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Depending on the species, the planula either metamorphoses directly into a free-swimming, miniature version of the mobile adult form, or navigates through the water until it reaches a hard substrate (many may prefer specific substrates) where it anchors and grows into a polyp. The miniature-adult
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Nakanishi, Nagayasu; Yuan, David; Jacobs, David K.; Hartenstein, Volker (2008). "Early development, pattern, and reorganization of the planula nervous system in
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also produce larvae that are very similar to the planula, which are called planuliform larva. In a few cnidarian clades, like
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British
Anthozoa (Coelenterata: Octocorallia and Hexacorallia): Keys and Notes for the Identification of the Species
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255:"Expression of WNT pathway genes in polyps and medusa-like structures of Ectopleura larynx (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)"
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have no mouth, and no digestive tract, and are unable to feed themselves (lecithotrophic), while those of
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show more variation and can be both lecithotrophic, parasitic or feed on plankton or detritus.
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200:"Invention of the Pilidium Larva in an Otherwise Perfectly Good Spiralian Phylum Nemertea"
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Malakhov, V. V.; Bogomolova, E. V.; Kuzmina, T. V.; Temereva, E. N. (2019).
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302:"Cytological aspects of similarity and difference of Myxozoa and Cnidaria"
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412:"Evolution of Metazoan Life Cycles and the Origin of Pelagic Larvae"
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49:, which are not related to cnidarians at all. Some groups of
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For the 'Planula hypothesis' of the ancestral animal, see
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The planula forms either from the fertilized egg of a
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165:Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD (2004). "Nemertea".
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145:end (the end opposite the mouth) in front.
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300:Uspenskaia, A. V.; RaΔkova, E. V. (2001).
61:, the planula larval stage has been lost.
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416:Russian Journal of Developmental Biology
253:Nawrocki, A. M.; Cartwright, P. (2013).
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173:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
16:Larval form of certain aquatic animals
198:Maslakova, Svetlana A. (2010-07-19).
7:
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45:species and also in some species of
204:Integrative and Comparative Biology
114:with a planula stage, many coastal
518:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
461:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
383:Manuel, R. L. (14 December 2023).
110:. The attaching types include all
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30:is the free-swimming, flattened,
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342:Development Genes and Evolution
130:The planulae of the subphylum
106:types include many open-ocean
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141:Planula larvae swim with the
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340:(Cnidaria, Scyphozoa)".
514:-related article is a
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455:developmental biology
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36:bilaterally symmetric
169:Invertebrate Zoology
98:, as in the case of
86:, as is the case in
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57:and the parasitic
565:Cnidarian biology
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73:Planula stage of
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306:Tsitologiia
118:, and some
116:scyphozoans
108:scyphozoans
88:scyphozoans
65:Development
47:Ctenophores
41:of various
39:larval form
559:Categories
239:2022-02-03
149:References
120:hydrozoans
112:anthozoans
100:anthozoans
92:hydrozoans
55:Aplanulata
51:Nemerteans
21:urmetazoan
512:cnidarian
389:. BRILL.
226:1540-7063
132:Medusozoa
90:and some
43:cnidarian
370:16969737
362:18850237
318:11387759
279:24074282
234:21558236
136:Anthozoa
32:ciliated
338:Aurelia
287:5337426
175:271β274
59:Myxozoa
28:planula
570:Larvae
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143:aboral
84:medusa
510:This
453:This
366:S2CID
283:S2CID
96:polyp
516:stub
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391:ISBN
358:PMID
314:PMID
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230:PMID
222:ISSN
179:ISBN
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