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554:
858:
437:
33:
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565:'s intermediary position between the clerical and lay worlds is seen in the position of his accommodation on the Plan. The abbot's quarters are located at the other side of the abbey church from the monk's cloister, to the north-east, aligning itself with the secular elite guest houses where the royalty, the emperor and the emperor's court would lodge. The abbot's house also looks over the infirmary and
942:. The construction project includes plans to build a medieval monastery according to the early 9th-century Plan of Saint Gall using techniques from that era. The long-term financing of the project is to come from revenue generated from the site's operation as a tourist attraction. The construction site has been open for visitors since June 2013.
419:. Accordingly, she argues that the northwest is reserved for the secular elite while the southwest is for the secular lower classes. Regarding the sacred spaces, the northeast and southeast is reserved for the monastic elite, and the far east and far south for what she calls "the liminal", that is to say in between lay and monastic.
888:"perhaps larger but less well proportioned" (p. 26): Adso mentions actual monasteries that he had seen in Switzerland and France (St. Gall, Cluny, Fontenay), but the standard of "proportion" most likely alludes to the Carolingian (9th century) "Plan of St. Gall," which sets forth an architectural plan for an ideal monastery.
310:
For thee, my sweetest son
Gozbertus, have I drawn this briefly annotated copy of the layout of the monastic buildings, with which you may exercise your ingenuity and recognize my devotion, whereby I trust you do not find me slow to satisfy your wishes. Do not imagine that I have undertaken this task
187:
for the abbot of Saint Gall, Gozbert, who decided to build a new abbey church in the 820s. This argument is based on
Jacobsen's observations of marks left by pairs of compasses in the parchment, as well as alterations and changes undertaken during its drawing. Lawrence Nees has also argued that the
325:
Haec tibi dulcissime fili cozb(er)te de posicione officinarum paucis examplata direxi, quibus sollertiam exerceas tuam, meamq(ue) devotione(m) utcumq(ue) cognoscas, qua tuae bonae voluntari satisfacere me segnem non inveniri confido. Ne suspiceris autem me haic ideo elaborasse, quod vos putemus
427:
starting and ending at the abbot's house. He argues that the basis of the organisation would have been a division of public/private and lay/monastic which is represented in the Plan by an increasing lay presence in each sector of the monastery when moving around the cloister clockwise from the
357:
of the monks who had to dedicate themselves to prayer, meditation and study, and not worry about worldly matters. For this purpose, the
Benedictine Rule required a monastery which was self-sufficient, and which provided for the monks all the necessary facilities, food, and water. The Plan thus
970:. The website was released to the public in December 2007. Future resources will include intellectual and textual aspects of the plan and monasticism; space for publication of new papers and research, lesson plans and teaching aides, blogs and chat rooms.
440:
Monk's cloister. Plan of Saint Gall. Buildings surrounding the cloister clockwise from the top: warming room and dormitory, refectory, vestiary and kitchen, cellar and larder (bottom of the picture). The basilica can be seen to the left of the
283:
The scale to which the Plan was drawn has also been a subject of dispute. Horn and Born, for example, argue that a single scale was used while others, such as Reinle and
Jacobsen, argue that multiple scales were applied for different elements.
188:
fact that the manuscript was drawn and written by two scribes, a younger one and an elder who acted as a supervisor "filling in and completing where the knowledge of the main scribe ended", can only be explained if the drawing is an original.
682:
is placed. According to Horn and Born only one-sixth of the church is accessible to seculars while five-sixths of it is reserved for the sole use of the monks. Lay guests are only admitted in the side aisles of the church, the area around the
576:
opening to the outside world, in opposition with the monk's cloister porticoes which open to an enclosed green space. However, in order to comply with an ascetic way of life and to the
Benedictine Rule, the abbot shares his bedroom and
311:
supposing you to stand in need of our instruction, but rather believe that out of love of God and in the friendly zeal of brotherhood I have depicted this for you alone to scrutinise. Farewell in Christ, always mindful of us, Amen
271:
About 333 inscriptions, forty of them in meter, in the handwritings of two different scribes, describe the functions of the buildings. It has been possible to attribute the handwriting of these scribes to the monastery of
905:, Germany. This became the inspiration for the book he co-authored in 1979 with Walter Horn, but was also the first in a tradition of modeling the plan. More recently the plan has been modeled on computers using
119:
of
Switzerland and remains a significant object of interest among modern scholars, architects, artists and draftspeople for its uniqueness, its beauty, and the insights it provides into medieval culture.
422:
Alfons
Zettler has recently identified another criterion that the authors of the Plan may have followed for the layout of the structures, which does not follow the cardinal points but is determined by a
662:
where they are separated to different parts of the monastery depending on their status – the elite is directed to the north gate and the pilgrims and lower-classes to the south gate – or to the church.
950:
The St. Gall
Project was founded to produce a digital online presence for the plan including models and an extensive online database on early medieval monastic culture. The project is directed by
195:
Plan of Saint Gall. Verso. Life of Saint Martin. 12th
Century. St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Sang. 1092, f. verso – Plan of Saint Gall (https://www.e-codices.ch/en/list/one/csg/1092)
326:
n(ost)ris indigere magisteriis, sed potius ob amore(m) dei tibi soli p(er) scrutinanda pinxisse amicabili fr(ater)nitatis intuitu crede. Vale in Chr(ist)o semp(er) memor n(ost)ri ame(n).
1124:
466:– illustrating the ideal of a monk's experience removed from the world. Secondly, it is foursquare and four paths lead from its covered galleries to the centre –
191:
128:
There are two main theories concerning the motivations behind the drawing of the Plan. The dispute between scholars centres around the assertion put forward by
183:
Other scholars, particularly Werner
Jacobsen, Norbert Stachura and Lawrence Nees have, on the contrary, argued that the Plan is an original drawing made at
1207:
The abbey church of the medieval period was excavated in 1964–66, but its form does not reflect that on the plan. Excavations were reported in Horn,
449:
occupies the centre of the Plan. It is placed in the southeast aligning itself both with the sacred east and with the poor – the accommodation for
989:
252:, and here the abbey church was enlarged; buildings were added around the cloister; and the abbot's house, outer school, guest house and
670:
and railings which not only direct the lay visitors to their authorised spaces but also block their view of the sacred east where the
1030:
The Plan of St. Gall: A Study of the Architecture & Economy of, & Life in a Paradigmatic Carolingian Monastery, Volumes I–III
1823:
1097:
1038:
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and the poor is placed in the east just beneath the cloister – far from the worldly commodities and pleasures of the secular elite.
176:
to the Continent. Horn and Born argued that the Plan was a "paradigmatic" drawing of how a Benedictine monastery should look if the
268:, garden were drawn; and finally a fifth parchment was added to the bottom to accommodate the designs for the livestock quarters.
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112:
149:
1918:
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The Plan has inspired a tradition of model making. In 1965 Ernest Born and others created a scale model of the plan for the
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1814:
1484:
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The structure of the cloister is highly symbolic. Firstly, it is a closed space looking inwards to its own centre where a
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967:
141:
101:
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Finally, the abbot's residence has a privileged entry to the east-end of the basilica through a private passageway –
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The reverse of the Plan was inscribed in the 12th century, after it had been folded into book form, with the Life of
240:
The sequence in which the parchment was joined is the following: the first parchment consisted of the drawing of the
871:
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in each side, three of them "railed off" to prevent the entry of laymen. The main surface of the nave houses the
747:
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The entrance to the church is also the only entrance to the whole monastic complex and it is marked by a square
161:
810:
658:(Here all the arriving crowd will find their entry). From here the visitors are directed to a semi-circular
153:
59:
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39:. Reichenau, early 9th century (ca.820–830). Ms. 1092. Parchment, 1 folio, ca. 112cm x 77.5 cm. Latin.
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963:
350:
277:
177:
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Geschichte der Bildenden Künste in der Schweiz. Von den Ältesten Zeiten bis zum Schlusse des Mittelalters
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842:
790:
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71:
55:
51:
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236: in). It is drawn with red ink lines for the buildings, and brown ink for lettered inscriptions
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384:: basilica, round towers, hostel for visiting monks, abbot's house, cemetery and cloister complex.
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It is the only surviving major architectural drawing from the roughly 700-year period between the
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is separated from the nave by further screens and railings, in its southern arm is the altar of
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in Early Medieval Monasteries. The example of the virtual monastery of the Plan of Saint Gall"
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1034:
985:
436:
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It is widely held that the Plan was dedicated to Gozbertus, the Abbot of St Gall from 816–36.
292:
116:
63:
1108:
1148:
1060:
1051:
Nees, L. (1986). "The Plan of Saint Gall and the Theory of the Program of Carolingian Art".
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802:
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728:
457:
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Agricultural and artisanal: workshops, animal pens, houses for agrarian workers and gardens.
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1893:
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248:; the second and third parchments were added to the bottom and right side of the original
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145:
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was to be strictly followed; a guide for the construction of future monastic ensembles.
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775:
684:
541:, had a private entrance to the basilica either through their dormitory or through the
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being applied in the architectural design. One of the main aspects of the Rule was the
337:
256:'s house were drawn. A fourth parchment was then added to the top where the infirmary,
81:
The Plan was never actually built. It was so named because it is dedicated to Gozbert,
66:, houses, stables, kitchens, workshops, brewery, infirmary, and a special building for
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Abbot's House. Plan of Sain Gall. See private passageway to Basilica (right of image).
1907:
1316:
1080:
951:
771:
763:
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165:
1387:
McClendon, C (2005). The Origins of Medieval Architecture. London. p. 232, n.51
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She has also identified a status differentiation in the structures which follow the
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909:. It is possible to see the different models in the Saint Gall Project website.
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depicts 40 ground plans which include not only the properly monastic buildings (
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129:
17:
1736:"Umberto Eco, The Name of the Rose – First Day: Terce (pp. 27–39) – Study Page"
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to the east and to the west. It measures c.91.44 meters from apse to apse, the
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703:; the only place in the church where monks and seculars mix to worship at the
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Artist's reconstruction of the buildings in the plan by J. Rudolf Rahn, 1876.
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645:– give them a surveillance function while no indication of bells is given.
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to the east, the outer school and the house for elite guests to the west.
390:: elite guest houses, servant quarters, hospice for pilgrims and the poor.
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The northern and southern aisles of the basilica are furnished with four
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245:
48:
982:
Dark Age Bodies: Gender and Monastic Practice in the Early Medieval West
758:. The altars on the southern aisle are dedicated (from west to east) to
999:
Heitz, C. (1994). "Nouvelles perspectives pour le Plan de Saint Gall".
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The cloister is surrounded by two-storied buildings consisting of the
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and James. From the transcript the monks and lay brothers access the
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1001:
Bulletin de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France pour 1992
984:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 165–215.
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100:. The plan was stored in the library of the monastery, the famous
1047:
McClendon, C (2005). The origins of Medieval Architecture. London.
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each. The northern aisle houses the altars (from west to east) of
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31:
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Plan of Saint Gall. Simplified view showing different structures.
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Der Klosterplan con St. Gallen und die Karolingische Architektur
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Coon, L. (2011). "Chapter 6. Gendering the Plan of Saint Gall".
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with seven other monks, and his servant quarters are set apart.
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1131:"The Plan of St.Gall" www.stgallplan.org. Retrieved 2019-02-24.
78:, 115 lay visitors, and 150 craftmen and agricultural workers.
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who, although now Benedictine, were bringing some elements of
1829:
1788:
590:– signalling his spiritual status as head of the monastery.
1812:
Edward A. Segal (1989). "Monastery and Plan of St. Gall".
377:
Lynda Coon has identified five distinct "spatial-units":
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was a copy of an original drawing issued by the court of
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Website of the project, building the plan in full-scale.
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Bulletin du centre d'études médievales d'Auxerre, BUCEMA
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70:. According to calculations based on the manuscript's
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compound dating from 820–830 AD. It depicts an entire
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1059:(1 – Essays in Honor of Whitney Snow Stoddard): 1–8.
27:
Medieval architectural drawing of a monastic compound
1754:"Campus Galli – karolingische Klosterstadt Meßkirch"
1245:
1243:
1241:
833:. Finally, at the easternmost of the church is the
641:(southern tower). The inscriptions on the towers –
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sewn together, and measures 113 by 78 centimetres (
1830:Campus Galli – Karolingische Klosterstadt Meßkirch
1841:. Berlin: Deutscher Verlag für Kunstwissenschaft.
1781:"Carolingian Culture at Reichenau & St. Gall"
731:to the east) being solely for the ascetics' use.
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321:
308:
89:. The planned church was intended to hold the
160:as a bulwark against renewed activity by the
152:. The purpose of the synods was to establish
93:of the monastery's founder and namesake, the
8:
1317:"The Making of the Monastery Plan depiction"
1092:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1033:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
655:Adueniens adytum populus hic cunctus habebit
370:) but also secular buildings for the use of
276:and one of them has been identified as monk
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104:, where it remains to this day (indexed as
1123:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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666:The interior of the church is divided by
469:semitae per transuersum claustri quattuor
404:Medicinal: infirmary, physician's house,
345:As mentioned above the Plan represents a
115:and the 13th century. It is considered a
74:the complex was meant to house about 110
1851:Ochsenbein, Peter; Schmuki, Karl (ed.):
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572:The abbot's house faces outwards, its
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1853:Studien zum St. Galler Klosterplan II
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825:and in its northern arm the altar of
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629:In the west entrance there are two
333:Architectural design and structures
25:
878:references the plan in his novel
622:is c.12 meters in width and each
1306:, p. 3 Citing W. Horn.
113:fall of the Western Roman Empire
1090:The Plan of Saint Gall in Brief
204:The Plan was created from five
349:and it is possible to see the
1:
1815:Dictionary of the Middle Ages
643:ad universa super inspicienda
597:Basilica. Plan of Saint Gall.
142:Stiftsbibliothek Sankt Gallen
62:monastic compound, including
870:According to Earl Anderson (
537:. The monks, as well as the
483:and dormitory to the east –
1700:, Vol. I, pp. 136–139.
968:Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
124:Motivations behind the Plan
102:Abbey library of Saint Gall
1945:
916:
872:Cleveland State University
1137:"Spaces for servants and
966:) with funding from the
811:Holy Saviour at the Cross
807:Saint John the Evangelist
397:and outer school for the
162:Hiberno-Scottish missions
148:after the synods held at
1107:Rahn, J. Rudolf (1876).
626:is c.6 meters in width.
606:The monastery church or
431:
1929:9th-century manuscripts
1608:, Vol. I, p. 129..
1378:, Vol. III, p. 16.
1013:10.3406/bsnaf.1994.9735
154:Benedictine monasteries
140:, that the Plan in the
106:Codex Sangallensis 1092
1874:Rule of Saint Benedict
1712:, Vol. I, p. 139.
1710:Horn & Born (1979)
1698:Horn & Born (1979)
1676:, Vol. I, p. 133.
1674:Horn & Born (1979)
1625:, Vol. I, p. 128.
1623:Horn & Born (1979)
1606:Horn & Born (1979)
1596:, Vol. I, p. 127.
1594:Horn & Born (1979)
1485:"The Plan of St. Gall"
1376:Horn & Born (1979)
1221:Horn & Born (1979)
1211:, vol. 2, pp. 256–359.
964:University of Virginia
930:under construction in
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803:Saint John the Baptist
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374:workers and visitors.
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138:The Plan of Saint Gall
40:
1919:Medieval architecture
874:), it is likely that
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637:(northern tower) and
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587:ad eclesiam ingressus
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476:and its four rivers.
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347:Benedictine monastery
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194:
150:Aachen in 816 and 817
52:architectural drawing
35:
1835:Jacobsen, W (1992).
1770:," official website.
1209:The Plan of St. Gall
1135:Zettler, A. (2015).
1113:(in German). Zürich.
881:The Name of the Rose
366:, abbot's house and
1914:Abbey of Saint Gall
1879:Abbey of Saint Gall
1147:(Hors-série no.8).
809:, the altar of the
707:of Saint Gall. The
432:The monk's cloister
425:clockwise direction
136:in their 1979 work
87:Abbey of Saint Gall
1899:Carolingian Empire
1855:. St. Gallen 2002.
1489:www.stgallplan.org
1321:www.stgallplan.org
1088:Price, L. (1982).
974:Cited bibliography
928:monastic community
923:Campus Galli is a
899:Age of Charlemagne
863:
599:
559:
486:calefactoria domus
443:
406:bloodletting house
343:
197:
174:Celtic monasticism
158:Carolingian Empire
45:Plan of Saint Gall
41:
37:Plan of Saint Gall
1742:on April 4, 2005.
1154:10.4000/cem.13624
991:978-0-8122-4269-0
936:Baden-Württemberg
549:The abbot's house
545:of the cloister.
293:Sulpicius Severus
117:national treasure
16:(Redirected from
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1787:. Archived from
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1768:Bernard Frischer
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853:Derivative works
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351:Benedictine Rule
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306:The text reads :
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178:Benedictine Rule
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18:Plan of St. Gall
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1894:Louis the Pious
1884:Cluniac Reforms
1869:Carolingian art
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1846:Further reading
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772:Saint Mauritius
768:Saint Sebastian
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417:cardinal points
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185:Reichenau Abbey
156:throughout the
146:Louis the Pious
126:
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1808:
1807:External links
1805:
1802:
1801:
1785:stgallplan.org
1772:
1759:
1745:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1688:, p. 209.
1678:
1663:
1661:, p. 173.
1651:
1649:, p. 210.
1639:
1637:, p. 178.
1627:
1610:
1598:
1583:
1581:, p. 197.
1571:
1569:, p. 185.
1559:
1544:
1532:
1530:, p. 172.
1517:
1515:, p. 193.
1505:
1467:
1465:, p. 192.
1452:
1450:, p. 181.
1440:
1436:Zettler (2015)
1428:
1416:
1401:
1399:, p. 165.
1389:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1340:Zettler (2015)
1332:
1308:
1293:
1291:, p. 168.
1278:
1274:Zettler (2015)
1266:
1264:, p. 170.
1254:
1237:
1233:Zettler (2015)
1225:
1213:
1200:
1198:, p. 170.
1183:
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1065:10.2307/766891
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917:Main article:
914:
911:
901:exhibition in
894:
891:
867:
864:
854:
851:
827:Saints Philipp
795:baptismal font
776:Saint Lawrence
748:Holy Innocents
723:(dedicated to
685:baptismal font
603:
600:
550:
547:
525:to the west –
472:– symbolising
433:
430:
413:
412:
409:
408:, herb garden.
402:
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300:
299:The Dedication
297:
201:
200:The manuscript
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1824:0-684-18276-9
1821:
1818:. Volume 10.
1817:
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1811:
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1806:
1791:on 2012-09-11
1790:
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1755:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1734:Anderson, E.
1730:
1727:
1724:, p. 91.
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1568:
1563:
1560:
1557:, p. 38.
1556:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1542:, p. 19.
1541:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1524:
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1509:
1506:
1495:on 2016-10-28
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1414:, p. 24.
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1040:0-520-01724-2
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841:dedicated to
840:
836:
832:
828:
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820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
789:through nine
788:
785:opens to the
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
760:Saints Agatha
757:
756:Saint Stephen
753:
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661:
656:
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646:
644:
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636:
633:dedicated to
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
616:doubled-apsed
614:in shape and
613:
609:
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448:
445:The monastic
438:
429:
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393:Educational:
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34:
30:
19:
1924:Medieval art
1852:
1836:
1813:
1793:. Retrieved
1789:the original
1784:
1775:
1762:
1756:(in German).
1748:
1740:the original
1729:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1654:
1642:
1630:
1601:
1574:
1562:
1555:Price (1982)
1540:Price (1982)
1535:
1508:
1497:. Retrieved
1493:the original
1488:
1443:
1431:
1424:Price (1982)
1419:
1412:Price (1982)
1392:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1354:, p. 4.
1347:
1335:
1324:. Retrieved
1320:
1311:
1269:
1262:Heitz (1994)
1257:
1252:, p. 3.
1228:
1216:
1208:
1203:
1179:Price (1982)
1144:
1138:
1109:
1089:
1056:
1052:
1029:
1004:
1000:
981:
949:
922:
919:Campus Galli
913:Campus Galli
907:CAD software
898:
896:
887:
879:
869:
823:Saint Andrew
780:
752:Saint Martin
740:Saints Lucia
733:
719:and the two
665:
647:
642:
628:
605:
602:The basilica
583:
571:
560:
481:warming room
478:
460:is placed –
455:
444:
421:
414:
376:
355:ascetic life
344:
322:
314:
309:
305:
302:
289:Saint Martin
286:
282:
270:
237:
203:
182:
137:
127:
110:
105:
80:
68:bloodletting
44:
42:
36:
29:
1889:Charlemagne
1857:(in German)
1722:Rahn (1876)
1686:Coon (2011)
1659:Coon (2011)
1647:Coon (2011)
1635:Coon (2011)
1579:Coon (2011)
1567:Coon (2011)
1528:Coon (2011)
1513:Coon (2011)
1463:Coon (2011)
1448:Coon (2011)
1438:, para. 15.
1397:Coon (2011)
1364:Nees (1986)
1352:Nees (1986)
1304:Nees (1986)
1289:Coon (2011)
1250:Nees (1986)
1196:Coon (2011)
1139:provendarii
1007:: 169–173.
925:Carolingian
876:Umberto Eco
866:Umberto Eco
725:Saint Peter
652:inscribed:
639:St. Gabriel
635:St. Michael
502:refectorium
492:dormitorium
428:infirmary.
244:church and
60:Benedictine
1908:Categories
1795:2014-04-10
1499:2019-02-24
1342:, para. 6.
1326:2019-02-24
1276:, para. 7.
1235:, para. 1.
1163:References
847:Saint Gall
843:Saint Mary
839:high altar
835:presbytery
729:Saint Paul
713:presbytery
693:– and the
680:Saint Gall
676:Saint Mary
517:– and the
508:uestiarium
458:savin tree
206:parchments
98:Saint Gall
1119:cite book
1081:163824526
837:with the
774:, and to
754:, and of
746:, of the
612:cruciform
574:porticoes
567:novitiate
534:lardarium
528:cellarium
497:refectory
474:Jerusalem
395:novitiate
278:Reginbert
274:Reichenau
258:novitiate
1863:See also
1027:(1979).
1025:Born, E.
1021:Horn, W.
932:Meßkirch
819:transept
813:and the
709:transept
608:basilica
514:coquinam
451:pilgrims
447:cloister
441:picture.
368:cemetery
364:cloister
360:basilica
262:cemetery
246:cloister
56:monastic
49:medieval
940:Germany
791:arcades
744:Cecilia
668:columns
543:portico
266:orchard
254:pilgrim
231:⁄
217:⁄
170:Ireland
166:Britain
85:of the
1822:
1096:
1079:
1073:766891
1071:
1037:
988:
958:) and
903:Aachen
893:Models
817:. The
797:, the
787:aisles
736:altars
715:, the
711:, the
700:cripta
660:atrium
631:towers
523:larder
519:cellar
495:– the
463:sauina
382:Sacred
319:reads:
250:vellum
95:hermit
91:relics
72:tituli
64:church
1077:S2CID
1069:JSTOR
1053:Gesta
831:crypt
799:altar
770:, to
766:, to
764:Agnes
750:, of
721:apses
695:crypt
672:altar
650:porch
624:aisle
579:privy
563:abbot
539:abbot
399:elite
317:Latin
242:abbey
164:from
83:abbot
76:monks
54:of a
47:is a
1820:ISBN
1125:link
1094:ISBN
1035:ISBN
1005:1992
986:ISBN
956:UCLA
845:and
815:ambo
805:and
783:nave
781:The
762:and
742:and
717:nave
705:tomb
690:fons
678:and
620:nave
561:The
531:and
521:and
511:and
489:and
315:The
168:and
134:Born
132:and
130:Horn
43:The
1149:doi
1061:doi
1009:doi
801:of
674:of
610:is
388:Lay
372:lay
291:by
108:).
1910::
1783:.
1666:^
1613:^
1586:^
1547:^
1520:^
1487:.
1470:^
1455:^
1404:^
1319:.
1296:^
1281:^
1240:^
1186:^
1171:^
1143:.
1121:}}
1117:{{
1075:.
1067:.
1057:25
1055:.
1023:;
1003:.
938:,
934:,
849:.
778:.
697:–
687:–
505:,
362:,
295:.
280:.
264:,
260:,
224:30
210:44
1826:.
1798:.
1766:"
1502:.
1329:.
1223:.
1157:.
1151::
1127:)
1102:.
1083:.
1063::
1043:.
1015:.
1011::
994:.
962:(
954:(
884::
401:.
238:.
233:2
229:1
226:+
219:2
215:1
212:+
20:)
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