55:
338:
3257:
1971:
1983:
2007:
1995:
398:(LAMP). Although PCR can detect multiple molecular targets in a single solution there are limits. Bertolini et al. 2001, Ito et al. 2002, and Ragozzino et al. 2004 developed PCR methods for multiplexing six or seven plant pathogen molecular products and Persson et al. 2005 for multiplexing four with RT-PCR. More extensive
362:
Plant disease resistance is the ability of a plant to prevent and terminate infections from plant pathogens. Structures that help plants prevent pathogens from entering are the cuticular layer, cell walls, and stomata guard cells. Once pathogens have overcome these barriers, plant receptors initiate
363:
signaling pathways to create molecules to compete against the foreign molecules. These pathways are influenced and triggered by genes within the host plant and can manipulated by genetic breeding to create resistant varieties.
836:
3087:
348:
A disease triangle describes the basic factors required for plant diseases. These are the host plant, the pathogen, and the environment. Any one of these can be modified to control a disease.
204:. Unlike human and animal pathology, plant pathology usually focuses on a single causal organism; however, some plant diseases have been shown to be interactions between multiple pathogens.
3092:
658:
Cantu, Dario; Vicente, Ariel R.; Labavitch, John M.; Bennett, Alan B.; Powell, Ann L.T. (November 2008). "Strangers in the matrix: plant cell walls and pathogen susceptibility".
840:
3225:
252:. Some effectors are known to suppress host defense processes. This can include reducing the plant's internal signaling mechanisms or reduction of phytochemicals production.
1956:
1611:
1574:
421:
is a traditional and sometimes effective means of preventing a parasitic population from becoming well-established. For example, protection against infection by
878:
3143:
1307:
248:: These can be secreted by pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes into the extracellular environment or directly into the host cell, often via the
200:
are both a food source and a barrier to be overcome. Many pathogens grow opportunistically when the host breaks down its own cell walls, most often during
1241:
2959:
1924:
1868:
90:(infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Plant pathology involves the study of pathogen identification, disease
395:
1164:
63:
501:
2011:
1826:
506:
1856:
496:
268:
are mostly small chains of sugars that help pathogens to adhere to a plant's surface, enabling them to begin the process of infection.
3149:
585:
407:
382:
Ancient methods of leaf examination and breaking open plant material by hand are now augmented by newer technologies. These include
2044:
1300:
2483:
1904:
1889:
1884:
1661:
536:
2964:
1951:
1946:
1894:
1641:
2414:
1626:
1337:
1259:
1234:
283:
Some abiotic disorders can be confused with pathogen-induced disorders. Abiotic causes include natural processes such as
3133:
2720:
2235:
1646:
1621:
278:
609:
Nazarov, Pavel A.; Baleev, Dmitry N.; Ivanova, Maria I.; Sokolova, Luybov M.; Karakozova, Marina V. (27 October 2020).
3215:
2969:
1631:
1293:
442:
372:
260:
are chemicals used by plants for signaling; pathogens can produce these to modify plant growth to their own advantage.
249:
242:: These can be non-host-specific, which damage all plants, or host-specific, which cause damage only on a host plant.
2949:
1671:
1606:
1433:
889:
764:"Industrial Use of Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes: The Fine Line Between Production Strategy and Economic Feasibility"
526:
516:
332:
95:
3099:
1408:
1126:
Ryder, Mh; Jones, Da (1991). "Biological
Control of Crown Gall Using Using Agrobacterium Strains K84 and K1026".
551:
429:
423:
387:
31:
234:
in order to release the nutrients inside and include esterases, glycosyl hydrolases, lyases and oxidoreductases.
3237:
3082:
2132:
1919:
1505:
1418:
1403:
1358:
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1227:
1128:
468:
357:
304:
99:
45:
3281:
1846:
1569:
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1455:
1423:
3067:
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1914:
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1841:
1836:
1591:
1522:
1515:
1332:
1327:
531:
473:
59:
3232:
1730:
1510:
938:
2954:
2806:
2478:
2037:
1975:
1811:
1601:
1460:
1413:
1031:
667:
208:
864:"How do plants fight disease? Breakthrough research by UC Riverside plant pathologist offers a clue"
3124:
2669:
1428:
541:
521:
399:
383:
1982:
960:
Andersen, Ethan J.; Ali, Shaukat; Byamukama, Emmanuel; Yen, Yang; Nepal, Madhav P. (4 July 2018).
3062:
2927:
2796:
2705:
2397:
2183:
2079:
1987:
1909:
1735:
1651:
611:"Infectious plant diseases: etiology, current status, problems and prospects in plant protection"
879:"Abiotic plant disorders: Symptoms, signs and solutions. A diagnostic guide to problem solving"
345:
Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the outbreak and spread of infectious diseases.
3286:
3220:
2069:
2064:
1579:
1552:
1500:
1470:
1160:
1108:
1057:
993:
795:
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693:
640:
591:
581:
546:
478:
264:
220:
762:
Giovannoni, Moira; Gramegna, Giovanna; Benedetti, Manuel; Mattei, Benedetta (29 April 2020).
3006:
2912:
2907:
2861:
2754:
2739:
2700:
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2390:
2287:
2229:
1816:
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1098:
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1047:
1039:
983:
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734:
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683:
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630:
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511:
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3242:
3104:
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2564:
2525:
2498:
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2213:
2030:
1791:
1527:
308:
161:
38:
1999:
1103:
1076:
1035:
671:
3154:
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3054:
3018:
2774:
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2579:
2545:
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2503:
2493:
2488:
2370:
2188:
2173:
2127:
2122:
1747:
1052:
1019:
988:
961:
837:"1st large-scale map of a plant's protein network addresses evolution, disease process"
790:
763:
739:
712:
635:
610:
556:
337:
201:
197:
185:
1204:
Pacific
Northwest Fungi, online mycology journal with papers on fungal plant pathogens
3275:
3190:
2938:
2856:
2828:
2791:
2759:
2695:
2615:
2515:
2317:
2300:
2223:
2203:
2144:
2139:
2087:
1941:
1806:
1764:
1710:
1532:
1353:
1274:
1209:
New Mexico State
University Department of Entomology Plant Pathology and Weed Science
418:
189:
121:
115:
83:
713:"Synergisms between microbial pathogens in plant disease complexes: a growing trend"
3185:
3175:
3077:
2801:
2786:
2295:
2262:
1861:
1720:
1695:
1537:
1495:
1440:
1398:
452:
448:
427:, which causes gall diseases in many plants, by dipping cuttings in suspensions of
256:
216:
149:
54:
679:
3001:
2986:
2981:
2917:
2779:
2559:
2530:
2429:
2424:
2272:
2112:
2107:
2092:
1851:
1786:
1769:
1742:
1715:
1700:
1676:
1547:
1388:
1316:
483:
165:
137:
103:
626:
17:
3030:
3023:
3013:
2996:
2679:
2674:
2610:
2402:
2249:
2208:
2102:
1542:
1490:
1485:
1368:
1093:
1043:
1018:
Mumford, Rick; Boonham, Neil; Tomlinson, Jenny; Barker, Ian (September 2006).
595:
456:
1198:
780:
3138:
3035:
2764:
2569:
2550:
2461:
2385:
2257:
2198:
2178:
2117:
1752:
1480:
1219:
729:
403:
231:
193:
177:
173:
169:
133:
129:
1112:
1061:
997:
814:
799:
748:
697:
644:
3180:
3170:
3114:
3109:
2876:
2749:
2725:
2642:
2312:
2097:
1445:
1020:"Advances in molecular phytodiagnostics - new solutions for old problems"
978:
320:
157:
153:
91:
87:
1077:"Current and emerging trends in techniques for plant pathogen detection"
688:
2365:
2360:
2277:
2267:
1801:
1757:
1725:
284:
1141:
2818:
2710:
2664:
2630:
2584:
2574:
2535:
2473:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2053:
1779:
1705:
1373:
1363:
391:
312:
238:
212:
181:
141:
125:
3042:
2976:
2898:
2866:
2823:
2715:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2635:
2620:
2589:
2510:
2168:
2159:
1796:
336:
300:
288:
145:
53:
2893:
2888:
2540:
2380:
2355:
2350:
2334:
2305:
2193:
1687:
1475:
1199:
Plant Health
Progress, Online journal of applied plant pathology
316:
296:
292:
2026:
1289:
1223:
863:
2813:
2375:
1285:
839:. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. July 29, 2011. Archived from
447:
Plant pathology has developed from antiquity, starting with
1203:
211:, of five main types: uses of cell wall–degrading enzymes,
1213:
1193:
1183:
1075:
Venbrux, Marc; Crauwels, Sam; Rediers, Hans (8 May 2023).
914:
2022:
1208:
1188:
711:
Lamichhane, Jay Ram; Venturi, Vittorio (27 May 2015).
451:
in the ancient era, but scientific study began in the
44:"Phytopathology" redirects here. For the journal, see
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
886:
Michigan State
University Department of Horticulture
37:. For organisms that damage crops and forestry, see
3199:
3163:
3053:
2926:
2842:
2738:
2688:
2413:
2343:
2286:
2248:
2222:
2158:
2078:
1933:
1877:
1825:
1686:
1590:
1387:
1346:
433:before inserting them in the ground to take root.
406:. The primary detection method used worldwide is
120:Plant pathogens, organisms that cause infectious
815:"Genome of Irish potato famine pathogen decoded"
102:, how plant diseases affect humans and animals,
1214:Pathogen Host Interactions Database (PHI-base)
1157:Introduction to the History of Plant Pathology
2038:
1301:
1235:
768:Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
580:(Sixth ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press.
207:To colonize a plant, pathogens have specific
8:
3144:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
106:genetics, and management of plant diseases.
888:. Michigan State University. Archived from
2245:
2045:
2031:
2023:
1308:
1294:
1286:
1242:
1228:
1220:
58:Life cycle of the black rot pathogen, the
1184:International Society for Plant Pathology
1102:
1092:
1051:
987:
977:
962:"Disease Resistance Mechanisms in Plants"
789:
779:
738:
728:
687:
634:
230:: These are used to break down the plant
3088:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
941:. Oregon State University. 25 April 2014
568:
396:loop-mediated isothermal amplification
307:; deposition of mineral salts such as
459:, and developed in the 19th century.
7:
1994:
915:"American Phytopathological Society"
817:. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
502:Australasian Plant Pathology Society
180:. The vast majority of these act on
2006:
1194:British Society for Plant Pathology
1155:Aisnworth, Geoffrey Clough (1981).
1024:European Journal of Plant Pathology
507:British Society for Plant Pathology
94:, disease cycles, economic impact,
1857:Environmental impact of irrigation
1189:American Phytopathological Society
919:American Phytopathological Society
877:Schutzki, R.E.; Cregg, B. (2007).
813:Davis, Nicole (9 September 2009).
497:American Phytopathological Society
27:Scientific study of plant diseases
25:
3093:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
463:Notable People in Plant Pathology
455:period with the invention of the
408:enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
3256:
3255:
2005:
1993:
1981:
1970:
1969:
1925:Agriculture and the environment
1662:British Agricultural Revolution
537:List of phytopathology journals
196:). For microbes, the cell wall
1869:Climate change and agriculture
1642:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
1159:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
1260:Physiological plant disorders
680:10.1016/j.tplants.2008.09.002
576:Oliver, Richard, ed. (2024).
273:Physiological plant disorders
176:and enzymes that degrade the
3134:History of plant systematics
2721:Thorns, spines, and prickles
1647:Arab Agricultural Revolution
319:and breakage by storms; and
279:Physiological plant disorder
862:Ma, Winbo (28 March 2011).
443:Timeline of plant pathology
373:Antagonism (phytopathology)
250:Type three secretion system
228:Cell wall-degrading enzymes
82:is the scientific study of
3303:
2950:Alternation of generations
1607:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
1081:Frontiers in Plant Science
717:Frontiers in Plant Science
627:10.32607/actanaturae.11026
527:Glossary of phytopathology
517:Gene-for-gene relationship
440:
370:
355:
333:Plant disease epidemiology
330:
276:
113:
96:plant disease epidemiology
43:
29:
3251:
3100:Cultivated plant taxonomy
3063:Biological classification
2060:
1966:
1957:Universities and colleges
1575:Universities and colleges
1380:
1323:
1255:
1250:Plant disorders / control
1094:10.3389/fpls.2023.1120968
1044:10.1007/s10658-006-9037-0
552:Plant disease forecasting
430:Agrobacterium radiobacter
424:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
388:polymerase chain reaction
2960:Evolutionary development
1942:Agriculturist profession
1419:Agricultural engineering
1404:Agricultural cooperative
1270:Plant stress measurement
1129:Functional Plant Biology
781:10.3389/fbioe.2020.00356
469:George Washington Carver
358:Plant disease resistance
100:plant disease resistance
2611:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
1847:Agricultural wastewater
1570:Sustainable food system
1565:Sustainable agriculture
1456:Animal-free agriculture
1424:Agricultural technology
730:10.3389/fpls.2015.00385
660:Trends in Plant Science
578:Agrios' plant pathology
3226:by author abbreviation
3150:Plant taxonomy systems
3068:Botanical nomenclature
1947:Agricultural machinery
1905:History of agriculture
1890:Agriculture by country
1885:Agricultural machinery
1842:Agricultural pollution
1837:Agricultural expansion
1612:Austronesian expansion
1523:Mechanised agriculture
532:Horsfall-Barratt scale
342:
341:Plant disease triangle
72:
65:Xanthomonas campestris
3233:Botanical expeditions
1952:Government ministries
1895:Agriculture companies
1731:Convertible husbandry
1409:Agricultural supplies
1359:Agricultural Engineer
484:Agnes Robertson Arber
441:Further information:
371:Further information:
340:
215:, effector proteins,
209:pathogenicity factors
114:Further information:
57:
30:For the journal, see
2965:Evolutionary history
2955:Double fertilization
2807:Cellular respiration
1602:Neolithic Revolution
1461:Cellular agriculture
1414:Agricultural science
979:10.3390/genes9070339
895:on 24 September 2015
2184:Non-vascular plants
1036:2006EJPP..116....1M
672:2008TPS....13..610C
542:Microbial inoculant
522:Global Plant Clinic
400:molecular diagnosis
384:molecular pathology
305:nutrient deficiency
303:and poor drainage;
110:Plant pathogenicity
2689:Surface structures
2484:Flower development
1736:Rotational grazing
1652:Columbian exchange
939:"Disease Triangle"
352:Disease resistance
343:
265:Exopolysaccharides
221:exopolysaccharides
73:
3269:
3268:
2908:Herbaceous plants
2734:
2733:
2020:
2019:
1580:Urban agriculture
1553:Rice-duck farming
1501:Intensive farming
1471:Extensive farming
1283:
1282:
1166:978-0-521-23032-2
1142:10.1071/pp9910571
547:Phytopharmacology
479:Erwin Frink Smith
246:Effector proteins
148:-like organisms,
16:(Redirected from
3294:
3259:
3258:
3238:Individual trees
2913:Secondary growth
2884:Succulent plants
2872:Prostrate shrubs
2755:Apical dominance
2740:Plant physiology
2701:Epicuticular wax
2246:
2239:
2230:Plant morphology
2047:
2040:
2033:
2024:
2009:
2008:
1997:
1996:
1985:
1973:
1972:
1817:Wildlife farming
1667:Green Revolution
1618:Ancient history
1558:Rice-fish system
1466:Contract farming
1451:Animal husbandry
1310:
1303:
1296:
1287:
1275:Transplant shock
1244:
1237:
1230:
1221:
1171:
1170:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1106:
1096:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1055:
1015:
1002:
1001:
991:
981:
957:
951:
950:
948:
946:
935:
929:
928:
926:
925:
911:
905:
904:
902:
900:
894:
883:
874:
868:
867:
859:
853:
852:
850:
848:
833:
827:
826:
824:
822:
810:
804:
803:
793:
783:
759:
753:
752:
742:
732:
708:
702:
701:
691:
655:
649:
648:
638:
606:
600:
599:
573:
512:Forest pathology
164:. In most plant
162:parasitic plants
21:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3247:
3216:Botanical terms
3209:
3195:
3159:
3105:Citrus taxonomy
3083:Author citation
3049:
2943:
2922:
2844:
2838:
2834:Turgor pressure
2742:
2730:
2684:
2499:Floral symmetry
2417:
2409:
2339:
2328:Vascular bundle
2323:Vascular tissue
2282:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2218:
2189:Vascular plants
2154:
2150:Plant pathology
2074:
2056:
2051:
2021:
2016:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1929:
1920:Poultry farming
1873:
1828:
1821:
1792:Poultry farming
1682:
1658:Modern history
1638:Post-classical
1586:
1585:
1584:
1528:Organic farming
1383:
1382:
1378:
1342:
1319:
1314:
1284:
1279:
1265:Plant pathology
1251:
1248:
1218:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1017:
1016:
1005:
959:
958:
954:
944:
942:
937:
936:
932:
923:
921:
913:
912:
908:
898:
896:
892:
881:
876:
875:
871:
866:. UC Riverside.
861:
860:
856:
846:
844:
835:
834:
830:
820:
818:
812:
811:
807:
761:
760:
756:
710:
709:
705:
666:(11): 610–617.
657:
656:
652:
608:
607:
603:
588:
575:
574:
570:
566:
561:
492:
465:
445:
439:
416:
386:assays such as
380:
375:
369:
360:
354:
335:
329:
309:sodium chloride
281:
275:
198:polysaccharides
118:
112:
76:Plant pathology
52:
42:
39:Pest (organism)
33:Plant Pathology
28:
23:
22:
18:Plant Pathology
15:
12:
11:
5:
3300:
3298:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3282:Phytopathology
3274:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3206:Related topics
3204:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3155:Taxonomic rank
3152:
3147:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3107:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3073:Botanical name
3065:
3059:
3057:
3055:Plant taxonomy
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3031:Megasporangium
3028:
3027:
3026:
3019:Microsporangia
3011:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2864:
2859:
2857:Cushion plants
2848:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2794:
2792:Plant hormones
2789:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2775:Photosynthesis
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
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2489:Floral diagram
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2080:Subdisciplines
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1177:External links
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843:on 12 May 2012
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202:fruit ripening
186:pectinesterase
184:(for example,
122:plant diseases
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80:phytopathology
47:Phytopathology
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2616:Inflorescence
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1900:Biotechnology
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587:9780128224298
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474:Anton de Bary
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257:Phytohormones
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226:
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217:phytohormones
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190:pectate lyase
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116:Plant disease
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71:
70:
66:
61:
60:gram negative
56:
50:
48:
40:
36:
34:
19:
3186:Horticulture
3176:Floriculture
3078:Correct name
2928:Reproduction
2918:Woody plants
2843:Plant growth
2802:Gas Exchange
2787:Phytomelanin
2665:Plant embryo
2415:Reproductive
2263:Phragmoplast
2149:
2010:
1998:
1986:
1974:
1862:Overdrafting
1721:Goat farming
1632:Ancient Rome
1538:Permaculture
1496:Horticulture
1441:Agroforestry
1399:Agribusiness
1264:
1156:
1150:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1027:
1023:
969:
965:
955:
943:. Retrieved
933:
922:. Retrieved
918:
909:
897:. Retrieved
890:the original
885:
872:
857:
845:. Retrieved
841:the original
831:
819:. Retrieved
808:
771:
767:
757:
720:
716:
706:
689:11336/148749
663:
659:
653:
621:(3): 46–59.
618:
615:Acta Naturae
614:
604:
577:
571:
453:Early Modern
449:Theophrastus
446:
428:
422:
417:
381:
361:
347:
344:
327:Epidemiology
282:
263:
255:
245:
237:
227:
206:
166:pathosystems
150:phytoplasmas
119:
79:
75:
74:
68:
64:
46:
32:
3002:Pollen tube
2997:Pollinators
2987:Pollination
2982:Germination
2797:Respiration
2780:Chlorophyll
2626:Pedicellate
2560:Gametophyte
2479:Aestivation
2430:Antheridium
2425:Archegonium
2273:Plasmodesma
2250:Plant cells
2113:Paleobotany
2108:Ethnobotany
2093:Astrobotany
2012:Wikiproject
1852:Overgrazing
1787:Pig farming
1770:Paddy field
1743:Hydroponics
1716:Fur farming
1701:Aquaculture
1696:Agrivoltaic
1677:Monoculture
1598:Prehistory
1548:Polyculture
1369:Farm worker
1347:Occupations
1317:Agriculture
1030:(1): 1–19.
945:31 December
172:depends on
104:pathosystem
3276:Categories
3024:Microspore
3014:Sporangium
2992:Artificial
2680:Sporophyte
2675:Sporophyll
2670:Receptacle
2565:Gynandrium
2435:Androecium
2344:Vegetative
2214:Angiosperm
2209:Gymnosperm
2103:Dendrology
1878:Categories
1543:Plantation
1491:Free range
1486:Feed ratio
1136:(5): 571.
972:(7): 339.
924:2019-03-26
596:1382797185
564:References
457:microscope
414:Biological
404:PCR arrays
367:Management
194:pectinases
174:hydrolases
124:, include
86:caused by
69:campestris
62:bacterium
3221:Botanists
3139:Herbarium
3036:Megaspore
2934:Evolution
2877:Subshrubs
2845:and habit
2770:Nutrition
2765:Cellulose
2760:Bulk flow
2743:Materials
2706:Epidermis
2570:Gynoecium
2551:Endosperm
2546:Dispersal
2462:Staminode
2398:Sessility
2386:Cataphyll
2306:Mesophyll
2258:Cell wall
2199:Lycophyte
2179:Bryophyte
2133:Geobotany
2118:Phycology
1910:Livestock
1753:Livestock
1481:Farmhouse
402:requires
378:Detection
321:wildfires
232:cell wall
178:cell wall
170:virulence
158:nematodes
130:oomycetes
88:pathogens
67:pathovar
49:(journal)
35:(journal)
3287:Agronomy
3261:Category
3181:Forestry
3171:Agronomy
3164:Practice
3115:Cultivar
3110:Cultigen
2970:timeline
2862:Rosettes
2750:Aleurone
2726:Trichome
2643:Perianth
2455:Filament
2313:Meristem
2236:glossary
2098:Bryology
1976:Category
1802:Orchards
1775:Pastoral
1446:Agronomy
1113:37223788
1104:10200959
1062:32214677
998:29973557
899:10 April
800:32411686
749:26074945
698:18824396
645:33173596
557:Stunting
490:See also
317:windburn
301:flooding
154:protozoa
134:bacteria
92:etiology
2939:Ecology
2696:Cuticle
2526:Capsule
2516:Anatomy
2467:Tapetum
2391:Petiole
2366:Rhizome
2361:Rhizoid
2288:Tissues
2278:Vacuole
2268:Plastid
2070:Outline
2065:History
2000:Commons
1812:Terrace
1758:Pasture
1726:Grazing
1672:Organic
1592:History
1506:animals
1429:Digital
1389:General
1333:History
1328:Outline
1053:7087944
1032:Bibcode
989:6071103
847:24 July
821:24 July
791:7200985
774:: 356.
740:4445244
723:: 385.
668:Bibcode
636:7604890
437:History
390:(PCR),
285:drought
182:pectins
142:viroids
138:viruses
3243:Plants
3146:(IAPT)
2899:Lianas
2867:Shrubs
2819:Starch
2711:Nectar
2631:Raceme
2597:Stigma
2585:Locule
2575:Carpel
2536:Pyrena
2474:Flower
2450:Anther
2445:Stamen
2440:Pollen
2162:groups
2054:Botany
1988:Portal
1829:impact
1780:Bocage
1706:Cattle
1374:Herder
1364:Farmer
1163:
1111:
1101:
1060:
1050:
996:
986:
798:
788:
747:
737:
696:
643:
633:
594:
584:
392:RT-PCR
313:gypsum
239:Toxins
219:, and
213:toxins
192:, and
3203:Lists
3120:Group
3043:Spore
2977:Flora
2894:Vines
2889:Trees
2852:Habit
2824:Sugar
2716:Stoma
2658:Sepal
2653:Petal
2648:Tepal
2636:Umbel
2621:Bract
2602:Style
2590:Ovule
2580:Ovary
2521:Berry
2511:Fruit
2504:Whorl
2371:Shoot
2169:Algae
2160:Plant
1934:Lists
1797:Ranch
1765:Mixed
1516:crops
1338:Index
966:Genes
893:(PDF)
882:(PDF)
289:frost
146:virus
126:fungi
3125:Grex
3007:Self
2541:Seed
2403:Stem
2381:Leaf
2356:Root
2351:Bulb
2335:Wood
2296:Cork
2194:Fern
1511:pigs
1476:Farm
1161:ISBN
1109:PMID
1058:PMID
994:PMID
947:2023
901:2015
849:2012
823:2012
796:PMID
745:PMID
694:PMID
641:PMID
592:OCLC
582:ISBN
394:and
311:and
297:hail
295:and
293:snow
160:and
2814:Sap
2531:Nut
2376:Bud
1138:doi
1099:PMC
1089:doi
1048:PMC
1040:doi
1028:116
984:PMC
974:doi
786:PMC
776:doi
735:PMC
725:doi
684:hdl
676:doi
631:PMC
623:doi
323:.
78:or
3278::
1134:18
1132:.
1107:.
1097:.
1087:.
1085:14
1083:.
1079:.
1056:.
1046:.
1038:.
1026:.
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1006:^
992:.
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