40:
814:(NLM) maintains a comprehensive toxicology and environmental health web site that includes access to toxins-related resources produced by TEHIP and by other government agencies and organizations. This web site includes links to databases, bibliographies, tutorials, and other scientific and consumer-oriented resources. TEHIP also is responsible for the Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET), an integrated system of toxicology and environmental health databases that are available free of charge on the web.
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biotoxins act quickly, and are highly toxic even at low doses, they can be more efficient than chemical agents. Due to these factors, it is vital to raise awareness of the clinical symptoms of biotoxin poisoning, and to develop effective countermeasures including rapid investigation, response, and treatment.
737:
Many living organisms employ toxins offensively or defensively. A relatively small number of toxins are known to have the potential to cause widespread sickness or casualties. They are often inexpensive and easily available, and in some cases it is possible to refine them outside the laboratory. As
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produced risk assessments for more than 4,000 substances in over 1,600 scientific opinions and they provide open access summaries of human health, animal health and ecological hazard assessments in their OpenFoodTox database. The OpenFoodTox database can be used to screen potential new foods for
1966:
Mouratidou T, Kaniou-Grigoriadou I, Samara C, Kouimtzis T (August 2006). "Detection of the marine toxin okadaic acid in mussels during a diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) episode in
Thermaikos Gulf, Greece, using biological, chemical and immunological methods".
801:
In general, when scientists determine the amount of a substance that may be hazardous for humans, animals and/or the environment they determine the amount of the substance likely to trigger effects and if possible establish a safe level. In Europe, the
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Nelsen, David R.; Nisani, Zia; Cooper, Allen M.; Fox, Gerad A.; Gren, Eric C. K.; Corbit, Aaron G.; Hayes, William K. (2014). "Poisons, toxungens, and venoms: Redefining and classifying toxic biological secretions and the organisms that employ them".
1813:
Oikawa H, Fujita T, Saito K, Satomi M, Yano Y (2008). "Difference in the level of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin accumulation between the crabs
Telmessus acutidens and Charybdis japonica collected in Onahama, Fukushima Prefecture".
2092:
Morohashi A, Satake M, Murata K, Naoki H, Kaspar HF, Yasumoto T (1995). "Brevetoxin B3, a new brevetoxin nalog isolated from the greenshell mussel perna canaliculus involved in neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in new zealand".
1928:
Wang L, Vaquero E, LeĂŁo JM, Gogo-MartĂnez A, RodrĂguez Vázquez JA (2001). "Optimization of conditions for the liquid chromatographic-electrospray lonization-mass spectrometric analysis of amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins".
1884:
Wang L, Liang XF, Zhang WB, Mai KS, Huang Y, Shen D (November 2009). "Amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin stimulates the transcription of CYP1A possibly through AHR and ARNT in the liver of red sea bream Pagrus major".
2122:
Morohashi A, Satake M, Naoki H, Kaspar HF, Oshima Y, Yasumoto T (1999). "Brevetoxin B4 isolated from greenshell mussels Perna canaliculus, the major toxin involved in neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in New
Zealand".
1326:
The
Convention applies to all natural or artificially created toxins, "whatever their origin or method of production" (Article I). It thus covers toxins produced biologically, as well as those produced by chemical
1777:
Vale C, Alfonso A, Vieytes MR, RomarĂs XM, ArĂ©valo F, Botana AM, Botana LM (March 2008). "In vitro and in vivo evaluation of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin potency and the influence of the pH of extraction".
1300:
arsenic, a toxic metal, may occur as a natural contaminant ... or ... as a by-product of industrial activities. If the second case is true, such toxic substances are referred to as toxicants, rather than
983:
344:
The term "biotoxin" is sometimes used to explicitly confirm the biological origin as opposed to environmental or anthropogenic origins. Biotoxins can be classified by their mechanism of delivery as
1451:
760:
substances. As this contradicts most formal definitions of the term "toxin", it is important to confirm what the researcher means when encountering the term outside of microbiological contexts.
1849:
Abouabdellah R, Taleb H, Bennouna A, Erler K, Chafik A, Moukrim A (April 2008). "Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin profile of mussels Perna perna from southern
Atlantic coasts of Morocco".
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and therefore artificial. The human and scientific genetic assembly of a natural-based toxin should be considered a toxin as it is identical to its natural counterpart. The debate is one of
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1600:
811:
3457:
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Fonger GC, Stroup D, Thomas PL, Wexler P (January 2000). "TOXNET: A computerized collection of toxicological and environmental health information".
820:
is a
Geographic Information System (GIS) that is part of TOXNET. TOXMAP uses maps of the United States to help users visually explore data from the
160:. Other understandings embrace synthetic analogs of naturally occurring organic poisons as toxins, and may or may not embrace naturally occurring
4183:
2010:
Doucet E, Ross NN, Quilliam MA (September 2007). "Enzymatic hydrolysis of esterified diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins and pectenotoxins".
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988:
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2277:"Preliminary Automated Determination of Edibility of Alternative Foods: Non-Targeted Screening for Toxins in Red Maple Leaf Concentrate"
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the term "toxin" means the toxic material or product of plants, animals, microorganisms ...or a recombinant or synthesized molecule...
4122:
2796:
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1012:
331:
356:(delivered through a wound generated by a bite, sting, or other such action). They can also be classified by their source, such as
190:
is a related but broader term that encompasses both toxins and toxicants; poisons may enter the body through any means - typically
2792:
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2532:
1071:
829:
213:
A rather informal terminology of individual toxins relates them to the anatomical location where their effects are most notable:
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has also been proposed to refer to toxins that are delivered onto the body surface of another organism without an accompanying
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Murphy, J. R.; Bishai, W.; Williams, D.; Bacha, P.; Borowski, M.; Parker, K.; Boyd, J.; Waters, C.; Strom, T. B. (1987).
663:, They cause muscle tissue damage by a non-enzymatic receptor based mechanism. Organisms that possess myotoxins include:
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are toxic at the level of individual cells, either in a non-specific fashion or only in certain types of living cells:
30:
This article is about naturally occurring organic poisons. For toxic substances that can be artificial or natural, see
2183:
Dorne JL, Richardson J, Kass G, Georgiadis N, Monguidi M, Pasinato L, Cappe S, Verhagen H, Robinson T (January 2017).
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202:. Toxin, toxicant, and poison are often used interchangeably despite these subtle differences in definition. The term
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Reilly L, Serafimova R, Partosch F, Gundert-Remy U, Cortiñas
Abrahantes J, Dorne JM, Kass GE (October 2019).
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The term "environmental toxin" can sometimes explicitly include synthetic contaminants such as industrial
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2236:"Testing the thresholds of toxicological concern values using a new database for food-related substances"
1355:"Genetic assembly and selective toxicity of diphtheria-toxin-related polypeptide hormone fusion proteins"
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Toxins are often distinguished from other chemical agents strictly based on their biological origin.
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500:(i.e., death) in the cells they encounter. Necrotoxins spread through the bloodstream. In humans,
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2185:"OpenFoodTox: EFSA's open source toxicological database on chemical hazards in food and feed"
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primarily affect the nervous systems of animals. The group neurotoxins generally consists of
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1171:"Arsenic in your food - Our findings show a real need for federal standards for this toxin"
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tissues are most sensitive to necrotoxins. Organisms that possess necrotoxins include:
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2055:"Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning and brevetoxin metabolites: a case study from Florida"
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352:(actively transferred to the target's surface by spitting, spraying, or smearing), or
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note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species
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Janik, Edyta; Ceremuga, Michal; Saluk-Bijak, Joanna; Bijak, Michal (8 March 2019).
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that disrupt ion channel conductance. Organisms that possess neurotoxins include:
348:(passively transferred via ingestion, inhalation, or absorption across the skin),
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poisons. It is important to confirm usage if a common understanding is critical.
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Biotoxins vary greatly in purpose and mechanism, and can be highly complex (the
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The
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program (TEHIP) at the
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1604:(32nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. 2012. p. 1236.
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10.1002/(SICI)1522-7189(199903/04)7:2<45::AID-NT34>3.0.CO;2-H
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1944:
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649:
531:
443:
399:
316: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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The
Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases
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that are capable of causing disease on contact with or absorption by
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3413:
3283:
3204:
2501:
ToxSeek: Meta-search engine in toxicology and environmental health
1432:"biotoxin – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary"
724:
684:
653:
630:
624:
614:
417:
391:
353:
275:
251:
207:
183:
182:
The word toxin does not specify method of delivery (as opposed to
92:
3667:
3575:
501:
451:
429:
69:
3883:
2514:
2505:
2431:"TOXMAP: a GIS-based gateway to environmental health resources"
1095:"Are Some Fungal Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Mycotoxins?"
964:"toxin – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary"
3512:
2053:
Poli MA, Musser SM, Dickey RW, Eilers PP, Hall S (July 2000).
439:
435:
285:
131:
3879:
2407:
2490:
137:) to potentially fatal even at extremely low doses (such as
1632:"Biological Toxins as the Potential Tools for Bioterrorism"
919:
that is thought to be responsible for its toxic properties.
1548:
Robinson, Samuel D; Norton, Raymond S (17 December 2014).
2495:
1730:"Environmental toxins; their impact on children's health"
91:
Ludwig
Brieger (1849–1919) and is derived from the word "
474:
Some of the more well known types of biotoxins include:
2480:
266:
On a broader scale, toxins may be classified as either
152:
Less strict understandings embrace naturally occurring
402:, which target specific nerve channels or receptors).
2275:
Pearce JM, Khaksari M, Denkenberger D (April 2019).
1525:
Microbial Toxins: Current Research and Future Trends
1382:
1380:
1340:"Difference Between Toxin and Toxicant (With Table)"
171:. The term toxicant is preferred when the poison is
4156:
4090:
4039:
3973:
3917:
3784:
3691:
3665:
3654:
3609:
3551:
3445:
3434:
3203:
3060:
3031:
2967:
2904:
2851:
2824:
2777:
2743:
2716:
2629:
2620:
2609:
2600:
2589:
2327:"Environmental Health and Toxicology Information"
1315:"The Biological Weapons Convention – An overview"
1474:"Toxins: Venom within Living Cells or Organisms"
1289:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
464:The toxins used as defense in species among the
405:Biotoxins in nature have two primary functions:
1196:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
767:that may be dangerous to human health include:
274:, which are released mainly when bacteria are
186:, a toxin delivered via a bite, sting, etc.).
3895:
2526:
822:United States Environmental Protection Agency
8:
1636:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1039:Illustrated Toxicology with Study Questions
3902:
3888:
3880:
3662:
3442:
2749:
2626:
2617:
2606:
2597:
2533:
2519:
2511:
1093:Bennett, Joan W; Inamdar, Arati A (2015).
812:United States National Library of Medicine
3458:Androctonus australis hector insect toxin
2454:
2302:
2292:
2251:
2210:
2200:
1753:
1691:"[Toxins as a biological weapon]"
1665:
1647:
1575:
1565:
1225:
1215:
1120:
1110:
332:Learn how and when to remove this message
1601:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
548:(caused by the "flesh eating" bacterium
130:, ranging from usually minor (such as a
38:
934:
468:can also be used for medicinal purposes
379:determinants responsible for microbial
4184:List of extremely hazardous substances
2429:Hochstein C, Szczur M (24 July 2006).
2012:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
1282:"Module 1: Introduction to Toxicology"
2506:Website on Models & Ecotoxicology
2159:"Chemical hazards data - OpenFoodTox"
1625:
1623:
1621:
1467:
1465:
858:Detoxification (alternative medicine)
7:
4219:
2435:Medical Reference Services Quarterly
1969:The Science of the Total Environment
1064:"Diagnosis and Treatment | Botulism"
314:adding citations to reliable sources
4231:
244:, causes dangerous photosensitivity
49:mushroom, an iconic toxic mushroom.
2812:Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)
1074:from the original on 12 April 2022
27:Naturally occurring organic poison
25:
4123:Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
1689:PĹ‚usa, Tadeusz (September 2015).
830:Superfund Basic Research Programs
4230:
4218:
4207:
4206:
3864:
3863:
2358:Toxicology and Industrial Health
1828:10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01347.x
1734:Archives of Disease in Childhood
1499:"Biotoxins: What are Biotoxins?"
1313:Goldblat, Jozef (30 June 1997).
290:
2896:Extracellular adenylate cyclase
1989:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.03.002
1907:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.07.004
1503:www.biosciences-labs.bham.ac.uk
1472:Editorial, Team (24 May 2021).
1004:Endotoxin in Health and Disease
301:needs additional citations for
4194:Occupational safety and health
4098:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
2163:European Food Safety Authority
1550:"Conotoxin Gene Superfamilies"
804:European Food Safety Authority
790:Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning
270:, excreted by an organism, or
1:
3048:Fibronectin binding protein A
2071:10.1016/S0041-0101(99)00191-9
1863:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.12.004
1359:Biochemical Society Symposium
1192:"Keeping arsenic out of rice"
784:Diarrheal shellfish poisoning
772:Paralytic shellfish poisoning
126:. They vary greatly in their
87:. The term was first used by
2331:National Library of Medicine
2253:10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.07.019
2109:10.1016/0040-4039(95)01969-O
1457:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
989:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
915:, feature or group within a
756:and other artificially made
398:can contain over 100 unique
114:interacting with biological
2789:Staphylococcus aureus alpha
2767:Panton–Valentine leukocidin
2486:ATDB: Animal toxin database
2481:T3DB: Toxin-target database
949:Online Etymology Dictionary
778:Amnesic shellfish poisoning
629:Various different types of
383:and/or evasion of the host
79:. They occur especially as
4295:
2807:Toxic shock syndrome toxin
2370:10.1177/074823370001600101
2202:10.2903/j.efsa.2017.e15011
1695:Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski
1527:. Caister Academic Press.
888:List of highly toxic gases
863:Dose–response relationship
763:Environmental toxins from
745:
224:or the reproductive organs
29:
4202:
4143:2022 Aqaba toxic gas leak
3859:
3846:
3704:(+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A
2752:
2024:10.1007/s00216-007-1489-3
1887:Marine Pollution Bulletin
4133:Consumption of Tide Pods
4118:Niigata Minamata disease
3945:Environmental toxicology
3097:beta-Nitropropionic acid
893:List of poisonous plants
826:Toxics Release Inventory
748:Environmental toxicology
230:, causes destruction of
3981:Acceptable daily intake
3935:Occupational toxicology
2881:Heat-labile enterotoxin
2872:heat-stable enterotoxin
1746:10.1136/adc.2002.022202
1217:10.1073/pnas.2113071118
1190:Beans, Carolyn (2021).
1105:(9). Basel: 3785–3804.
515:or "fiddle back" spider
460:plants producing toxins
368:, or animal biotoxins.
167:Toxins are a subset of
4138:Visakhapatnam gas leak
4082:Whole bowel irrigation
2990:Bacillus thuringiensis
1728:Grigg J (March 2004).
1146:"Arsenic in Food: FAQ"
1001:Brade, Helmut (1999).
923:Toxin-antitoxin system
873:Environment and health
551:Streptococcus pyogenes
50:
4103:2007 pet food recalls
2491:Society of Toxicology
2447:10.1300/J115v25n03_02
2294:10.3390/plants8050110
1523:Proft T, ed. (2009).
1112:10.3390/toxins7093785
705:, from certain toxic
672:Mexican beaded lizard
546:Necrotizing fasciitis
42:
4001:Fixed-dose procedure
2891:Pseudomonas exotoxin
1780:Analytical Chemistry
1649:10.3390/ijms20051181
903:Secondary metabolite
310:improve this article
177:linguistic semantics
66:metabolic activities
4269:Biology terminology
3960:In vitro toxicology
3950:Forensic toxicology
2337:on 1 September 2018
2096:Tetrahedron Letters
1981:2006ScTEn.366..894M
1899:2009MarPB..58.1643W
1208:2021PNAS..11813071B
605:Blue-ringed octopus
371:Toxins produced by
59:naturally occurring
4164:Biological warfare
4148:List of poisonings
3955:Medical toxicology
3925:Aquatic toxicology
3807:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
2977:Lipopolysaccharide
2935:Pore-forming toxin
2404:toxnet.nlm.nih.gov
2240:Toxicology Letters
1945:10.1007/BF02490333
1567:10.3390/md12126058
1390:Biological Reviews
1342:. 31 October 2021.
1036:Gupta, PK (2018).
567:ion channel toxins
556:pore forming toxin
496:Necrotoxins cause
434:Defense as in the
124:cellular receptors
51:
4246:
4245:
4062:Chelation therapy
3877:
3876:
3842:
3841:
3812:Beta-Bungarotoxin
3756:Pumiliotoxin 251D
3650:
3649:
3056:
3055:
3043:Clumping factor A
2963:
2962:
2847:
2846:
2820:
2819:
2739:
2738:
1816:Fisheries Science
1792:10.1021/ac7022266
1611:978-1-4160-6257-8
1560:(12): 6058–6101.
1534:978-1-904455-44-8
1402:10.1111/brv.12062
1144:Goodman, Brenda.
1049:978-0-12-813213-5
942:Harper, Douglas.
648:are small, basic
412:, such as in the
342:
341:
334:
16:(Redirected from
4286:
4279:Chemical ecology
4234:
4233:
4222:
4221:
4210:
4209:
4113:Minamata disease
4047:Activated carbon
3996:Biomagnification
3940:Entomotoxicology
3904:
3897:
3890:
3881:
3867:
3866:
3795:
3751:Histrionicotoxin
3697:
3671:
3663:
3615:
3569:Alpha-latrotoxin
3557:
3451:
3443:
3175:Sterigmatocystin
3127:, Fumonisin B3,
3091:epsilon-amanitin
3010:B. thuringiensis
2839:Diphtheria toxin
2782:
2750:
2719:
2635:
2627:
2618:
2607:
2598:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2512:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2406:. Archived from
2396:
2390:
2389:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2333:. Archived from
2323:
2317:
2316:
2306:
2296:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2255:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2204:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1975:(2–3): 894–904.
1963:
1957:
1956:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1701:(231): 131–133.
1686:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1651:
1627:
1616:
1615:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1569:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1478:Unrevealed Files
1469:
1460:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1286:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1229:
1219:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1176:Consumer Reports
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1124:
1114:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1042:. Elsevier Inc.
1033:
1027:
1026:
998:
992:
981:
975:
974:
972:
970:
960:
954:
953:
939:
536:serine proteases
466:poison dart frog
456:poison dart frog
362:microbial toxins
358:fungal biotoxins
337:
330:
326:
323:
317:
294:
286:
156:toxins, such as
46:Amanita muscaria
21:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4198:
4152:
4128:Seveso disaster
4108:Bhopal disaster
4086:
4035:
3991:Bioaccumulation
3969:
3913:
3908:
3878:
3873:
3855:
3838:
3834:Cardiotoxin III
3790:
3785:
3780:
3692:
3687:
3666:
3658:
3646:
3610:
3605:
3552:
3547:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3334:Resiniferatoxin
3199:
3052:
3034:
3027:
2992:delta endotoxin
2959:
2900:
2886:Pertussis toxin
2854:
2843:
2816:
2778:
2773:
2735:
2731:Listeriolysin O
2717:
2712:
2630:
2612:
2592:
2585:
2539:
2477:
2472:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2103:(49): 8995–98.
2091:
2090:
2086:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1932:Chromatographia
1927:
1926:
1922:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1629:
1628:
1619:
1612:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1293:
1291:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1070:. 1 June 2021.
1062:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1015:
1000:
999:
995:
982:
978:
968:
966:
962:
961:
957:
941:
940:
936:
932:
927:
838:
799:
750:
744:
735:
712:Cardiotoxin III
639:dinoflagellates
554:) – produces a
492:dinoflagellates
385:immune response
366:plant biotoxins
338:
327:
321:
318:
307:
295:
284:
232:red blood cells
200:skin absorption
147:
139:botulinum toxin
100:small molecules
89:organic chemist
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4292:
4290:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4251:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4228:
4216:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4160:
4158:
4157:Related topics
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4067:Gastric lavage
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4021:Toxicity class
4018:
4016:Toxic capacity
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3986:Acute toxicity
3983:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3965:Toxicogenomics
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3909:
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3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3798:
3796:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3776:Zetekitoxin AB
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3698:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3660:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
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3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3560:
3558:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3440:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3324:Pseudaconitine
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3264:Djenkolic acid
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3087:gamma-amanitin
3079:alpha-amanitin
3072:
3066:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2874:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2826:Actinomycetota
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2785:
2783:
2780:Staphylococcus
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2638:
2636:
2624:
2615:
2604:
2595:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2476:
2475:External links
2473:
2471:
2470:
2421:
2410:on 14 May 2019
2391:
2348:
2318:
2267:
2226:
2175:
2150:
2125:Natural Toxins
2114:
2084:
2045:
2002:
1958:
1939:(1): S231–35.
1920:
1893:(11): 1643–8.
1876:
1841:
1822:(2): 395–403.
1805:
1769:
1720:
1681:
1617:
1610:
1591:
1540:
1533:
1515:
1490:
1461:
1444:
1423:
1396:(2): 450–465.
1376:
1345:
1331:
1305:
1273:
1249:
1182:
1162:
1136:
1085:
1055:
1048:
1028:
1013:
993:
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928:
926:
925:
920:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
868:Excitotoxicity
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
839:
837:
834:
798:
795:
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793:
787:
781:
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743:
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731:
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691:
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601:
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589:
583:
577:
560:
559:
558:
543:
538:
516:
494:
490:, produced by
485:
481:, produced by
472:
471:
470:
469:
432:
375:are important
373:microorganisms
340:
339:
298:
296:
289:
283:
280:
264:
263:
261:nervous system
254:
245:
239:
225:
222:urinary organs
220:, damages the
146:
143:
116:macromolecules
98:Toxins can be
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4291:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4239:
4238:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4179:Hazard symbol
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4077:Hemoperfusion
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:Ecotoxicology
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3900:
3898:
3893:
3891:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3870:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3766:Samandaridine
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3739:Marinobufagin
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3709:Batrachotoxin
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3463:Charybdotoxin
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3374:Solauricidine
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3319:Protoanemonin
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3304:Oenanthotoxin
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:Trichothecene
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Ibotenic acid
3138:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3083:beta-amanitin
3080:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3030:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2877:Cholera toxin
2875:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2850:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:Anthrax toxin
2724:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Tetanospasmin
2647:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2588:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2195:(1): e15011.
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2065:(7): 981–93.
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:(1): 335–42.
2017:
2013:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1786:(5): 1770–6.
1785:
1781:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1740:(3): 244–50.
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1290:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1014:9780824719449
1010:
1007:. CRC Press.
1006:
1005:
997:
994:
991:
990:
985:
980:
977:
965:
959:
956:
951:
950:
945:
938:
935:
929:
924:
921:
918:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
843:ArachnoServer
841:
840:
835:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
813:
808:
805:
796:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
769:
768:
766:
761:
759:
755:
749:
742:Environmental
741:
739:
732:
726:
722:
719:
717:
716:Chinese cobra
713:
710:
708:
704:
703:T-2 mycotoxin
701:
699:
695:
692:
690:
686:
683:
682:
680:
677:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
662:
659:
655:
651:
647:
644:
640:
636:
635:cyanobacteria
632:
628:
626:
623:
622:
618:
616:
613:
611:
610:Venomous fish
608:
606:
602:
600:
596:
593:
590:
588:
587:box jellyfish
584:
582:
578:
575:
571:
570:
568:
564:
561:
557:
553:
552:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
533:
529:
528:phospholipase
525:
521:
517:
514:
513:brown recluse
510:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
493:
489:
486:
484:
483:cyanobacteria
480:
477:
476:
475:
467:
463:
462:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
408:
407:
406:
403:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
381:pathogenicity
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
336:
333:
325:
315:
311:
305:
304:
299:This section
297:
293:
288:
287:
281:
279:
277:
273:
269:
262:
258:
255:
253:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
233:
229:
226:
223:
219:
216:
215:
214:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
150:
144:
142:
140:
136:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
63:
60:
56:
48:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4235:
4223:
4211:
4072:Hemodialysis
4025:
3850:
3829:Calcicludine
3819:Calciseptine
3802:Bungarotoxin
3771:Tarichatoxin
3719:Arenobufagin
3683:Tetrodotoxin
3642:Tetrodotoxin
3596:Vanillotoxin
3533:Phaiodotoxin
3436:Invertebrate
3359:Solasodamine
3294:Lotaustralin
3129:Fumonisin B4
3125:Fumonisin B2
3121:Fumonisin B1
3107:Cytochalasin
3009:
2989:
2941:
2927:
2921:Superantigen
2913:
2869:
2757:Streptolysin
2698:
2679:
2660:
2641:
2543:
2441:(3): 13–31.
2438:
2434:
2424:
2414:29 September
2412:. Retrieved
2408:the original
2403:
2394:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2341:29 September
2339:. Retrieved
2335:the original
2330:
2321:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2192:
2189:EFSA Journal
2188:
2178:
2166:. Retrieved
2162:
2153:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2100:
2094:
2087:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1936:
1930:
1923:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1857:(5): 780–6.
1854:
1850:
1844:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1639:
1635:
1599:
1594:
1557:
1554:Marine Drugs
1553:
1543:
1524:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1502:
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1477:
1455:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1426:
1393:
1389:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1334:
1325:
1318:. Retrieved
1308:
1299:
1292:. Retrieved
1288:
1276:
1268:
1261:. Retrieved
1252:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1174:
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1149:
1139:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1076:. Retrieved
1067:
1058:
1038:
1031:
1003:
996:
987:
979:
967:. Retrieved
958:
947:
937:
883:Insect toxin
816:
809:
800:
762:
751:
736:
689:castor beans
667:rattlesnakes
619:
549:
530:and various
520:rattlesnakes
473:
404:
389:
370:
343:
328:
319:
308:Please help
303:verification
300:
265:
248:Hepatotoxins
212:
181:
166:
151:
148:
112:body tissues
97:
64:produced by
54:
52:
44:
36:
18:Plant toxins
4237:WikiProject
4174:Food safety
4006:Lethal dose
3792:Snake venom
3746:Epibatidine
3734:Cinobufagin
3591:Stromatoxin
3538:Imperatoxin
3488:Scyllatoxin
3394:Tagetitoxin
3389:Swainsonine
3379:Solauricine
3344:Solamargine
3339:Scopolamine
3329:Retronecine
3195:Zearalenone
2863:Shiga toxin
2834:Cord factor
2673:Enterotoxin
2668:Alpha toxin
2662:perfringens
2654:Tetanolysin
2632:Clostridium
2569:hepatotoxin
2559:enterotoxin
2549:cardiotoxin
2246:: 117–123.
2131:(2): 45–8.
1642:(5): 1181.
1437:13 December
1258:"U.S. Code"
969:13 December
913:Toxicophore
765:food chains
574:black widow
563:Neurotoxins
479:Cyanotoxins
259:affect the
257:Neurotoxins
250:affect the
218:Genitotoxin
145:Terminology
4274:Toxicology
4253:Categories
4169:Carcinogen
4040:Treatments
3911:Toxicology
3824:Taicatoxin
3761:Samandarin
3714:Bufotoxins
3678:Ciguatoxin
3656:Vertebrate
3601:Huwentoxin
3581:Cupiennins
3564:Latrotoxin
3508:Kaliotoxin
3478:Margatoxin
3468:Maurotoxin
3409:Toxalbumin
3399:Tinyatoxin
3384:Strychnine
3369:Solasonine
3364:Solasodine
3349:Solanidine
3269:Falcarinol
3254:Delphinine
3170:Phalloidin
3160:Ochratoxin
3155:Orellanine
3145:Lolitrem B
3112:Ergotamine
3062:Mycotoxins
2906:Mechanisms
2865:/Verotoxin
2802:Exfoliatin
2762:Leukocidin
2579:phototoxin
2574:neurotoxin
2364:(1): 4–6.
2287:(5): 110.
2168:27 October
1452:"biotoxin"
930:References
908:Toxalbumin
853:Cangitoxin
848:Brevetoxin
807:toxicity.
754:pollutants
746:See also:
698:honey bees
679:Cytotoxins
599:cone snail
541:Puff adder
488:Dinotoxins
396:cone snail
282:Biological
272:endotoxins
242:Phototoxin
192:inhalation
85:conjugated
4264:Toxicants
4091:Incidents
4057:Cathartic
3729:Bufotenin
3724:Bufotalin
3694:Amphibian
3637:Saxitoxin
3627:Eledoisin
3622:Conotoxin
3493:Hefutoxin
3309:Oleandrin
3289:Linamarin
3279:Helenalin
3239:Cicutoxin
3234:Chaconine
3214:Amygdalin
3185:Vomitoxin
3135:Gliotoxin
3117:Fumonisin
3070:Aflatoxin
3033:Virulence
2969:Endotoxin
2700:botulinum
2681:difficile
2591:Bacterial
2564:hemotoxin
2554:cytotoxin
1707:1426-9686
1658:1422-0067
1418:207101679
1327:synthesis
1244:236989837
898:Pollution
824:'s (EPA)
721:Hemotoxin
707:mushrooms
652:found in
646:Myotoxins
581:scorpions
448:honey bee
426:jellyfish
410:Predation
377:virulence
350:toxungens
268:exotoxins
236:hemolysis
228:Hemotoxin
196:ingestion
169:toxicants
162:inorganic
154:inorganic
77:organisms
4213:Category
4052:Antidote
3974:Concepts
3869:Category
3632:Onchidal
3612:Mollusca
3523:Bestoxin
3518:Birtoxin
3483:Slotoxin
3473:Agitoxin
3448:Scorpion
3404:Tomatine
3354:Solanine
3299:Mimosine
3274:Gossypol
3259:Divicine
3224:Antiarin
3219:Anisatin
3150:Muscimol
3102:Citrinin
3075:Amatoxin
3021:Cry34Ab1
2949:AB toxin
2943:type III
2855:negative
2613:positive
2602:Exotoxin
2465:16893844
2400:"TOXNET"
2386:34029729
2378:10798381
2313:31027336
2262:31325634
2221:32625280
2145:10495465
2079:10728835
2040:21971745
2032:17661021
1997:16815531
1953:97937094
1915:19665739
1871:18237757
1836:22926782
1800:18232710
1764:14977703
1715:26449572
1676:30857127
1586:25522317
1410:24102715
1365:: 9–23.
1236:34380741
1131:26402705
1078:12 April
1072:Archived
1023:41299257
917:molecule
878:Exposome
836:See also
797:Research
733:Weaponry
694:Apitoxin
650:peptides
621:Palythoa
526:produce
498:necrosis
422:scorpion
400:peptides
322:May 2021
204:toxungen
173:man-made
128:toxicity
118:such as
108:proteins
104:peptides
83:, often
81:proteins
32:Toxicant
4225:Commons
4189:Mutagen
3787:Reptile
3249:Daphnin
3244:Coniine
3229:Brucine
3190:Zeranol
3165:Patulin
3012:toxins
3002:Cry3Bb1
2982:Lipid A
2929:type II
2870:E. coli
2622:Bacilli
2456:2703818
2304:6571818
2212:7009813
2059:Toxicon
1977:Bibcode
1895:Bibcode
1851:Toxicon
1755:1719840
1667:6429496
1577:4278219
1483:17 July
1371:2847744
1301:toxins.
1227:8379988
1204:Bibcode
1179:. 2012.
1122:4591661
984:"toxin"
944:"toxin"
723:, from
714:, from
696:, from
687:, from
576:spider.
532:trypsin
444:termite
394:of the
346:poisons
158:arsenic
120:enzymes
4259:Toxins
4011:Poison
3918:Fields
3659:toxins
3554:Spider
3528:BmKAEP
3498:HgeTx1
3439:toxins
3314:Persin
3207:toxins
3035:factor
3016:Cry6Aa
3008:Other
2997:Cry1Ac
2915:type I
2718:Other:
2643:tetani
2593:toxins
2544:Toxins
2463:
2453:
2384:
2376:
2311:
2301:
2281:Plants
2260:
2219:
2209:
2143:
2077:
2038:
2030:
1995:
1951:
1913:
1869:
1834:
1798:
1762:
1752:
1713:
1705:
1674:
1664:
1656:
1608:
1584:
1574:
1531:
1508:6 July
1416:
1408:
1369:
1320:20 May
1294:20 May
1263:20 May
1242:
1234:
1224:
1202:(33).
1155:20 May
1129:
1119:
1099:Toxins
1046:
1021:
1011:
818:TOXMAP
725:vipers
661:venoms
658:lizard
594:snakes
592:Elapid
534:-like
524:vipers
506:muscle
428:, and
414:spider
354:venoms
188:Poison
70:living
62:poison
4031:Venom
4026:Toxin
3586:PhTx3
3503:HsTx1
3426:Tutin
3419:Ricin
3414:Abrin
3284:Ledol
3205:Plant
2797:delta
2745:Cocci
2706:Botox
2382:S2CID
2036:S2CID
1949:S2CID
1832:S2CID
1414:S2CID
1285:(PDF)
1240:S2CID
1150:WebMD
792:(NSP)
786:(DSP)
780:(ASP)
774:(PSP)
758:toxic
685:Ricin
654:snake
631:algae
625:coral
615:Frogs
579:Most
518:Most
418:snake
392:venom
276:lysed
252:liver
208:wound
198:, or
184:venom
135:sting
106:, or
93:toxic
73:cells
57:is a
55:toxin
3668:Fish
3576:CSTX
2853:Gram
2793:beta
2611:Gram
2461:PMID
2416:2010
2374:PMID
2343:2010
2309:PMID
2258:PMID
2217:PMID
2170:2019
2141:PMID
2075:PMID
2028:PMID
1993:PMID
1911:PMID
1867:PMID
1796:PMID
1760:PMID
1711:PMID
1703:ISSN
1672:PMID
1654:ISSN
1606:ISBN
1582:PMID
1529:ISBN
1510:2023
1485:2021
1439:2008
1406:PMID
1367:PMID
1322:2022
1296:2022
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