47:
54:
274:
which give them coverage of the United States at certain times during the day. For full coverage of the US missile grounds four US-K satellites need to be operational and the system can have up to nine of them in orbit at once. The US-KMO satellites are
313:
As the eastern control centre it can communicate with geosynchronous satellites in four of the seven reserved locations, those looking over the
Pacific. However, there had never been satellites in the three positions furthest east until
306:
The western Oko control centre at
Serpukhov-15 was put on combat duty in 1982 . The eastern one started to be built in 1982, started testing in 1991, went onto experimental combat duty in 2002 and full combat duty on 30 April 2012.
310:
It consists of seven 25 metres (82 ft) antennas, each under a 45 metres (148 ft) high dome and weighing 300 tonnes (330 tons). There are also facilities for data processing.
216:
34:
1544:
46:
836:
236:
620:
823:
220:
77:
1554:
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960:
318:
was moved to 166°E in
October 2012. The others, looking over the Atlantic, need to be controlled from the western centre.
919:
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192:
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1021:
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991:
986:
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534:
665:
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286:
The Oko system was placed on combat duty in 1982. The last US-KMO satellite (
92:
79:
657:
246:
The name Pivan-1 is a code name following the practice established to name
556:"The Operational Status of the Russian Space-Based Early Warning System"
294:) on 30 September 2010. They are being replaced by a new system called
530:
1469:
267:
621:"History and the Current Status of the Russian Early-Warning System"
250:
and military facilities. It is named after the nearest settlement,
1421:
497:
227:
and could be used, together with early warning radar such as the
203:
which is the location of the eastern control centre for Russia's
978:
938:
263:
942:
969:
875:[Wide is my native land...] (in Russian). Live Journal
290:) was launched on 30 March 2012 and the last US-K satellite (
204:
920:"Changes in Russia's early warning satellite constellation"
825:
Russian and
Chinese Responses to US Military Plans in Space
799:"Cosmos-2469 might be the last HEO early-warning satellite"
774:"Cosmos-2479 - new geostationary early warning satellite"
831:. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
453:[Eastern Resident] (in Russian). Красная звезда
262:
Oko consists of two types of early warning satellites -
270:. The older US-K satellites are in highly elliptical
895:"An early-warning satellite command center opens up"
533:[Russia has an ABM problem: it burnt down].
422:
Photo set from the opening from
Novosti Kosmonavtiki
279:
satellites providing continuous coverage. In total,
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977:
172:
167:
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139:
129:
124:
116:
108:
71:
18:
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219:and information from here is processed at the
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8:
520:
518:
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442:
440:
438:
436:
15:
647:
473:"1127th independent Radio-Technical Unit"
320:
207:satellites. These give early warning of
432:
176:1127th Independent Radio Technical Unit
531:"У России проблемы с ПРО: Она сгорела"
217:Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning
211:launches, mainly from the continental
35:Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning
864:
862:
7:
239:. A similar facility is located at
237:A-135 anti-ballistic missile system
822:Podvig, Pavel; Zuang, Hui (2008).
14:
281:101 satellites have been launched
1545:Military installations of Russia
924:Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces
899:Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces
803:Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces
778:Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces
502:Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces
221:Russian Aerospace Defence Forces
52:
45:
475:. Soviet Armed Forces 1945-1991
53:
1:
447:Potekhin, Anna (2012-01-16).
191:) is a military townlet near
918:Pavel, Podvig (2012-11-13).
893:Pavel, Podvig (2012-05-31).
797:Pavel, Podvig (2010-09-30).
772:Pavel, Podvig (2012-03-30).
496:Podvig, Pavel (2012-01-30).
322:
872:Широка страна моя родная...
628:Science and Global Security
563:Science and Global Security
1571:
215:. The site is part of the
1521:
583:10.1080/08929889408426407
187:
40:
32:
23:
871:
869:___lin___ (2012-05-26).
449:
112:Satellite ground station
93:50.349167°N 137.189444°E
640:2002S&GS...10...21P
575:1994S&GS....4..363P
1555:Soviet military radars
658:10.1080/08929880212328
619:Podvig, Pavel (2002).
554:Podvig, Pavel (1994).
471:Holm, Michael (2011).
376:Pivan-1/Serpukhov-15
98:50.349167; 137.189444
1550:Russian Space Forces
168:Garrison information
752:Gunter's Space Page
726:Gunter's Space Page
700:Gunter's Space Page
89: /
1524:List of satellites
450:Восточный резидент
193:Komsomolsk-na-Amur
1530:
1529:
838:978-0-87724-068-6
413:
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233:launch on warning
209:ballistic missile
180:
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841:. Archived from
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769:
763:
762:
760:
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734:
732:
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711:
710:
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696:"US-KMO (71Kh6)"
691:
685:
684:
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676:. Archived from
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330:Control Centre
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201:Russian Far East
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125:Site information
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746:Krebs, Gunter.
745:
744:
740:
730:
728:
722:"US-KS (74Kh6)"
720:Krebs, Gunter.
719:
718:
714:
704:
702:
694:Krebs, Gunter.
693:
692:
688:
680:
649:10.1.1.692.6127
623:
618:
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558:
553:
552:
548:
539:
537:
529:(11 May 2001).
525:Topol, Sergey;
524:
523:
516:
506:
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498:"Early Warning"
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197:Khabarovsk Krai
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683:on 2012-03-15.
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569:(3): 363–384.
546:
527:Safranov, Ivan
514:
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463:
431:
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425:
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416:External links
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277:geosynchronous
272:molniya orbits
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225:Solnechnogorsk
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848:on 2016-03-03
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748:"US-K (73D6)"
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365:Serpukhov-15
364:
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354:Serpukhov-15
353:
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324:Location Name
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248:closed cities
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243:near Moscow.
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48:
39:
36:
31:
27:
22:
17:
1532:
927:. Retrieved
923:
913:
902:. Retrieved
898:
888:
877:. Retrieved
850:. Retrieved
843:the original
824:
817:
806:. Retrieved
802:
792:
781:. Retrieved
777:
767:
755:. Retrieved
751:
741:
729:. Retrieved
725:
715:
703:. Retrieved
699:
689:
678:the original
634:(1): 21–60.
631:
627:
566:
562:
549:
538:. Retrieved
505:. Retrieved
501:
477:. Retrieved
466:
455:. Retrieved
342:Serpukhov-15
312:
309:
305:
285:
261:
245:
241:Serpukhov-15
182:
181:
148:Site history
130:Open to
25:
1513:Kosmos 2479
1508:Kosmos 2440
1503:Kosmos 2397
1498:Kosmos 2379
1493:Kosmos 2350
1488:Kosmos 2282
1483:Kosmos 2224
1478:Kosmos 2133
1460:Kosmos 2345
1455:Kosmos 2209
1450:Kosmos 2155
1445:Kosmos 1894
1440:Kosmos 1629
1435:Kosmos 1546
1412:Kosmos 2469
1407:Kosmos 2446
1402:Kosmos 2430
1397:Kosmos 2422
1392:Kosmos 2393
1387:Kosmos 2388
1382:Kosmos 2368
1377:Kosmos 2351
1372:Kosmos 2342
1367:Kosmos 2340
1362:Kosmos 2312
1357:Kosmos 2286
1352:Kosmos 2261
1347:Kosmos 2241
1342:Kosmos 2232
1337:Kosmos 2222
1332:Kosmos 2217
1327:Kosmos 2196
1322:Kosmos 2176
1317:Kosmos 2105
1312:Kosmos 2097
1307:Kosmos 2087
1302:Kosmos 2084
1297:Kosmos 2076
1292:Kosmos 2063
1287:Kosmos 2050
1282:Kosmos 2001
1277:Kosmos 1977
1272:Kosmos 1974
1267:Kosmos 1966
1262:Kosmos 1922
1257:Kosmos 1903
1252:Kosmos 1851
1247:Kosmos 1849
1242:Kosmos 1806
1237:Kosmos 1793
1232:Kosmos 1785
1227:Kosmos 1783
1222:Kosmos 1774
1217:Kosmos 1761
1212:Kosmos 1729
1207:Kosmos 1701
1202:Kosmos 1698
1197:Kosmos 1687
1192:Kosmos 1684
1187:Kosmos 1675
1182:Kosmos 1661
1177:Kosmos 1658
1172:Kosmos 1604
1167:Kosmos 1596
1162:Kosmos 1586
1157:Kosmos 1581
1152:Kosmos 1569
1147:Kosmos 1547
1142:Kosmos 1541
1137:Kosmos 1518
1132:Kosmos 1481
1127:Kosmos 1456
1122:Kosmos 1409
1117:Kosmos 1382
1112:Kosmos 1367
1107:Kosmos 1348
1102:Kosmos 1341
1097:Kosmos 1317
1092:Kosmos 1285
1087:Kosmos 1278
1082:Kosmos 1261
1077:Kosmos 1247
1072:Kosmos 1223
1067:Kosmos 1217
1062:Kosmos 1191
1057:Kosmos 1188
1052:Kosmos 1172
1047:Kosmos 1164
1042:Kosmos 1124
1037:Kosmos 1109
1032:Kosmos 1030
1027:Kosmos 1024
316:Kosmos 2479
292:Kosmos 2469
288:Kosmos 2479
143:operational
96: /
84:137°11′22″E
72:Coordinates
1539:Categories
1430:Kosmos 775
1022:Kosmos 931
1017:Kosmos 917
1012:Kosmos 903
1007:Kosmos 862
1002:Kosmos 706
997:Kosmos 665
992:Kosmos 606
987:Kosmos 520
929:2012-11-28
904:2012-06-01
879:2012-06-01
852:2012-06-01
808:2012-04-22
783:2012-04-22
540:2012-04-23
535:Kommersant
479:2012-04-22
457:2012-06-01
428:References
327:Longitude
223:centre in
81:50°20′57″N
972:programme
674:122901563
666:0892-9882
644:CiteSeerX
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