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reproducing the invention. These issues were overcome by adopting a new concept of invention that has been characterized as 'inductive' invention, by arguing that "although the ‘sports’ or spontaneous mutations from which they bred new varieties often occurred naturally, the skill of identifying the mutation, isolating it, and then reproducing it was a work of invention."
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During the congressional debates about the Plant Patent Act, some of the key issues were: what kinds of plant qualified as patentable subject matter; what exactly did a breeder have to do in order to qualify as an inventor; and what was the relationship between the act of invention and the act of
111:, 36 U.S.P.Q. 2d 1673, which held that "to establish infringement of a plant patent it is necessary to prove that the accused plant is derived from, i.e. a copy of, the actual plant which prompted the filing of the application for plant patent." In other words, the power of
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Uniquely, the Plant Patent Act "eliminated the standard industrial patent requirement that the invention be described sufficiently well to enable someone skilled in the art to reproduce it." The need for this new type of patents (plant patents) arises from the
135:, which coincided with broader critiques of intellectual property and its relationship to human health, food security, and the environment. The criticism became more intense when the Plant Patent Act was cited to support patent protection for
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96:. Whereas human-made machines (and their inventive parts) can be described precisely, similarly accurate description is not possible for living things: even if a complete DNA sequence in every
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169:) after 24 April 2019, none have been granted to date, and breeders have instead sought intellectual property protection through the Plant Patent Act of 1930, such as
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373:. Inter Pares for the Canadian Council for International Co-operation and the International Coalition for Development Action. p. 71.
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Although the US Department of
Agriculture announced that it would accept applications for plant variety protection for industrial hemp (
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is known, it is not possible with the modern technology to establish the limits of the DNA variation with the accuracy required for
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The scope of the rights offered by the Plant Patent Act was arguably curtailed by the US Court of
Appeals decision in 1995,
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262:"The Story of Diamond v. Chakrabarty: Technological Change and the Subject Matter Boundaries of the Patent System"
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to block a similar invention, that was made independently from the patent owner, does not apply to Plant
Patents.
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151:. Many activists and scholars have suggested that there is a connection between plant patent protection and the
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The legislation did not receive much popular attention until several decades later, during the development of
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396:"Veggie Tales: Pernicious Myths about Patents, Innovation, and Crop Diversity in the Twentieth Century"
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Fowler, Cary (2000). "The Plant Patent Act of 1930: A Sociological
History of Its Creation".
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in support of the legislation and said, "This will, I feel sure, give us many
Burbanks."
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414:"USDA Now Accepting Applications of Seed-Propagated Hemp for Plant Variety Protection"
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72:(April 5, 1932), were issued to Burbank posthumously. In supporting the legislation,
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332:"The cosmopolitics of food futures: imagining nature, law, and apocalypse"
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and the nursery industry. This piece of legislation made it possible to
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195:"Organisms and Manufactures: On the History of Plant Inventions"
433:"Before the High Court: the legal systematics of Cannabis"
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University of
Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository
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Bosse, Jocelyn; Chacko, Xan; Chapman, Susannah (2020).
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Figures of
Invention: A History of Modern Patent Law
23:of 1930 (enacted on 1930-06-17 as Title III of the
336:Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies
288:Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society
243:Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society
371:Seeds of the Earth: A private or public resource?
286:Gioia, Vincent G. (1997). "Plant Patents - RIP".
176:plant named ‘RAINBOW GUMMEEZ’ (June 30, 2020).
57:new varieties of plants, excluding sexual and
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394:Heald, Paul J.; Chapman, Susannah (2012).
260:Eisenberg, Rebecca S. (22 December 2021).
482:United States federal patent legislation
109:Imazio Nursery Inc. v. Dania Greenhouses
220:. Oxford University Press. p. 61.
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133:US Plant Variety Protection Act of 1970
16:American law with national jurisdiction
216:Pottage, Alain; Sherman, Brad (2010).
193:Pottage, Alain; Sherman, Brad (2007).
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66:Plant Variety Protection Act of 1970
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139:in US Supreme Court cases like
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348:10.1080/10304312.2020.1842124
309:. Routledge. p. 87-163.
418:US Department of Agriculture
102:composition-of-matter claims
305:Halbert, Debora J. (2005).
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68:). Plant patents, such as
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369:Mooney, Pay Roy (1979).
431:Bosse, Jocelyn (2020).
49:spurred by the work of
142:Diamond v. Chakrabarty
125:plant breeders' rights
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153:loss of biodiversity
61:-propagated plants (
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271:25 April
174:Cannabis
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