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fighting for. Orozco’s issuing of a formal plan gave Orozco and his movement put Madero’s government on notice about Orozco’s specific personal and political grievances against Madero. Orozco had hoped other northern states would rally to his plan, but only
Chihuahua did, but some 5,000 men answered his call to arms and posed a huge challenge to the new and weak Madero government. Orozco’s rebellion was ultimately suppressed by General Victoriano Huerta and the Federal Army, but Madero’s government and hold on power was undermined by this challenge from a revolutionary hero.
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672:"Because of the above-mentioned indiscretions and crimes, Francisco I. Madero and his accomplices are declared traitors to the Fatherland and outside the law." Article 10 challenges the election of 1911, which he calls fraudulent. Article 10 says “the election for the presidency and vice presidency are considered null and void. As a consequence, Francisco I. Madero is not recognized as president nor José María Pino Suárez as vice president."
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despoilment will be returned"; 4. "Uncultivated and nationalized land throughout the
Republic will be redistributed." 5. Expropriation of land from large landowners who do not keep land under cultivation, "The land thus expropriated will be partitioned to improve intensive agriculture." 6. The government will float an agricultural bond to pay for expropriated lands; 7. The establishment of a regulatory law for land reform.
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641:, which called for an interim government, new elections, and the retention of the Federal Army, which Orozco’s forces had just defeated. Revolutionary forces were demobilized. Once Madero was elected President in October 1911, he did not move on land reform, which had been one of the promises in his 1910
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considers the anti-Americanism in the Plan as “the stock-in-trade not only of
Mexican polemicists (of different hues), but also of a good many Americans too," continuing "Orozquistas display strong or consistent hostility to American interests." Article 9 sums up Orozco’s position regarding Madero.
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Article 1 is brief, stating "The initiator of the
Revolution, Francisco I. Madero, falsified and violated the Plan of San Luis Potosi." Articles 2, 3, 4, 7, and 8 denounce Madero and his family for malfeasance and an alleged alliance between the U.S., Wall Street bankers, which "placed the destiny
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to suppress the rebellion. The plan is lengthy compared to Madero’s Plan de San Luis Potosí, with over 35 separate articles. The plan was prefaced by a bitter denunciation of Madero, who had dismissed Orozco’s contribution to the
Revolution and sidelined him once he was elected president. Orozco’s
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Article 35 deals with the agrarian problem, which "demands the most careful and violent solution," laying out seven principles for achieving that. 1. Recognition of property rights of those occupying land peacefully for 20 years; 2. Revalidation and improvement of land titles; 3. "Lands seized by
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The Plan ends with rhetorical flourishes urging
Mexicans to join the defense of institutions and "withdraw recognition of the government of an ominous man who is carrying the country to ruin and slavery. Your heroism and discipline in the last contest won you the admiration of the world: If the
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A series of articles deal with the structure of the political system. Article 16 repudiates personalism and explicitly does not name a provisional or interim president, rather than Orozco as author of the plan naming himself in that role. Article 16 calls for the abolition of the office of vice
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In
Chihuahua Orozco was already a hero for his role in the Mexican Revolution. His repudiation of Madero’s government in early March 1912 attracted men willing to follow his lead. The articulation of the plan laid out what he was fighting for, giving followers an understanding of what they were
695:; limitation on number of hours worked; prohibition of labor for children under age 10 and limitation of hours to those age 10-16; increase in daily wages; demands for hygienic conditions in factories that "guarantee the health of the workers."
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to put down the rebellion. When he failed after a military disaster, González Salas committed suicide. Orozco issued his plan on the same day as the general's suicide. Madero then sent
General
649:. By March 1912, Orozco himself rebelled against Madero. His plan brought together armed forces in Chihuahua, which posed a significant challenge to Madero. Madero initially sent General
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Article 33 calls for the replacement of personnel for
Mexicans in private companies and equal pay for Mexicans and foreigners. This is reminiscent of the Liberal Party Program of 1906.
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Article 34 seeks to "improve and raise the conditions of the working class", outlining in five sub-articles the abolition of company stores ; wages to be paid in cash not company
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chivalrous spirit in your souls evokes scruples about having to shoot fellow
Mexicans, we ask that you bear in mind that this is a true fight of emancipation.
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Articles 13 and 14 promise that existing civil authorities will remain in place, so long as they support the Revolution and withdraw support from Madero.
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biographer Michael C. Meyer sees the Plan as "highly significant" for addressing socio-economic issues. The is published in English translation.
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Article 12 repudiates any concessions and contracts of Madero, his family, and his allies and calls for their confiscation.
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Christiansen, Paige W.. "Pascual Orozco: Chihuahua Rebel." New Mexico Historical Review 36, 2 (1961), 97-120.
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president. Article 17 lays out the transition following the Orozquistas’ presumed victory.
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1912 call to revolt against Mexican president Francisco Madeira by Pascual Orozco
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reprinted in Davis, Thomas B. and Amado Ricon Virulegio, "Plan Orozquista" in
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of the Fatherland in the hands of the American government…." Historian
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Mexican Rebel: Pascual Orozco and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1915
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Mexican Rebel: Pascual Orozco and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1915
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Christiansen, Paige W. "Pascual Orozco: Chihuahua Rebel", p. 111
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to resign as president and go into exile. Madero signed the
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780:"Plan Orozquista", Davis and Ricon Virulegio, p. 612.
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Meyer, Michael C., translator. "Plan Orozquista" in
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789:Knight, ‘’The Mexican Revolution’’, v. 1, 295-96.
597:on 25 March 1912. It is sometimes called the
827:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1967.
633:in the Battle of Ciudad Juárez, which pushed
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175:This article includes a list of general
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621:Pascual Orozco and Francisco I. Madero
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593:issued by revolutionary general
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769:The Political Plans of Mexico
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462:Petroleum nationalization
724:Plans in Mexican history
477:Mexican Movement of 1968
297:Viceroyalty of New Spain
643:Plan of San Luis Potosí
639:Treaty of Ciudad Juárez
355:Second Federal Republic
196:more precise citations.
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392:Second Mexican Empire
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342:Mexican–American War
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651:José González Salas
603:Francisco I. Madero
499:Mexican peso crisis
374:French intervention
327:Centralist Republic
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669:Alan Knight
579:the history
257:History of
194:introducing
835:Categories
729:References
613:Background
407:Revolution
369:Reform War
363:La Reforma
337:Pastry War
177:references
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386:1864–1928
45:talk page
716:See also
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526:Timeline
453:Maximato
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741:Meyer,
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