:
230:
226:
218:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:, which only
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
100:
98:
96:
95:haute cuisine
90:
66:
58:
34:
28:
22:
3166:Note by Note
3144:New American
2833:Pontic Greek
2714:South Indian
2709:North Indian
2380:Extremaduran
2270:Saint Lucian
1944:South Korean
1939:North Korean
1803:Palembangese
1731:Uttarakhandi
1217:Saint Helena
1207:Gibraltarian
1075:Puerto Rican
804:
770:the original
759:
750:
744:
735:
725:
711:
702:
697:
692:. pp. 88–98.
689:
671:
667:
646:
631:
626:
584:
581:
576:
568:
535:
530:
497:
491:
475:
470:
455:
447:
442:
434:
429:
393:Delicatessen
364:
354:
346:
342:
332:
331:
322:food columns
315:
312:Food Network
301:
287:
286:
277:
268:
264:
251:gourmet chef
250:
248:
243:
241:
234:
233:
224:
222:
208:
204:
200:
180:
176:Encyclopédie
174:
166:
158:
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587:(1), 1-32.
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