2043:
1645:. Broadly speaking, flowering plants can be classified as long day plants, short day plants, or day neutral plants, depending on their particular response to changes in day length. Long day plants require a certain minimum length of daylight to start flowering, so these plants flower in the spring or summer. Conversely, short day plants flower when the length of daylight falls below a certain critical level. Day neutral plants do not initiate flowering based on photoperiodism, though some may use temperature sensitivity (
56:
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1924:. The traps consist of modified leaf blades which bear sensitive trigger hairs. When the hairs are touched by an insect or other animal, the leaf folds shut. This mechanism allows the plant to trap and digest small insects for additional nutrients. Although the trap is rapidly shut by changes in internal cell pressures, the leaf must grow slowly to reset for a second opportunity to trap insects.
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1837:, are known for their "obvious sensory abilities". Nevertheless, the plant kingdom as a whole do not feel pain notwithstanding their abilities to respond to sunlight, gravity, wind, and any external stimuli such as insect bites, since they lack any nervous system. The primary reason for this is that, unlike the members of the
1273:
1421:
are signal molecules produced at specific locations, that occur in very low concentrations, and cause altered processes in target cells at other locations. Unlike animals, plants lack specific hormone-producing tissues or organs. Plant hormones are often not transported to other parts of the plant
2094:
Researchers discovered in the 1800s that plants absorb essential mineral nutrients as inorganic ions in water. In natural conditions, soil acts as a mineral nutrient reservoir but the soil itself is not essential to plant growth. When the mineral nutrients in the soil are dissolved in water, plant
1980:
Because the biology of plants differs with animals, their symptoms and responses are quite different. In some cases, a plant can simply shed infected leaves or flowers to prevent the spread of disease, in a process called abscission. Most animals do not have this option as a means of controlling
1703:
Paradoxically, the subdiscipline of environmental physiology is on the one hand a recent field of study in plant ecology and on the other hand one of the oldest. Environmental physiology is the preferred name of the subdiscipline among plant physiologists, but it goes by a number of other names in
2064:
published what is considered the first quantitative experiment in plant physiology in 1648. He grew a willow tree for five years in a pot containing 200 pounds of oven-dry soil. The soil lost just two ounces of dry weight and van
Helmont concluded that plants get all their weight from water, not
1652:
Although a short day plant cannot flower during the long days of summer, it is not actually the period of light exposure that limits flowering. Rather, a short day plant requires a minimal length of uninterrupted darkness in each 24-hour period (a short daylength) before floral development can
386:
catch light in order to manufacture nutrients. For both of these organs to remain living, minerals that the roots acquire must be transported to the leaves, and the nutrients manufactured in the leaves must be transported to the roots. Plants have developed a number of ways to achieve this
2150:, fruit set. The production of food crops also hinges on the study of plant physiology covering such topics as optimal planting and harvesting times and post harvest storage of plant products for human consumption and the production of secondary products like drugs and cosmetics.
2153:
Crop physiology steps back and looks at a field of plants as a whole, rather than looking at each plant individually. Crop physiology looks at how plants respond to each other and how to maximize results like food production through determining things like optimal
2397:
Given that plants do not have pain receptors, nerves, or a brain, they do not feel pain as we members of the animal kingdom understand it. Uprooting a carrot or trimming a hedge is not a form of botanical torture, and you can bite into that apple without
1893:, the bending of the plant toward a source of light. Phototropism allows the plant to maximize light exposure in plants which require additional light for photosynthesis, or to minimize it in plants subjected to intense light and heat.
1264:, and are used commercially as food-coloring agents. Plant physiologists are uncertain of the function that betalains have in plants which possess them, but there is some preliminary evidence that they may have fungicidal properties.
1716:. The particular name applied to the subdiscipline is specific to the viewpoint and goals of research. Whatever name is applied, it deals with the ways in which plants respond to their environment and so overlaps with the field of
1595:) and to set circadian rhythms. It also regulates other responses including the germination of seeds, elongation of seedlings, the size, shape and number of leaves, the synthesis of chlorophyll, and the straightening of the
425:. Stress from water loss, changes in air chemistry, or crowding by other plants can lead to changes in the way a plant functions. These changes may be affected by genetic, chemical, and physical factors.
1897:
allows the roots of a plant to determine the direction of gravity and grow downwards. Tropisms generally result from an interaction between the environment and production of one or more plant hormones.
3735:
1889:
growth, in which the cells on one side of the plant elongates more than those on the other side, causing the part to bend toward the side with less growth. Among the common tropisms seen in plants is
340:
and foul-tasting or smelling chemicals. Other compounds defend plants against disease, permit survival during drought, and prepare plants for dormancy, while other compounds are used to attract
1234:. In these plants, the anthocyanin catches light that has passed through the leaf and reflects it back towards regions bearing chlorophyll, in order to maximize the use of available light
1228:
of flowers, where they may make up as much as 30% of the dry weight of the tissue. They are also responsible for the purple color seen on the underside of tropical shade plants such as
3740:
1981:
disease. Plant diseases organisms themselves also differ from those causing disease in animals because plants cannot usually spread infection through casual physical contact. Plant
2099:, the growing of plants in a water solution rather than soil, which has become a standard technique in biological research, teaching lab exercises, crop production and as a hobby.
1653:
begin. It has been determined experimentally that a short day plant (long night) does not flower if a flash of phytochrome activating light is used on the plant during the night.
316:(plant chemistry) is included within the domain of plant physiology. To function and survive, plants produce a wide array of chemical compounds not found in other organisms.
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4583:
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598:
Despite this underlying similarity, plants produce a vast array of chemical compounds with unique properties which they use to cope with their environment.
1957:
in plants and the manner in which plants resist or cope with infection. Plant are susceptible to the same kinds of disease organisms as animals, including
4105:
3941:
1294:
Plants produce hormones and other growth regulators which act to signal a physiological response in their tissues. They also produce compounds such as
5164:
1453:. They regulate which tissues grow upwards and which grow downwards, leaf formation and stem growth, fruit development and ripening, as well as leaf
1417:, known as plant growth regulators (PGRs) or phytohormones, are chemicals that regulate a plant's growth. According to a standard animal definition,
355:, and which lead to major differences in the way that plant life behaves and responds differently from animal life. For example, plant cells have a
4423:
3607:
1498:
is important for photosynthesis in plants, few realize that plant sensitivity to light plays a role in the control of plant structural development (
4670:
1552:
light in the long wave "A" region. The UV-B receptor is one or more compounds not yet identified with certainty, though some evidence suggests
394:
Fourthly, plant physiologists study the ways that plants control or regulate internal functions. Like animals, plants produce chemicals called
253:
The field of plant physiology includes the study of all the internal activities of plants—those chemical and physical processes associated with
2541:
2493:
2468:
2042:
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4622:
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Environmental physiologists also examine plant response to biological factors. This includes not only negative interactions, such as
2060:
Bacon grew several terrestrial plants, including a rose, in water and concluded that soil was only needed to keep the plant upright.
374:, and organs within a plant. Different cells and tissues are physically and chemically specialized to perform different functions.
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bloom at the appropriate time because of light-sensitive compounds that respond to the length of the night, a phenomenon known as
2692:
421:
Finally, plant physiology includes the study of plant response to environmental conditions and their variation, a field known as
1841:
whose evolutionary successes and failures are shaped by suffering, the evolution of plants are simply shaped by life and death.
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in a way that enables plants to manufacture their own nutrients rather than consuming other living things as animals do.
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in different sources of water. He found that plants grew much better in water with soil added than in distilled water.
1829:. Many plants are known to perceive and respond to mechanical stimuli at a cellular level, and some plants such as the
5351:
4828:
4774:
3863:
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2095:
roots absorb nutrients readily, soil is no longer required for the plant to thrive. This observation is the basis for
1094:. It is the presence and relative abundance of chlorophyll that gives plants their green color. All land plants and
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that are sensitive to light and which serve to trigger growth or development in response to environmental signals.
672:(large) refers to the quantity needed, not the size of the nutrient particles themselves. Other nutrients, called
28:
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as they occur in plants. This includes study at many levels of scale of size and time. At the smallest scale are
207:
167:
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4705:
4543:
3927:
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328:, and other compounds to function. Because they cannot move, plants must also defend themselves chemically from
4471:
676:, are required only in trace amounts for plants to remain healthy. Such micronutrients are usually absorbed as
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4614:
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3885:
3730:
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1438:
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in plants). The scope of plant physiology as a discipline may be divided into several major areas of research.
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189:
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2046:
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4383:
1805:
While plants, as living beings, can perceive and communicate physical stimuli and damage, they do not feel
398:
which are produced in one part of the plant to signal cells in another part of the plant to respond. Many
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4924:
4906:
4710:
4535:
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with a light-sensitive pigment. Cryptochrome is also known as the UV-A photoreceptor, because it absorbs
1441:
of cells and tissues. Hormones are vital to plant growth; affecting processes in plants from flowering to
1152:
by gathering wavelengths of light not readily absorbed by chlorophyll. The most familiar carotenoids are
5210:
5159:
4996:
4894:
4415:
4310:
3880:
1990:
1860:
1779:
1656:
Plants make use of the phytochrome system to sense day length or photoperiod. This fact is utilized by
1541:
1240:
are red or yellow pigments. Like anthocyanins they are water-soluble, but unlike anthocyanins they are
270:
4447:
1260:), and never co-occur in plants with anthocyanins. Betalains are responsible for the deep red color of
347:
Secondly, plant physiology includes the study of biological and chemical processes of individual plant
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4343:
5144:
4972:
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4750:
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1224:, though not always in sufficient quantities to be noticeable. Anthocyanins are most visible in the
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spend billions of dollars each year researching plant compounds for potential medicinal benefits.
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Economically, one of the most important areas of research in environmental physiology is that of
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1997:
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120:
84:
391:, and the functioning of the various modes of transport is studied by plant physiologists.
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2079:
is considered the Father of Plant
Physiology for the many experiments in the 1727 book,
1996:
One of the most important advances in the control of plant disease was the discovery of
1904:
results from differential cell growth (e.g. epinasty and hiponasty), or from changes in
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length, which they take as signals to flower. This sensitivity to day length is termed
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1134:. All chlorophylls serve as the primary means plants use to intercept light to fuel
673:
602:
are used by plants to absorb or detect light, and are extracted by humans for use in
414:
and loss of leaves in the winter are controlled in part by the production of the gas
395:
116:
76:
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1007:
269:
of water, minerals, and nutrients. At the largest scale are the processes of plant
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2013:
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unified the pieces of plant physiology and put them together as a discipline. His
1480:, though there are many other substances that serve to regulate plant physiology.
2293:
The organic constituents of higher plants: their chemistry and interrelationships
606:. Other plant products may be used for the manufacture of commercially important
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http://www.illustratedgarden.org/mobot/rarebooks/title.asp?relation=QK711H341727
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2306:
Kimler, L. M. (1975). "Betanin, the red beet pigment, as an antifungal agent".
2169:
1723:
Environmental physiologists examine plant response to physical factors such as
1044:. Plant pigments include a variety of different kinds of molecules, including
304:
17:
5320:
4220:
4170:
4145:
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3678:
3671:
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published one of the first plant physiology experiments in 1627 in the book,
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is a short-day plant, requiring two months of long nights prior to blooming.
1600:
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351:. Plant cells have a number of features that distinguish them from cells of
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266:
2445:
2412:"Anesthetics and plants: no pain, no brain, and therefore no consciousness"
1664:
gardeners to control and even induce flowering out of season, such as the
1615:
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4155:
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1982:
1962:
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1871:, is called a tropism. A response to a nondirectional stimulus, such as
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108:
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1954:
1882:
1864:
1850:
1787:
1756:
1717:
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1545:
1511:
1418:
1342: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1027:
808:
631:
623:
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599:
487: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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321:
298:
181: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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others. The light that is absorbed may be used by the plant to power
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691:
nutrients essential to plants. Uses within plants are generalized.
614:. Perhaps the most celebrated compounds from plants are those with
359:
which maintains the shape of plant cells. Plant cells also contain
3919:
595:. Only the details of their individual molecular structures vary.
63:
Plant physiologists study fundamental processes of plants, such as
5195:
3690:
3624:
3546:
3514:
3471:
3363:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3283:
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3158:
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1986:
1966:
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1931:
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1728:
1679:
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1148:. They function as accessory pigments in plants, helping to fuel
1091:
1077:
1065:
1018:
1006:
917:
592:
432:
411:
364:
337:
112:
49:
2142:, and other consumable parts of plants. Topics studied include:
1502:). The use of light to control structural development is called
587:, etc.—are the same as for all other life forms: animals, fungi,
370:
Thirdly, plant physiology deals with interactions between cells,
3541:
3536:
3188:
3028:
3003:
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2982:
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2020:
1806:
1744:
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that absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light while reflecting
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383:
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function to anchor the plant and acquire minerals in the soil.
375:
254:
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3923:
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2410:
Draguhn, Andreas; Mallatt, Jon M.; Robinson, David G. (2021).
2012:. Application of the mixture served to inhibit the growth of
1638:
1576:
1311:
1040:
Among the most important molecules for plant function are the
677:
603:
456:
336:
and competition from other plants. They do this by producing
150:
1540:. The first two of these, phytochrome and cryptochrome, are
664:, in large quantities to survive. Some nutrients are termed
2617:
Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo Zeiger, Ian Max Møller, Angus Murphy:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2000:
in the nineteenth century. The mixture is the first known
1859:
Plants may respond both to directional and non-directional
1197:
996:
Enzymatic cofactor in the metabolism of nitrogen compounds
285:
control. Major subdisciplines of plant physiology include
4671:
An
Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants
2463:. Cambridge, Massachusetts : MIT Press. p. 160.
2670:
1637:
use the pigment phytochrome to sense seasonal changes in
1076:, while the reflected wavelengths of light determine the
684:
acquire some of their micronutrients from captured prey.
1587:. Many flowering plants use it to regulate the time of
1164:(a yellow pigment found in fruits and vegetables), and
2624:
2134:, plant physiology is an important topic relating to
1422:
and production is not limited to specific locations.
954:
Involved in the synthesis of enzymes and chlorophyll
1704:
the applied sciences. It is roughly synonymous with
1571:
The most studied of the photoreceptors in plants is
1506:, and is dependent upon the presence of specialized
5310:
5256:
5233:
5042:
4729:
4681:
4329:
4288:
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4040:
4024:
3998:
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3574:
3490:
3386:
3336:
3061:
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2934:
2896:
2870:
2806:
2726:
1912:), which may occur rapidly. A familiar example is
1564:, as its name suggests, is a chemical precursor of
1544:, complex molecular structures formed by joining a
803:Cofactor in protein synthesis, water balance, etc.
5226:
2525:
2327:Plant Growth and Development: A Molecular Approach
2308:Botanical Society of America, Abstracts of Papers
1863:. A response to a directional stimulus, such as
27:For the scientific journal of the same name, see
4647:Pflanzengeographie auf Physiologischer Grundlage
4584:Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
1429:that in small amounts promote and influence the
308:Five key areas of study within plant physiology.
119:. Plant physiology interacts with the fields of
2484:Kingsley Rowland Stern; Shelley Jansky (1991).
2329:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 498–509.
1248:. This class of pigments is found only in the
1098:possess two forms of this pigment: chlorophyll
680:dissolved in water taken from the soil, though
1767:, as well as the cycling of nutrients such as
1168:(the red pigment responsible for the color of
5211:
4099:
3935:
2686:
422:
8:
4560:Traité d'Anatomie et de Physiologie Végétale
3792:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
2091:was the plant physiology bible of its time.
941:Activity of some enzymes and photosystem II
912:Chlorophyll formation and nitrogen fixation
563:of which plants are constructed—principally
790:Cellulose, starch, other organic compounds
773:Cellulose, starch, other organic compounds
5218:
5204:
5196:
4106:
4092:
4084:
3942:
3928:
3920:
2893:
2693:
2679:
2671:
2599:Frank B. Salisbury; Cleon W. Ross (1992).
2375:
2373:
2371:
2266:Frank B. Salisbury; Cleon W. Ross (1992).
1794:, but also positive interactions, such as
1751:relations (which can be measured with the
1172:). Carotenoids have been shown to act as
1086:is the primary pigment in plants; it is a
363:, a chemical compound that interacts with
5165:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
4355:of Nicolaus of Damascus c. 1st century BC
2435:
1885:in plants are the result of differential
1521:Plants use four kinds of photoreceptors:
1402:Learn how and when to remove this message
983:Nitrogen fixation, reduction of nitrates
547:Learn how and when to remove this message
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
4424:Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes
3736:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
2459:Adrian Charles Slack; Jane Gate (1980).
2016:that threatened to seriously damage the
870:
729:Nucleic acids, proteins, hormones, etc.
693:
303:
54:
2631:
2253:
4568:Recherches Chimiques sur la Végétation
1591:based on the length of day and night (
1460:The most important plant hormones are
1196:that appear red to blue, according to
2146:requirements, fruit drop, nutrition,
1813:do simply because of the lack of any
1204:of higher plants, providing color in
816:Membrane synthesis and stabilization
127:(interactions with the environment),
7:
1560:as candidates. Protochlorophyllide
1340:adding citations to reliable sources
1244:-derived compounds synthesized from
899:Photosystem II and stomata function
485:adding citations to reliable sources
344:or herbivores to spread ripe seeds.
179:adding citations to reliable sources
2069:published experiments on growth of
1575:. It is sensitive to light in the
44:concerned with the functioning, or
4623:Experiments on Plant Hybridization
4576:Beyträge zur Anatomie der Pflanzen
1969:, as well as physical invasion by
849:Nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP
829:Element essential for chlorophyll
25:
4655:Variation and Evolution in Plants
3741:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
1693:is regulated by blue to UV light.
5178:
5177:
4279:
3989:
3904:
3903:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2619:Fundamentals of Plant Physiology
2488:. WCB/McGraw-Hill. p. 309.
2196:
2182:
2168:
1316:
1080:the pigment appears to the eye.
875:– necessary in small quantities
698:– necessary in large quantities
461:
155:
5110:History of evolutionary thought
5080:History of agricultural science
1747:. Of particular importance are
1327:needs additional citations for
1030:their dark purple pigmentation.
472:needs additional citations for
166:needs additional citations for
5135:History of molecular evolution
5003:Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper
4552:Die Metamorphose der Pflantzen
4301:Natural History Museum, London
1514:capable of absorbing specific
1290:causes abnormal growth (right)
1186:(literally "flower blue") are
1:
4392:Libellus De Re Herbaria Novus
4016:Physiological plant disorders
4011:Plant perception (physiology)
2565:. New York: Springer-Verlag.
2532:. Iowa State Press. pp.
2380:Petruzzello, Melissa (2016).
1845:Tropisms and nastic movements
1825:, and, by extension, lack of
1763:, exchange of gases with the
967:Enzymes for lignin synthesis
123:(structure of plants), plant
59:A germination rate experiment
5130:History of molecular biology
5065:History of plant systematics
4901:Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure
4607:Vergleichende Untersuchungen
4432:Prodromus Theatrici Botanici
3782:History of plant systematics
3369:Thorns, spines, and prickles
2295:. Cordus Press. p. 183.
1908:within plant tissues (e.g.,
1494:While most people know that
1156:(an orange pigment found in
4829:Joseph Pitton de Tournefort
4544:Experiments Upon Vegetables
2582:Physiological plant ecology
2563:Plant physiological ecology
1916:(response to touch) in the
1144:are red, orange, or yellow
1114:, and other photosynthetic
1060:selectively absorb certain
1011:Space-filling model of the
139:, genetics, biophysics and
5368:
4889:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
4691:Alternation of generations
4472:De Sexu Plantarum Epistola
4379:of Albertus Magnus c. 1256
4321:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
3598:Alternation of generations
2584:(4th ed.). Springer.
2486:Introductory Plant Biology
2428:10.1007/s00709-020-01550-9
2325:Fosket, Donald E. (1994).
2237:Plant secondary metabolism
2111:
2030:
1942:
1848:
1696:
1626:
1487:
1305:
1033:
757:, other organic compounds
687:The following tables list
645:
450:
320:requires a large array of
29:Plant Physiology (journal)
26:
5173:
5070:Systems of plant taxonomy
4706:Phylogenetic nomenclature
4528:Systema Naturae, 10th ed.
4347:of Theophrastus c. 300 BC
4277:
3987:
3899:
3748:Cultivated plant taxonomy
3711:Biological classification
2708:
1989:or are carried by animal
5100:History of biotechnology
4931:Matthias Jakob Schleiden
4615:On the Origin of Species
4599:Die Vegetabilische Zelle
3608:Evolutionary development
2422:(2). Springer: 239–248.
2291:Trevor Robinson (1963).
2004:and is a combination of
1879:, is a nastic movement.
1676:Environmental physiology
865:Constituent of proteins
423:environmental physiology
5140:History of paleontology
5090:History of biochemistry
4835:Rudolf Jakob Camerarius
4631:Die Vegetation der Erde
4403:of Hieronymus Bock 1539
4363:of Dioscorides c. 60 AD
4306:Orto botanico di Padova
4196:Molecular phylogenetics
4063:Evolutionary physiology
3981:Physiology of dinosaurs
3259:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
2386:Encyclopedia Britannica
2062:Jan Baptist van Helmont
2047:Jan Baptist van Helmont
1176:and to promote healthy
440:being collected from a
34:Subdiscipline of botany
5085:History of agriculture
4925:Joakim Frederik Schouw
4907:Alexander von Humboldt
4711:Spontaneous generation
4663:Ontogeny and Phylogeny
4440:Pinax theatri botanici
4048:Comparative physiology
3874:by author abbreviation
3798:Plant taxonomy systems
3716:Botanical nomenclature
2603:. Brooks/Cole Pub Co.
2508:Hales, Stephen. 1727.
2382:"Do Plants Feel Pain?"
2270:. Brooks/Cole Pub Co.
2050:
1940:
1694:
1624:
1542:photoreceptor proteins
1457:and even plant death.
1291:
1268:Signals and regulators
1031:
1016:
448:
429:Biochemistry of plants
309:
60:
40:is a subdiscipline of
5160:Philosophy of biology
4997:William Gilson Farlow
4895:Carl Ludwig Willdenow
4480:Éléments de botanique
4467:of John Ray 1686–1704
4384:Herbarum Vivae Icones
4311:Orto botanico di Pisa
3881:Botanical expeditions
2112:Further information:
2103:Economic applications
2045:
2031:Further information:
1935:
1683:
1670:Euphorbia pulcherrima
1618:
1510:, which are chemical
1275:
1130:possess chlorophyll
1022:
1010:
646:Further information:
436:
307:
58:
5145:History of phycology
4973:Nathanael Pringsheim
4871:José Celestino Mutis
4751:Pedanius Dioscorides
4536:Familles des Plantes
4512:Philosophia Botanica
4408:De plantis libri XVI
4068:Molecular physiology
3613:Evolutionary history
3603:Double fertilization
3455:Cellular respiration
2580:Larcher, W. (2001).
2561:Lambers, H. (1998).
2524:Duane Isely (1994).
2089:Lehrbuch der Botanik
1755:) and the stress of
1690:Arabidopsis thaliana
1535:protochlorophyllide
1336:improve this article
1283:Arabidopsis thaliana
1231:Tradescantia zebrina
1200:. They occur in all
1118:contain chlorophyll
928:Crosslinking pectin
652:Plants require some
642:Constituent elements
481:improve this article
312:First, the study of
175:improve this article
101:environmental stress
5125:History of medicine
5115:History of genetics
5021:G. Ledyard Stebbins
4701:Center of diversity
4316:Rothamsted Research
4181:Genetic engineering
4151:Comparative anatomy
2832:Non-vascular plants
1985:tend to spread via
1533:photoreceptor, and
1425:Plant hormones are
1058:biological pigments
876:
699:
668:, where the prefix
387:transport, such as
5352:Branches of botany
5240:Differential cell
5155:Natural philosophy
5150:History of science
5120:History of geology
5105:History of ecology
5095:History of biology
5015:Barbara McClintock
4979:Wilhelm Hofmeister
4847:Bernard de Jussieu
4488:Vegetable Staticks
4464:Historia Plantarum
4416:Stirpium Historiae
4411:of Caesalpino 1583
4368:Naturalis Historia
4338:Historia Plantarum
4296:Jardin des Plantes
4211:Numerical taxonomy
3337:Surface structures
3132:Flower development
2510:Vegetable Staticks
2461:Carnivorous Plants
2242:Branches of botany
2204:Environment portal
2081:Vegetable Staticks
2051:
1941:
1809:as members of the
1695:
1625:
1504:photomorphogenesis
1490:Photomorphogenesis
1484:Photomorphogenesis
1351:"Plant physiology"
1292:
1074:chemical reactions
1036:Biological pigment
1032:
1017:
871:
694:
682:carnivorous plants
618:activity, such as
496:"Plant physiology"
449:
310:
289:(the study of the
190:"Plant physiology"
93:photomorphogenesis
61:
5334:
5333:
5314:(non-directional)
5193:
5192:
4823:Marcello Malpighi
4520:Species Plantarum
4456:Anatomy of Plants
4448:Anatome Plantarum
4360:De Materia Medica
4115:History of botany
4081:
4080:
4058:Electrophysiology
3976:Insect physiology
3917:
3916:
3556:Herbaceous plants
3382:
3381:
2543:978-0-8138-2498-7
2495:978-0-697-09948-8
2470:978-0-262-19186-9
2033:History of botany
1922:carnivorous plant
1412:
1411:
1404:
1386:
1000:
999:
869:
868:
561:chemical elements
557:
556:
549:
531:
251:
250:
243:
225:
141:molecular biology
103:physiology, seed
97:circadian rhythms
16:(Redirected from
5359:
5347:Plant physiology
5312:Nastic movements
5220:
5213:
5206:
5197:
5181:
5180:
5050:Botanical garden
5033:Arthur Cronquist
4991:Eugenius Warming
4985:Julius von Sachs
4955:August Grisebach
4943:George Engelmann
4853:Carolus Linnaeus
4793:Cristóbal Acosta
4787:Andrea Cesalpino
4504:Genera Plantarum
4376:De Vegetabilibus
4344:Causes of Plants
4283:
4266:Plant physiology
4256:Plant morphology
4108:
4101:
4094:
4085:
4006:Plant physiology
3993:
3971:Human physiology
3944:
3937:
3930:
3921:
3907:
3906:
3886:Individual trees
3561:Secondary growth
3532:Succulent plants
3520:Prostrate shrubs
3403:Apical dominance
3388:Plant physiology
3349:Epicuticular wax
2894:
2887:
2878:Plant morphology
2695:
2688:
2681:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2651:
2650:
2639:
2638:
2630:
2621:. Sinauer, 2018.
2614:
2601:Plant physiology
2595:
2576:
2548:
2547:
2531:
2521:
2515:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2377:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2353:. Archived from
2347:
2341:
2340:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2268:Plant physiology
2263:
2232:Plant morphology
2217:Hyperaccumulator
2206:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2156:planting density
2085:Julius von Sachs
1998:Bordeaux mixture
1902:Nastic movements
1708:, crop ecology,
1635:flowering plants
1585:visible spectrum
1407:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1344:
1320:
1312:
1102:and chlorophyll
877:
700:
552:
545:
541:
538:
532:
530:
489:
465:
457:
400:flowering plants
261:interactions of
246:
239:
235:
232:
226:
224:
183:
159:
151:
121:plant morphology
85:nastic movements
38:Plant physiology
21:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5306:
5252:
5248:turgor pressure
5229:
5227:Plant movements
5224:
5194:
5189:
5169:
5038:
5009:Nikolai Vavilov
4937:Alexander Braun
4805:Joachim Jungius
4781:Rembert Dodoens
4769:Valerius Cordus
4763:Hieronymus Bock
4745:Pliny the Elder
4731:
4725:
4683:
4677:
4496:Systema Naturae
4325:
4284:
4275:
4261:Plant pathology
4206:Natural history
4161:Economic botany
4123:
4117:
4112:
4082:
4077:
4073:Neurophysiology
4036:
4032:Cell physiology
4020:
3994:
3985:
3966:Fish physiology
3954:
3948:
3918:
3913:
3895:
3864:Botanical terms
3857:
3843:
3807:
3753:Citrus taxonomy
3731:Author citation
3697:
3591:
3570:
3492:
3486:
3482:Turgor pressure
3390:
3378:
3332:
3147:Floral symmetry
3065:
3057:
2987:
2976:Vascular bundle
2971:Vascular tissue
2930:
2890:
2881:
2880:
2866:
2837:Vascular plants
2802:
2798:Plant pathology
2722:
2704:
2699:
2669:
2657:
2645:
2633:
2625:
2611:
2598:
2592:
2579:
2573:
2560:
2557:
2555:Further reading
2552:
2551:
2544:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2390:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2358:
2351:"plantphys.net"
2349:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2265:
2264:
2255:
2250:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2120:
2110:
2108:Food production
2105:
2065:soil. In 1699,
2058:Sylva Sylvarum.
2040:
2035:
2029:
1953:, the study of
1947:
1930:
1906:turgor pressure
1857:
1855:Nastic movement
1849:Main articles:
1847:
1701:
1678:
1631:
1613:
1492:
1486:
1439:differentiation
1408:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1345:
1343:
1333:
1321:
1310:
1304:
1270:
1146:tetraterpenoids
1038:
1005:
980:
925:
862:
846:
842:
786:
770:
746:
742:
726:
722:
650:
648:Plant nutrition
644:
616:pharmacological
553:
542:
536:
533:
490:
488:
478:
466:
455:
431:
389:vascular tissue
293:of plants) and
247:
236:
230:
227:
184:
182:
172:
160:
149:
73:plant nutrition
35:
32:
23:
22:
18:Plant movements
15:
12:
11:
5:
5365:
5363:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5339:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5317:
5315:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5294:
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5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
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5261:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5244:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5230:
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5223:
5222:
5215:
5208:
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5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5174:
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5170:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5060:Plant taxonomy
5057:
5052:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5012:
5006:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4919:Thomas Nuttall
4916:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4886:
4880:
4877:Félix de Azara
4874:
4868:
4865:Jan Ingenhousz
4862:
4859:Michel Adanson
4856:
4850:
4844:
4838:
4832:
4826:
4820:
4814:
4808:
4802:
4799:Gaspard Bauhin
4796:
4790:
4784:
4778:
4775:William Turner
4772:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4748:
4742:
4735:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4721:Ultrastructure
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4667:
4659:
4651:
4643:
4635:
4627:
4619:
4611:
4603:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4580:
4572:
4564:
4556:
4548:
4540:
4532:
4524:
4516:
4508:
4500:
4492:
4484:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4452:
4444:
4436:
4428:
4420:
4412:
4404:
4396:
4388:
4380:
4372:
4364:
4356:
4348:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4251:Plant genetics
4248:
4243:
4238:
4236:Phytogeography
4233:
4231:Phytochemistry
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4127:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4088:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4041:Related topics
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3924:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3854:Related topics
3852:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3803:Taxonomic rank
3800:
3795:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3755:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3721:Botanical name
3713:
3707:
3705:
3703:Plant taxonomy
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3679:Megasporangium
3676:
3675:
3674:
3667:Microsporangia
3659:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3512:
3507:
3505:Cushion plants
3496:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3442:
3440:Plant hormones
3437:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3423:Photosynthesis
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:Floral formula
3139:
3137:Floral diagram
3134:
3129:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3090:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3066:(incl. Flower)
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3026:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2966:Storage organs
2963:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2852:Spermatophytes
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2822:Archaeplastida
2819:
2813:
2811:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2776:Phytogeography
2773:
2771:Phytochemistry
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2728:Subdisciplines
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2675:
2668:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2609:
2596:
2590:
2577:
2571:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2516:
2501:
2494:
2476:
2469:
2451:
2402:
2367:
2342:
2335:
2317:
2298:
2283:
2276:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2222:Phytochemistry
2219:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2193:
2190:Ecology portal
2179:
2176:Biology portal
2163:
2160:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2039:
2036:
2028:
2025:
2006:copper sulfate
1951:phytopathology
1945:Phytopathology
1943:Main article:
1939:on crop leaves
1937:Powdery mildew
1929:
1926:
1918:Venus fly trap
1846:
1843:
1839:animal kingdom
1815:pain receptors
1811:animal kingdom
1697:Main article:
1677:
1674:
1643:photoperiodism
1629:Photoperiodism
1627:Main article:
1612:
1611:Photoperiodism
1609:
1593:photoperiodism
1583:region of the
1508:photoreceptors
1488:Main article:
1485:
1482:
1462:abscissic acid
1415:Plant hormones
1410:
1409:
1324:
1322:
1315:
1306:Main article:
1303:
1302:Plant hormones
1300:
1286:responding to
1269:
1266:
1250:Caryophyllales
1150:photosynthesis
1136:photosynthesis
1034:Main article:
1004:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
991:
985:
984:
981:
978:
975:
969:
968:
965:
962:
956:
955:
952:
949:
943:
942:
939:
936:
930:
929:
926:
923:
920:
914:
913:
910:
907:
901:
900:
897:
894:
888:
887:
884:
883:Form of uptake
881:
873:Micronutrients
867:
866:
863:
860:
857:
851:
850:
847:
844:
840:
837:
831:
830:
827:
824:
818:
817:
814:
811:
805:
804:
801:
798:
792:
791:
788:
784:
781:
775:
774:
771:
768:
765:
759:
758:
748:
744:
740:
737:
731:
730:
727:
724:
720:
717:
711:
710:
707:
706:Form of uptake
704:
696:Macronutrients
674:micronutrients
666:macronutrients
643:
640:
636:Drug companies
620:salicylic acid
555:
554:
469:
467:
460:
453:Phytochemistry
451:Main article:
430:
427:
418:by the plant.
404:photoperiodism
318:Photosynthesis
314:phytochemistry
297:(the study of
295:phytopathology
287:phytochemistry
263:photosynthesis
249:
248:
163:
161:
154:
148:
145:
129:phytochemistry
89:photoperiodism
65:photosynthesis
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5364:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5309:
5303:
5302:Thigmotropism
5300:
5298:
5297:Thermotropism
5295:
5293:
5292:Selenotropism
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5260:(directional)
5259:
5255:
5249:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5221:
5216:
5214:
5209:
5207:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5186:
5185:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4967:Gregor Mendel
4965:
4962:
4961:Joseph Hooker
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4913:Aimé Bonpland
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4841:Stephen Hales
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4817:Nehemiah Grew
4815:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4757:Otto Brunfels
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4741:c. 371–287 BC
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4680:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4639:Plantesamfund
4636:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4246:Plant ecology
4244:
4242:
4241:Plant anatomy
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4104:
4102:
4097:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:Ecophysiology
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3945:
3940:
3938:
3933:
3931:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3910:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3840:
3839:Phytochemical
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3477:Transpiration
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3264:Inflorescence
3262:
3260:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2949:Ground tissue
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:Plant anatomy
2869:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Plant ecology
2791:
2789:
2788:Plant anatomy
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2736:Archaeobotany
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2610:0-534-15162-0
2606:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2591:3-540-43516-6
2587:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2572:0-387-98326-0
2568:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2528:101 Botanists
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2357:on 2006-05-12
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2336:0-12-262430-0
2332:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2277:0-534-15162-0
2273:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2227:Plant anatomy
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:Stephen Hales
2074:
2072:
2068:
2067:John Woodward
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:Francis Bacon
2048:
2044:
2038:Early history
2037:
2034:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1928:Plant disease
1927:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:venus flytrap
1828:
1827:consciousness
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1753:Pressure bomb
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:ecophysiology
1700:
1699:Ecophysiology
1692:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1647:vernalization
1644:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:morphogenesis
1497:
1491:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1445:development,
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1403:
1395:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1353: –
1352:
1348:
1347:Find sources:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1325:This section
1323:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1308:Plant hormone
1301:
1299:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:water-soluble
1185:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1002:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
982:
976:
974:
971:
970:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
927:
921:
919:
916:
915:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
885:
882:
879:
878:
874:
864:
858:
856:
853:
852:
848:
838:
836:
833:
832:
828:
825:
823:
820:
819:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
789:
782:
780:
777:
776:
772:
766:
764:
761:
760:
756:
752:
749:
738:
736:
733:
732:
728:
718:
716:
713:
712:
708:
705:
702:
701:
697:
692:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
649:
641:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
551:
548:
540:
529:
526:
522:
519:
515:
512:
508:
505:
501:
498: –
497:
493:
492:Find sources:
486:
482:
476:
475:
470:This section
468:
464:
459:
458:
454:
446:
443:
439:
435:
428:
426:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
306:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
265:and internal
264:
260:
256:
245:
242:
234:
223:
220:
216:
213:
209:
206:
202:
199:
195:
192: –
191:
187:
186:Find sources:
180:
176:
170:
169:
164:This section
162:
158:
153:
152:
146:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:transpiration
115:function and
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
77:plant hormone
74:
70:
66:
57:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
30:
19:
5287:Phototropism
5282:Heliotropism
5277:Hydrotropism
5272:Gravitropism
5267:Chemotropism
5182:
4883:Joseph Banks
4739:Theophrastus
4682:Theories and
4669:
4662:
4653:
4645:
4637:
4629:
4621:
4613:
4605:
4597:
4591:Nepenthaceae
4582:
4574:
4566:
4558:
4550:
4542:
4534:
4527:
4518:
4510:
4502:
4494:
4486:
4478:
4470:
4463:
4454:
4446:
4438:
4430:
4422:
4414:
4406:
4400:Kreütterbuch
4398:
4390:
4382:
4374:
4367:
4358:
4351:
4342:
4337:
4330:Publications
4289:Institutions
4265:
4186:Horticulture
4136:Biogeography
4005:
3834:Horticulture
3824:Floriculture
3726:Correct name
3576:Reproduction
3566:Woody plants
3491:Plant growth
3450:Gas Exchange
3435:Phytomelanin
3387:
3313:Plant embryo
3063:Reproductive
2911:Phragmoplast
2618:
2600:
2581:
2562:
2527:
2519:
2509:
2504:
2485:
2479:
2460:
2454:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2396:
2389:. Retrieved
2385:
2359:. Retrieved
2355:the original
2345:
2326:
2320:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2292:
2286:
2267:
2212:Biomechanics
2152:
2143:
2132:food science
2124:horticulture
2121:
2118:Horticulture
2093:
2088:
2080:
2075:
2057:
2052:
2014:downy mildew
1995:
1979:
1948:
1900:
1891:phototropism
1881:
1858:
1835:touch-me-not
1804:
1777:
1735:radiation),
1722:
1710:horticulture
1702:
1688:
1685:Phototropism
1669:
1655:
1651:
1632:
1570:
1561:
1536:
1527:cryptochrome
1520:
1493:
1474:gibberellins
1459:
1424:
1413:
1398:
1392:January 2024
1389:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1346:
1334:Please help
1329:verification
1326:
1293:
1281:
1236:
1229:
1184:Anthocyanins
1182:
1174:antioxidants
1140:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1103:
1099:
1082:
1054:anthocyanins
1039:
1026:gives these
872:
695:
686:
669:
651:
597:
558:
543:
537:January 2024
534:
524:
517:
510:
503:
491:
479:Please help
474:verification
471:
420:
393:
369:
346:
311:
291:biochemistry
283:reproductive
252:
237:
231:January 2024
228:
218:
211:
204:
197:
185:
173:Please help
168:verification
165:
137:cell biology
135:of plants),
133:biochemistry
62:
37:
36:
5326:Thigmonasty
5246:Changes in
5027:Eugene Odum
4753:c. 40–90 AD
4730:Influential
4696:Cell theory
4271:Pteridology
4216:Paleobotany
4191:Lichenology
4166:Ethnobotany
4131:Agriculture
4124:disciplines
3650:Pollen tube
3645:Pollinators
3635:Pollination
3630:Germination
3445:Respiration
3428:Chlorophyll
3274:Pedicellate
3208:Gametophyte
3127:Aestivation
3078:Antheridium
3073:Archegonium
2921:Plasmodesma
2898:Plant cells
2761:Paleobotany
2756:Ethnobotany
2741:Astrobotany
2448:. 32880005.
2416:Protoplasma
2130:along with
2128:agriculture
2114:Agriculture
2097:hydroponics
1914:thigmonasty
1873:temperature
1800:pollination
1780:competition
1737:temperature
1733:ultraviolet
1727:(including
1649:) instead.
1607:seedlings.
1573:phytochrome
1566:chlorophyll
1550:ultraviolet
1523:phytochrome
1516:wavelengths
1451:germination
1435:development
1296:phytochrome
1280:that stops
1252:(including
1180:in humans.
1142:Carotenoids
1122:instead of
1116:heterokonts
1096:green algae
1084:Chlorophyll
1062:wavelengths
1050:carotenoids
1024:Anthocyanin
1013:chlorophyll
622:from which
445:rubber tree
361:chlorophyll
342:pollinators
275:seasonality
271:development
105:germination
79:functions,
69:respiration
5341:Categories
5321:Nyctinasty
4587:1824–1873
4352:De Plantis
4221:Palynology
4171:Floristics
4146:Cladistics
4122:Fields and
3951:Physiology
3672:Microspore
3662:Sporangium
3640:Artificial
3328:Sporophyte
3323:Sporophyll
3318:Receptacle
3213:Gynandrium
3083:Androecium
2992:Vegetative
2862:Angiosperm
2857:Gymnosperm
2751:Dendrology
2361:2007-09-22
2248:References
2140:vegetables
2023:industry.
1975:roundworms
1910:nyctinasty
1895:Geotropism
1792:parasitism
1765:atmosphere
1761:inundation
1666:poinsettia
1662:greenhouse
1621:poinsettia
1558:riboflavin
1518:of light.
1478:cytokinins
1455:abscission
1362:newspapers
1070:reflecting
1046:porphyrins
973:Molybdenum
835:Phosphorus
656:, such as
581:phosphorus
507:newspapers
330:herbivores
201:newspapers
46:physiology
5075:Herbalism
5035:1919–1992
5029:1913–2002
5023:1906–2000
5017:1902–1992
5011:1887–1943
5005:1856–1901
4999:1844–1919
4993:1841–1924
4987:1832–1897
4981:1824–1877
4975:1823–1894
4969:1822–1884
4963:1817–1911
4957:1814–1879
4951:1810–1888
4945:1809–1884
4939:1805–1877
4933:1804–1881
4927:1789–1852
4921:1786–1859
4915:1773–1858
4909:1769–1859
4903:1767–1845
4897:1765–1812
4891:1749–1832
4885:1743–1820
4879:1742–1821
4873:1732–1808
4867:1730–1799
4861:1727–1806
4855:1707–1778
4849:1699–1777
4843:1677–1761
4837:1665–1721
4831:1656–1708
4825:1628–1694
4819:1628–1711
4813:1623–1705
4807:1587–1657
4801:1560–1624
4795:1525–1594
4789:1519–1603
4783:1517–1585
4777:1515–1568
4771:1515–1544
4765:1498–1554
4759:1464–1534
4226:Phycology
3869:Botanists
3787:Herbarium
3684:Megaspore
3582:Evolution
3525:Subshrubs
3493:and habit
3418:Nutrition
3413:Cellulose
3408:Bulk flow
3391:Materials
3354:Epidermis
3218:Gynoecium
3199:Endosperm
3194:Dispersal
3110:Staminode
3046:Sessility
3034:Cataphyll
2954:Mesophyll
2906:Cell wall
2847:Lycophyte
2827:Bryophyte
2781:Geobotany
2766:Phycology
2391:8 January
2083:; though
2071:spearmint
2002:fungicide
1983:pathogens
1869:sun light
1796:mutualism
1784:herbivory
1725:radiation
1601:hypocotyl
1589:flowering
1427:chemicals
1238:Betalains
1191:flavonoid
1128:red algae
1088:porphyrin
1015:molecule.
934:Manganese
822:Magnesium
796:Potassium
751:Cellulose
654:nutrients
626:is made,
591:and even
357:cell wall
334:pathogens
267:diffusion
259:molecular
5258:Tropisms
5184:Category
4949:Asa Gray
4811:John Ray
4747:23–79 AD
4716:Taxonomy
4684:concepts
4371:77–79 AD
4201:Mycology
4176:Forestry
4156:Cytology
4141:Bryology
3909:Category
3829:Forestry
3819:Agronomy
3812:Practice
3763:Cultivar
3758:Cultigen
3618:timeline
3510:Rosettes
3398:Aleurone
3374:Trichome
3291:Perianth
3103:Filament
2961:Meristem
2884:glossary
2746:Bryology
2446:32880005
2162:See also
2148:ripening
2144:climatic
1963:bacteria
1955:diseases
1883:Tropisms
1877:humidity
1769:nitrogen
1714:agronomy
1658:florists
1603:hook of
1597:epicotyl
1554:carotene
1512:pigments
1470:ethylene
1447:dormancy
1419:hormones
1278:mutation
1258:amaranth
1246:tyrosine
1194:pigments
1178:eyesight
1170:tomatoes
1166:lycopene
1154:carotene
1042:pigments
1003:Pigments
892:Chlorine
779:Hydrogen
715:Nitrogen
662:nitrogen
628:morphine
600:Pigments
589:bacteria
577:nitrogen
573:hydrogen
416:ethylene
408:ripening
396:hormones
380:rhizoids
322:pigments
279:dormancy
109:dormancy
81:tropisms
5043:Related
4732:figures
4539:1763–64
4531:1758–59
3959:Animals
3587:Ecology
3344:Cuticle
3174:Capsule
3164:Anatomy
3115:Tapetum
3039:Petiole
3014:Rhizome
3009:Rhizoid
2936:Tissues
2926:Vacuole
2916:Plastid
2718:Outline
2713:History
2665:Society
2641:Biology
2627:Portals
2534:216–219
2437:7907021
2027:History
1991:vectors
1971:insects
1959:viruses
1865:gravity
1861:stimuli
1851:Tropism
1821:, or a
1788:disease
1757:drought
1718:ecology
1581:far-red
1546:protein
1464:(ABA),
1376:scholar
1218:flowers
1202:tissues
1158:carrots
1112:diatoms
1056:. All
1028:pansies
880:Element
855:Sulphur
809:Calcium
703:Element
689:element
632:digoxin
624:aspirin
612:biofuel
593:viruses
521:scholar
406:. The
372:tissues
353:animals
326:enzymes
299:disease
215:scholar
125:ecology
113:stomata
5242:growth
5055:Herbal
3999:Plants
3891:Plants
3794:(IAPT)
3547:Lianas
3515:Shrubs
3467:Starch
3359:Nectar
3279:Raceme
3245:Stigma
3233:Locule
3223:Carpel
3184:Pyrena
3122:Flower
3098:Anther
3093:Stamen
3088:Pollen
2810:groups
2702:Botany
2653:Plants
2607:
2588:
2569:
2540:
2492:
2467:
2444:
2434:
2398:worry.
2333:
2274:
2136:fruits
2018:French
1987:spores
1965:, and
1819:nerves
1773:carbon
1743:, and
1476:, and
1466:auxins
1449:, and
1431:growth
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1349:
1254:cactus
1242:indole
1226:petals
1222:fruits
1220:, and
1206:leaves
1162:lutein
1068:while
1052:, and
989:Nickel
960:Copper
909:Fe, Fe
886:Notes
763:Carbon
755:starch
735:Oxygen
709:Notes
670:macro-
658:carbon
630:, and
608:rubber
585:sulfur
569:oxygen
565:carbon
523:
516:
509:
502:
494:
442:tapped
384:Leaves
338:toxins
281:, and
217:
210:
203:
196:
188:
50:plants
42:botany
5234:Means
4025:Cells
3953:types
3851:Lists
3768:Group
3691:Spore
3625:Flora
3542:Vines
3537:Trees
3500:Habit
3472:Sugar
3364:Stoma
3306:Sepal
3301:Petal
3296:Tepal
3284:Umbel
3269:Bract
3250:Style
3238:Ovule
3228:Ovary
3169:Berry
3159:Fruit
3152:Whorl
3019:Shoot
2817:Algae
2808:Plant
1967:fungi
1823:brain
1749:water
1729:light
1633:Many
1605:dicot
1496:light
1383:JSTOR
1369:books
1288:auxin
1262:beets
1214:roots
1210:stems
1108:Kelps
1092:green
1078:color
1066:light
918:Boron
528:JSTOR
514:books
438:Latex
412:fruit
376:Roots
365:light
349:cells
222:JSTOR
208:books
48:, of
4674:1981
4666:1977
4658:1950
4650:1898
4642:1895
4634:1872
4626:1865
4618:1859
4610:1851
4602:1851
4579:1812
4571:1804
4563:1802
4555:1790
4547:1779
4523:1753
4515:1751
4507:1737
4499:1735
4491:1727
4483:1694
4475:1694
4459:1682
4451:1675
4443:1623
4435:1620
4427:1597
4419:1583
4395:1538
4387:1530
4341:and
3773:Grex
3655:Self
3189:Seed
3051:Stem
3029:Leaf
3004:Root
2999:Bulb
2983:Wood
2944:Cork
2842:Fern
2605:ISBN
2586:ISBN
2567:ISBN
2538:ISBN
2490:ISBN
2465:ISBN
2442:PMID
2393:2023
2331:ISBN
2272:ISBN
2126:and
2116:and
2021:wine
2010:lime
2008:and
1973:and
1920:, a
1887:cell
1853:and
1807:pain
1798:and
1790:and
1771:and
1745:wind
1741:fire
1731:and
1712:and
1660:and
1619:The
1579:and
1531:UV-B
1529:, a
1443:seed
1437:and
1355:news
1256:and
947:Zinc
905:Iron
723:, NH
678:ions
660:and
604:dyes
559:The
500:news
378:and
255:life
194:news
147:Aims
111:and
3462:Sap
3179:Nut
3024:Bud
2432:PMC
2424:doi
2420:258
2122:In
1875:or
1867:or
1833:or
1759:or
1687:in
1672:).
1639:day
1599:or
1577:red
1556:or
1338:by
1160:),
1126:,
1106:.
1064:of
977:MoO
922:HBO
634:.
610:or
483:by
410:of
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