31:
307:
205:
295:
212:
3089:
165:
3098:
513:
3386:
3398:
366:
416:, 50 societies had population estimates. Of these, 64% had fewer than 100 people per settlement. In only 6% of cases were there more than 400 persons per settlement. The cases with the highest population densities were the Arikara and Hidatsa of the North American Great Plains and the Konso of Ethiopia. Gilman attributes high population densities among the Arikara to the availability of buffalo.
278:
923:
911:
409:. Dug into the ground, pit structures take advantage to the insulating properties of soil, as well as having a low profile, protecting them from exposure to wind-induced heat loss. Since less heat is lost by transmission than is in above ground structures, less energy is required to maintain stable temperatures inside the structure.
420:
complexity. In terms of economic organization, 77% of the societies who occupy pit structures had a hunting and gathering economy. This is a large fraction of the sample, but is not considered a universally consistent feature like biseasonal settlement and a reliance on stored foods during pit structure occupation.
349:. The houses could vary in shape but were typically round, with wooden frames roofed over with thatch and earth, and ranged in size from a few to greater than twenty meters. A common design featured a central hole in the roof that provided ladder access and ventilation, including for the smoke of an interior fire.
356:
and the
Plateau region located nearby, climate changes and extreme temperature and weather conditions made it difficult to live year-round. Hot summers led to the building of simple tent-like structures that were portable and could be packed up to move. For cold winter months, pit-houses provided the
336:
were nomadic during the summer and gathered resources at different spots according to the season and tradition, but overwintered in permanent semi-subterranean pit houses at lower elevations. The winter was often the only time families saw others—even if they were from the same village and tribe—and
430:
Many different prehistoric groups used pit houses. Although generally associated with the
American southwest cultures, such as Fremont, Pueblo, Hohokam, and Mogollon, pit houses were used by a wide variety of people in a wide variety of places over the past 12,000 years. Large pit house formations
243:
roof supported by the timber posts covered the hut, which likely had no windows and had a single entrance at one end. Excavations at West Stow in the 1970s found preserved evidence of charred planks, suggestive of suspended floors. Hearths were also found, which sat partially over the edge of the
396:
Three conditions were always present among groups in the sample: 1) non-tropical climate during the season of pit structure habitation; 2) minimally a biseasonal settlement pattern; 3) reliance on stored food during the period of pit structure occupation. These conditions may be related to other
392:
All but six of the 82 societies live above 32° north latitude, and four of the six cases in this sample that are below 32° north latitude are from "high mountain" regions in east Africa, Paraguay, and eastern Brazil. The last example is from the Yami who occupied a small island south of Taiwan.
238:
at either end of the long axis. Some archaeologists have suggested that a suspended wooden floor lay over the pit and that the cavity beneath was used for storage or to control dampness, although others have disputed this, suggesting that grubenhäuser did not have suspended floors at all. A
419:
Pit structure occupations are generally associated with simple political and economic systems. For 86% of the sample, class stratification or social distinctions based on non-hereditary wealth were reported as absent. However, some pit-dwelling societies are characterized by chiefdom level
247:
Grubenhäuser are often understood to have been domestic dwellings. However, their use may have varied, especially on a regional basis. In
Western Europe their small size and the fact that they can be found near other buildings and associated finds of
397:
factors of society and the presence of any or all of these three elements in society does not pre-condition occupation of pit structures. Nonetheless, these three conditions were present in all cases of pit structure occupation present in the
229:
evidence indicates they were built in a shallow sub-rectangular pit and vary in depth (often relating to the preservation of the site). Some may measure 0.25m by around 2m by 1.5m, whilst examples from excavations from the 1950s onwards at
30:
151:
used to support the roof. In the nineteenth century, it was believed that most prehistoric peoples lived in pit-houses, although it has since been proved that many of the features thought of as houses were in fact food
404:
The ethnographic sample is based almost entirely on case studies from societies located in northern latitudes. The period of pit structure occupation is generally during the cold season, probably due to their
401:. Other cultural patterns were common, but not universal across the sample. These commonalities include: cold season of occupation, low population estimates, and simple political and economic systems.
256:
sheds. In the
Slavonic regions of Eastern Europe, Grubenhäuser are larger and often have a fireplace. In most settlements there have been no features of buildings at ground level.
188:
bones. The base is circular or oval in shape, 12 to 14 feet (3.7 to 4.3 metres) in diameter, with limb bones used for walls and lighter, flat bones used for the roof. Presumably,
333:
3444:
955:
234:
in the United
Kingdom are 3.7m-4.44m long x 2.72m-3.5m wide x 0.58m-0.97m deep. Within this pit were placed two (but sometimes 0, 4, or 6) substantial wooden posts in
2713:
2454:
2050:
423:
During the part of the year when people are not living in pit structures, activities should be focused on acquiring foods to store. Based on the sample from the
2669:
2178:
2501:
1952:
244:
sunken pits and appeared to have collapsed downwards when the structure supporting their overhanging sections (possibly a suspended floor) was removed.
3434:
311:
77:) and for cultural activities like the telling of stories, dancing, singing and celebrations. General dictionaries also describe a pit-house as a
302:, United States, shows the pit dug below grade, four supporting posts, roof structure as layers of wood and mud, and the entry through the roof.
3439:
887:
Smith, C. S. (2003), "Hunter-gatherer
Mobility, Storage, and Houses in a Marginal Environment: an Example from the mid-Holocene of Wyoming",
948:
927:
694:
2079:
985:
644:
624:
432:
378:
3424:
2173:
306:
2698:
2089:
1127:
941:
260:
2822:
591:
219:
Pit-houses were built in many parts of northern Europe between the 5th and 12th centuries AD. In
Germany they are known as
2311:
1841:
1101:
264:
231:
2306:
1846:
1319:
648:
671:
Lithic Design and
Technological Organization in Housepit 1 of the S7istken Site, Middle Fraser Canyon, British Columbia
389:
found that 82 of the 862 societies in the sample occupy pit structures as either their primary or secondary dwellings.
1272:
604:
Lexicology, semantics, and lexicography: Selected papers from the fourth G.L. Brook
Symposium, Manchester, August 1998
1169:
2574:
2375:
196:. Groups of houses were arranged around a base camp layout, occupied by families or relatives for weeks or months.
173:
109:
2286:
2195:
2569:
1661:
1206:
299:
153:
3366:
2686:
2596:
1768:
1535:
1354:
1287:
1019:
2774:
2648:
2254:
2145:
2133:
1829:
1570:
1409:
1046:
980:
964:
204:
57:) is a house built in the ground and used for shelter. Besides providing shelter from the most extreme of
2800:
1716:
915:
3028:
2898:
2513:
2449:
2323:
2016:
1942:
1711:
1649:
1525:
1473:
1466:
1012:
574:
294:
211:
223:, and in the United Kingdom, they are also known as grubhuts, grubhouses or sunken featured buildings.
3088:
3429:
2938:
2913:
2730:
2725:
2708:
2703:
2681:
2471:
2185:
2038:
1930:
1834:
1627:
1312:
1282:
1111:
1054:
814:
Gilman, P. (1987), "Architecture as
Artifact: Pit Structures and Pueblos in the American Southwest",
164:
2769:
2380:
2239:
2072:
1605:
1478:
1359:
1334:
370:
3397:
3371:
3175:
2838:
2815:
2720:
2623:
2525:
2338:
1733:
1520:
1250:
1216:
867:
859:
835:
827:
406:
58:
3311:
3130:
2762:
2752:
2742:
2691:
2348:
1560:
1545:
1530:
1510:
1401:
1380:
1191:
1034:
690:
640:
620:
587:
329:
181:
144:
in Japan. Some Anglo-Saxon pit-houses may have not been dwellings, but served other purposes.
147:
Usually, all that remains of the ancient pit-house is a dug-out hollow in the ground and any
132:, the people of the Plateau, and archaic residents of Wyoming (Smith 2003) in North America;
3321:
3200:
2968:
2953:
2903:
2757:
2664:
2407:
2249:
2190:
1910:
1866:
1666:
1488:
1339:
1299:
995:
892:
851:
819:
586:
Crabtree, Pam J.. Medieval archaeology: an encyclopedia. New York: Garland Pub., 2001. 533.
450:
121:
78:
615:
Hourihane, C., Strickland, D. H., & Simonetta, M. (n.d.). Anglo-Saxon Architecture. In
263:, the Kalkriese Museum and Park, the Oerlinghausen Archaeological Open Air Museum, and the
3336:
3316:
3283:
3190:
3038:
2983:
2978:
2779:
2638:
2608:
2370:
2298:
2276:
2234:
2129:
2099:
1964:
1959:
1610:
1493:
1064:
177:
117:
141:
536:
3401:
3278:
3103:
3033:
2747:
2674:
2496:
2461:
2392:
2281:
2153:
1861:
1446:
1436:
1238:
517:
505:
382:
342:
226:
39:
896:
846:
Gonzalez, A. R. (1953), "Concerning the Existence of the Pit House in South America",
3418:
3389:
2863:
2808:
2633:
2618:
2564:
2439:
2427:
2343:
2266:
2094:
2055:
2043:
2031:
1743:
1654:
1583:
1324:
1267:
1245:
1154:
1086:
1081:
1059:
871:
839:
455:
62:
108:. They are found in numerous cultures around the world, including the people of the
3356:
3288:
3251:
3150:
3013:
2873:
2552:
2508:
2489:
2444:
2316:
2244:
2168:
1990:
1925:
1920:
1876:
1503:
1385:
1349:
1329:
1181:
1159:
1071:
485:
353:
346:
338:
323:
137:
133:
2601:
365:
711:
259:
There are reconstructions of pit-houses in several open-air museums, e.g. in the
3341:
3293:
3273:
3246:
3120:
2908:
2883:
2591:
2581:
2537:
2532:
2484:
2422:
2358:
2259:
2104:
2026:
1947:
1935:
1728:
1696:
1681:
1671:
1642:
1600:
1515:
1483:
1431:
1364:
1201:
1076:
490:
460:
277:
189:
85:
74:
35:
3361:
3258:
3241:
3231:
3170:
3093:
2893:
2852:
2735:
2628:
2586:
2402:
2365:
2328:
1811:
1723:
1588:
1550:
1451:
1424:
1344:
1257:
1174:
1142:
1096:
1007:
975:
341:. Often these houses were located along major rivers and tributaries like the
282:
427:, this may be through either hunting and gathering or agricultural activity.
3351:
3221:
3162:
3078:
3058:
3048:
2958:
2643:
2542:
2434:
2412:
2397:
2212:
1995:
1980:
1888:
1806:
1691:
1622:
1617:
1540:
1419:
1307:
1233:
1000:
990:
500:
271:
922:
910:
373:, Valais, Switzerland. Traces in the ground would appear as a "pit-house".
3268:
3263:
3236:
3226:
3043:
3023:
3018:
2858:
2834:
2417:
2353:
2158:
1898:
1893:
1801:
1676:
1498:
1461:
1441:
933:
669:
274:
that were very poor peoples homes until the middle of the 20th century.
235:
148:
125:
17:
3195:
3180:
3140:
2993:
2479:
2385:
2271:
2229:
2205:
1985:
1791:
1701:
1555:
1456:
1414:
1277:
1196:
1149:
1137:
805:
Farwell, R. Y. (1981), "Pit Houses: Prehistoric Energy Conservation?",
562:
The Century dictionary: An encyclopedic lexicon of the English language
495:
315:
253:
185:
113:
863:
831:
192:
was stretched around the exterior for insulation. Each dwelling had a
3205:
3185:
3073:
3063:
3053:
3008:
2973:
2963:
2923:
2878:
2547:
2224:
2084:
2062:
1915:
1851:
1796:
1186:
1164:
1132:
1106:
480:
475:
465:
445:
193:
70:
66:
575:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/archaeology/fact_files_08.shtml
573:
Hidden Treasure Fact Files By Neil Faulkner Last updated 2011-02-17
252:
has led to theories that they had a specialised purpose such as for
855:
823:
637:
A Prehistory of the North: Human Settlement of the Higher Latitudes
3326:
3125:
3068:
3003:
2948:
2943:
2933:
2928:
2918:
2888:
2868:
2613:
2333:
2217:
2067:
2021:
1883:
1738:
1686:
1632:
1262:
1228:
364:
305:
293:
276:
240:
210:
203:
163:
129:
29:
3346:
3331:
3145:
3135:
2988:
2559:
2520:
2200:
2000:
1856:
1786:
1706:
1578:
1091:
470:
249:
2804:
2127:
1766:
1032:
937:
2831:
2163:
1871:
1637:
1595:
658:
West 2001, West Stow Revisited, St Edmundsbury Borough Council
431:
have been excavated in British Columbia, Canada, such as at
298:
A reconstruction of a pit-house at the Step House ruins in
617:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture
689:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 261.
537:"Pit house" in the online Merriam Webster's Dictionary
3304:
3214:
3161:
3113:
2845:
2657:
2470:
2297:
2144:
2009:
1973:
1822:
1779:
1569:
1400:
1373:
1298:
1215:
1120:
1045:
880:An Illustrative Ethnography of Formosan Aborigines
549:American architecture: An illustrated encyclopedia
770:
768:
337:congregated in any numbers before the arrival of
602:G.L. Brook Symposium, C., & Kay, C. (2000).
357:warm, protected shelter necessary for survival.
891:, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 162–189,
850:, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 271–272,
818:, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 538–564,
2816:
949:
8:
564:(Vol. 3, p. 1793). New York: The Century Co.
172:The oldest pit dwellings were discovered in
134:Archaic residents of the Lake Titicaca Basin
81:, and it has similarities to a half-dugout.
65:may also be used to store food (just like a
2823:
2809:
2801:
2141:
2124:
1776:
1763:
1221:
1042:
1029:
956:
942:
934:
27:Type of earth shelter with ancient origins
560:Whitney, W. D. (1889). "Dugout" def. 2.
412:Out of the 82 ethnographic cases in the
318:pit-houses looked like 1000 years prior.
314:in Phoenix, Arizona, represent what the
3445:Western (genre) staples and terminology
529:
889:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
619:(Vol. 2, p. 80). (2012) New York, NY.
88:, a pit-house is frequently called a
7:
928:Category:Post in ground construction
687:Archaeology of Native North America
674:(MA thesis). University of Montana.
878:Kano, T. & Segawa, K. (1956),
180:. Dating back 15,000 years to the
25:
2837:designs and semi-permanent human
2080:Megalithic architectural elements
716:. University of Pittsburgh Press.
433:Keatley Creek Archaeological Site
34:Reconstruction of a pit-house in
3396:
3385:
3384:
3096:
3087:
921:
909:
551:(p. 104). New York: W.W. Norton.
547:Harris, C. M. (1998). "Dugout".
511:
381:of pit-house architecture using
3435:Puebloan architectural elements
2699:Evolutionary origin of religion
261:Hitzacker Archaeological Centre
136:(Craig 2005) in South America;
809:, vol. 87, pp. 43–47
1:
2312:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
1842:British megalith architecture
897:10.1016/s0278-4165(03)00017-5
710:George Peter Murdock (1967).
184:age, the houses were made of
3440:Semi-subterranean structures
2307:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
1847:Nordic megalith architecture
270:To compare with the Swedish
369:Barn on a wooden cellar in
156:or served another purpose.
3461:
2455:British Isles and Brittany
2376:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
606:. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
321:
310:Pit-house replicas at the
265:Hochdorf Chieftain's Grave
110:Southwestern United States
3380:
3085:
2140:
2123:
1775:
1762:
1224:
1041:
1028:
971:
361:Cross-cultural patterning
3074:Wigwam, wickiup and wetu
668:Mattes, Matthew (2014).
300:Mesa Verde National Park
154:prehistoric storage pits
104:, after the German name
90:sunken-featured building
3425:Archaeological features
3367:Vernacular architecture
2687:Evolutionary musicology
2090:Oldest extant buildings
2017:Archaeological features
1536:Prepared-core technique
2649:Unchambered long cairn
2497:Mound Builders culture
1830:Neolithic architecture
965:Prehistoric technology
744:Kano and Segawa (1956)
374:
328:Throughout the inland
319:
303:
286:
216:
208:
169:
160:Mammoth bone dwellings
42:
2894:Clochán (beehive hut)
2324:List of Stone Age art
1526:Microblade technology
1474:Langdale axe industry
1072:Ard / plough
368:
322:Further information:
309:
297:
280:
214:
207:
200:Early medieval Europe
168:Mammoth bone dwelling
167:
33:
2939:Icelandic turf house
2846:Traditional immobile
2731:Prehistoric medicine
2726:Prehistoric counting
2709:Prehistoric religion
2704:Paleolithic religion
2682:Behavioral modernity
2039:Causewayed enclosure
1931:Abri de la Madeleine
1055:Neolithic Revolution
930:at Wikimedia Commons
918:at Wikimedia Commons
352:In the northwestern
2770:Prehistoric warfare
1516:Magdalenian culture
1479:Levallois technique
1410:Earliest toolmaking
916:Category:Pit houses
685:Snow, Dean (2010).
312:Pueblo Grande Ruins
140:in Europe; and the
3372:Village des Bories
3114:Traditional mobile
2721:Origin of language
2714:Spiritual drug use
2624:Rectangular dolmen
2526:Dartmoor kistvaens
2339:Carved stone balls
2051:Circular enclosure
2010:Other architecture
1953:Alp pile dwellings
1541:Solutrean industry
1452:Gravettian culture
1102:Secondary products
848:American Antiquity
816:American Antiquity
713:Ethnographic Atlas
577:accessed 2/14/2013
518:Housing portal
425:Ethnographic Atlas
414:Ethnographic Atlas
407:thermal efficiency
399:Ethnographic Atlas
387:Ethnographic Atlas
379:middle range model
375:
320:
304:
287:
217:
209:
170:
92:and occasionally (
59:weather conditions
43:
3412:
3411:
3312:Cabanes du Breuil
2798:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2743:Prehistoric music
2692:music archaeology
2349:Cup and ring mark
2174:Clothing/textiles
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1561:Yubetsu technique
1546:Striking platform
1511:Lithic technology
1396:
1395:
1381:Game drive system
1300:Projectile points
1192:Mortar and pestle
926:Media related to
914:Media related to
792:Gilman (1987:545)
783:Gilman (1987:547)
774:Gilman (1987:544)
753:Gilman (1987:542)
726:(Gilman 1987:540)
377:A cross-cultural
334:indigenous people
330:Pacific Northwest
182:Upper Paleolithic
16:(Redirected from
3452:
3400:
3388:
3387:
3322:Earth sheltering
3106:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3091:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2802:
2758:Divje Babe flute
2665:Archaeoastronomy
2408:Petrosomatoglyph
2142:
2125:
1974:Water management
1777:
1764:
1667:Denticulate tool
1489:Lithic reduction
1222:
1043:
1030:
958:
951:
944:
935:
925:
913:
899:
883:
882:, Tokyo: Maruzen
874:
842:
810:
793:
790:
784:
781:
775:
772:
763:
760:
754:
751:
745:
742:
736:
733:
727:
724:
718:
717:
707:
701:
700:
682:
676:
675:
665:
659:
656:
650:
635:Hoffecker, John
633:
627:
613:
607:
600:
594:
584:
578:
571:
565:
558:
552:
545:
539:
534:
516:
515:
514:
451:Dugout (shelter)
290:In North America
215:A reconstruction
114:ancestral Pueblo
21:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3376:
3337:Skellig Michael
3317:Circular linhay
3300:
3284:Alpine club hut
3210:
3157:
3109:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3083:
3039:Sassi di Matera
2979:Musgum mud huts
2841:
2829:
2799:
2786:
2653:
2639:Stone box grave
2609:Megalithic tomb
2514:Cotswold-Severn
2466:
2371:Guardian stones
2299:Prehistoric art
2293:
2136:
2111:
2100:Timber trackway
2005:
1969:
1965:Wattle and daub
1818:
1797:Standing stones
1771:
1750:
1565:
1392:
1369:
1294:
1211:
1121:Food processing
1116:
1065:New World crops
1037:
1024:
967:
962:
906:
886:
877:
845:
813:
804:
801:
796:
791:
787:
782:
778:
773:
766:
761:
757:
752:
748:
743:
739:
735:(Gonzalez 1953)
734:
730:
725:
721:
709:
708:
704:
697:
684:
683:
679:
667:
666:
662:
657:
653:
639:Rutgers, 2005,
634:
630:
614:
610:
601:
597:
585:
581:
572:
568:
559:
555:
546:
542:
535:
531:
527:
522:
512:
510:
441:
363:
326:
292:
202:
178:Central Ukraine
162:
61:, this type of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3458:
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3448:
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3394:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
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3359:
3354:
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3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3305:Related topics
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3279:Wilderness hut
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:Shepherd's hut
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3104:Housing portal
3086:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
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2966:
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2896:
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2871:
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2861:
2856:
2849:
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2830:
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2820:
2813:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2792:
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2788:
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2785:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2748:Alligator drum
2740:
2739:
2738:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2675:lunar calendar
2672:
2661:
2659:
2658:Other cultural
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
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2616:
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2606:
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2518:
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2504:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2462:Venus figurine
2459:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2393:Megalithic art
2390:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2351:
2346:
2344:Cave paintings
2341:
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2209:
2208:
2203:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2146:Material goods
2138:
2137:
2128:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
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2107:
2097:
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2075:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1864:
1862:Cliff dwelling
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1826:
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1820:
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1496:
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1481:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1447:Fire hardening
1444:
1439:
1437:Clovis culture
1434:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1406:
1404:
1398:
1397:
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1391:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1360:Manis Mastodon
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
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1315:
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1302:
1296:
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1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1239:throwing stick
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
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1204:
1199:
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1189:
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1038:
1033:
1026:
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1023:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1005:
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1003:
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988:
983:
972:
969:
968:
963:
961:
960:
953:
946:
938:
932:
931:
919:
905:
904:External links
902:
901:
900:
884:
875:
856:10.2307/277052
843:
824:10.2307/281598
811:
800:
797:
795:
794:
785:
776:
764:
762:Farwell (1981)
755:
746:
737:
728:
719:
702:
696:978-0136156864
695:
677:
660:
651:
628:
608:
595:
579:
566:
553:
540:
528:
526:
523:
521:
520:
508:
506:Timber framing
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
442:
440:
437:
383:George Murdock
362:
359:
291:
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227:Archaeological
201:
198:
161:
158:
124:cultures, the
116:, the ancient
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
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3257:
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3250:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
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3213:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
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3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
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3037:
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3032:
3030:
3027:
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3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
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2987:
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2980:
2977:
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2970:
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2900:
2897:
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2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:Beehive house
2862:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2826:
2821:
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2814:
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2807:
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2768:
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2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
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2668:
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2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2634:Simple dolmen
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2619:Passage grave
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2565:Gallery grave
2563:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
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2519:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2480:Burial mounds
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:Statue menhir
2438:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2428:Stone carving
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
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2268:
2267:Sewing needle
2265:
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2256:
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2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:Timber circle
2093:
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2083:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2064:
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2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2044:Tor enclosure
2042:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2032:fulacht fiadh
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
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1989:
1987:
1984:
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1268:spear-thrower
1266:
1265:
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1155:Grinding slab
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1103:
1100:
1098:
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1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:Domestication
1085:
1083:
1082:Digging stick
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1060:Founder crops
1058:
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1056:
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1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
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1009:
1006:
1002:
1001:New Stone Age
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
977:
974:
973:
970:
966:
959:
954:
952:
947:
945:
940:
939:
936:
929:
924:
920:
917:
912:
908:
907:
903:
898:
894:
890:
885:
881:
876:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
808:
803:
802:
798:
789:
786:
780:
777:
771:
769:
765:
759:
756:
750:
747:
741:
738:
732:
729:
723:
720:
715:
714:
706:
703:
698:
692:
688:
681:
678:
673:
672:
664:
661:
655:
652:
649:
646:
645:0-8135-3468-2
642:
638:
632:
629:
626:
625:9780195395365
622:
618:
612:
609:
605:
599:
596:
593:
589:
583:
580:
576:
570:
567:
563:
557:
554:
550:
544:
541:
538:
533:
530:
524:
519:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
456:Earth shelter
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
438:
436:
434:
428:
426:
421:
417:
415:
410:
408:
402:
400:
394:
390:
388:
384:
380:
372:
367:
360:
358:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
339:trading posts
335:
331:
325:
317:
313:
308:
301:
296:
289:
284:
279:
275:
273:
268:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
245:
242:
237:
233:
228:
224:
222:
213:
206:
199:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
166:
159:
157:
155:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
63:earth shelter
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
37:
32:
19:
3402:
3390:
3357:Transhumance
3289:Mountain hut
3252:Jamesway hut
3151:Ger district
3146:Yurt and ger
3014:Quiggly hole
2998:
2969:Menstruation
2575:wedge-shaped
2560:Funeral pyre
2553:Great dolmen
2509:Chamber tomb
2490:Round barrow
2445:Stone circle
2317:Blombos Cave
2245:Grooved ware
2169:Chalcolithic
2073:Thornborough
1991:Flush toilet
1926:Blombos Cave
1921:Rock shelter
1905:
1877:Quiggly hole
1769:Architecture
1744:illustration
1386:Buffalo jump
1207:Storage pits
1170:Aşıklı Höyük
1160:Ground stone
996:Subdivisions
888:
879:
847:
815:
806:
788:
779:
758:
749:
740:
731:
722:
712:
705:
686:
680:
670:
663:
654:
636:
631:
616:
611:
603:
598:
582:
569:
561:
556:
548:
543:
532:
486:Quiggly hole
429:
424:
422:
418:
413:
411:
403:
398:
395:
391:
386:
376:
354:Great Plains
351:
327:
324:Quiggly hole
281:Backstuga i
269:
258:
250:loom weights
246:
225:
221:Grubenhäuser
220:
218:
171:
146:
142:JĹŤmon people
138:Anglo-Saxons
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
83:
54:
50:
46:
44:
3430:House types
3342:Stilt house
3294:Winter room
3274:Twynham hut
3247:Quonset hut
2909:Earth lodge
2597:unchambered
2592:Long barrow
2582:Grave goods
2538:Court cairn
2533:Clava cairn
2485:Bowl barrow
2423:Rock cupule
2366:Golden hats
2359:Hill figure
2260:Unstan ware
2240:Cord-marked
2105:Sweet Track
2027:Burnt mound
1948:Stilt house
1936:Sibudu Cave
1729:Tally stick
1697:Quern-stone
1682:Hammerstone
1672:Fire plough
1643:Pesse canoe
1601:Bannerstone
1571:Other tools
1484:Lithic core
1432:Aurignacian
1320:Bare Island
1202:Quern-stone
491:Root cellar
461:Earth lodge
190:animal hide
86:archaeology
75:root cellar
3419:Categories
3362:Tree house
3259:Romney hut
3242:Nissen hut
3232:Hopper hut
3171:Beach fale
3029:Roundhouse
2855:(Nipa hut)
2853:Bahay kubo
2736:trepanning
2629:Ring cairn
2587:Jar burial
2570:transepted
2502:U.S. sites
2403:Petroglyph
2329:Bird stone
2287:wine press
1960:Stone roof
1943:Roundhouse
1835:long house
1812:Stonehenge
1780:Ceremonial
1724:Stone tool
1551:Tool stone
1521:Metallurgy
1425:Mousterian
1402:Toolmaking
1340:Cumberland
1313:Transverse
1283:Schöningen
1175:Qesem cave
1143:Earth oven
1097:Irrigation
1008:Technology
976:Prehistory
807:El Palacio
799:References
592:0815312865
106:Grubenhaus
3352:Thatching
3222:Beach hut
3079:Zemlyanka
3059:Tongkonan
3049:Sod house
2999:Pit-house
2959:Log cabin
2780:symbolism
2644:Tor cairn
2602:Grønsalen
2543:Cremation
2435:Sculpture
2413:Pictogram
2398:Petroform
2218:amber use
2186:Cosmetics
1996:Reservoir
1981:Check dam
1911:Pueblitos
1906:Pit-house
1889:Longhouse
1823:Dwellings
1692:Microlith
1623:Bow drill
1618:Bone tool
1611:prismatic
1420:Acheulean
1335:Cresswell
1308:Arrowhead
1234:Boomerang
1150:Granaries
1112:Terracing
991:Stone Age
872:163581274
840:161823882
501:Zemlyanka
371:Gluringen
285:, ca 1925
272:Backstuga
236:postholes
232:West Stow
174:Mezhyrich
149:postholes
102:grubhouse
51:pit house
47:pit-house
3391:Category
3269:Slab hut
3264:Rondavel
3237:Iris hut
3227:Hexayurt
3163:Open-air
3044:Shieling
3024:Rondavel
3019:Quinzhee
2859:Barabara
2839:shelters
2835:dwelling
2418:Rock art
2381:painting
2354:Geoglyph
2179:timeline
2159:Beadwork
1899:Mehrgarh
1894:Mudbrick
1802:megalith
1677:Fire-saw
1499:debitage
1494:analysis
1462:Hand axe
1442:Cupstone
1020:Glossary
981:Timeline
439:See also
385:'s 1967
343:Columbia
126:Cherokee
122:Mogollon
55:pithouse
36:Chotěbuz
18:Pithouse
3196:Pergola
3181:Chickee
3141:Yaranga
2994:Palloza
2775:Symbols
2386:pigment
2272:Weaving
2235:Cardium
2230:Pottery
2225:Mirrors
2213:Jewelry
2154:Baskets
2134:culture
1986:Cistern
1792:Pyramid
1734:Weapons
1712:Scraper
1702:Racloir
1662:Cleaver
1650:Chopper
1556:Uniface
1467:Grooves
1457:Hafting
1415:Oldowan
1374:Systems
1325:Cascade
1288:woomera
1278:harpoon
1251:history
1217:Hunting
1197:Pottery
1138:Cooking
1047:Farming
1013:history
986:Outline
496:Sinagua
316:Hohokam
283:SmĂĄland
254:weaving
186:mammoth
118:Fremont
73:, or a
40:Czechia
3403:Portal
3215:Modern
3206:Toguna
3201:Ramada
3191:Palapa
3186:Gazebo
3176:Cabana
3064:Trullo
3054:Sukkah
3009:Qarmaq
2974:Mitato
2964:Maloca
2924:Goahti
2904:Dugout
2899:Crotto
2879:Burdei
2874:Bunong
2753:flutes
2548:Dolmen
2472:Burial
2282:winery
2255:Linear
2085:Midden
2063:Cursus
2056:Goseck
1916:Pueblo
1867:Dugout
1852:Burdei
1531:Mining
1355:Lamoka
1350:Folsom
1330:Clovis
1187:Metate
1165:Hearth
1133:Basket
1107:Sickle
870:
864:277052
862:
838:
832:281598
830:
693:
643:
623:
590:
481:Pantry
476:Larder
466:Kekuli
446:Burdei
347:Fraser
241:gabled
194:hearth
128:, the
112:, the
79:dugout
71:larder
67:pantry
3327:Shack
3126:Lavvu
3069:Tukul
3004:Qargi
2954:Kapar
2949:Jacal
2944:Igloo
2934:Humpy
2929:Hogan
2919:Girna
2914:Funco
2889:Cleit
2869:Bothy
2670:sites
2614:Mummy
2334:Cairn
2250:JĹŤmon
2201:shoes
2196:Hides
2068:Henge
2022:Broch
1884:Jacal
1739:Wheel
1687:Knife
1633:Canoe
1628:Burin
1606:Blade
1504:flake
1365:Plano
1273:baton
1263:Spear
1229:Arrow
1182:Manos
1035:Tools
868:S2CID
860:JSTOR
836:S2CID
828:JSTOR
647:|url=
525:Notes
130:Inuit
94:grub-
3347:Tent
3332:Shed
3136:Tipi
3121:Chum
3034:Ruka
2989:Orri
2884:Bure
2763:gudi
2521:Cist
2450:list
2277:Wine
2206:Ă–tzi
2191:Glue
2164:Beds
2132:and
2130:Arts
2001:Well
1857:Cave
1787:Kiva
1717:side
1707:Rope
1655:tool
1589:bone
1579:Adze
1345:Eden
1258:Nets
1128:Fire
1092:Goad
1077:Celt
691:ISBN
641:ISBN
621:ISBN
588:ISBN
471:Kiva
345:and
120:and
69:, a
49:(or
2984:Oca
2832:Hut
1872:Hut
1807:row
1638:Oar
1596:Axe
1584:Awl
893:doi
852:doi
820:doi
100:or
98:hut
84:In
3421::
866:,
858:,
834:,
826:,
767:^
435:.
332:,
267:.
176:,
96:)
53:,
45:A
38:,
2824:e
2817:t
2810:v
957:e
950:t
943:v
895::
854::
822::
699:.
20:)
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