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changes thought to be produced by the real treatment. Similarly, the appearance of effect can result from classical conditioning, wherein a placebo and an actual stimulus are used simultaneously until the placebo is associated with the effect from the actual stimulus. Both conditioning and expectations play a role in placebo effect, and make different kinds of contributions. Conditioning has a longer-lasting effect, and can affect earlier stages of information processing. Those who think a treatment will work display a stronger placebo effect than those who do not, as evidenced by a study of acupuncture.
410:. Clinical trials found that open-label placebos may have positive effects in comparison to no treatment, which may open new avenues for treatments, but a review of such trials noted that they were done with a small number of participants and hence should be interpreted with "caution" until further, better-controlled trials are conducted. An updated 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis based on 11 studies also found a significant, albeit slightly smaller overall effect of open-label placebos, while noting that "research on OLPs is still in its infancy".
311:. A 2001 meta-analysis of the placebo effect looked at trials in 40 different medical conditions, and concluded the only one where it had been shown to have a significant effect was for pain. Another Cochrane review in 2010 suggested that placebo effects are apparent only in subjective, continuous measures, and in the treatment of pain and related conditions. The review found that placebos do not appear to affect the actual diseases, or outcomes that are not dependent on a patient's perception. The authors,
444:. A complete reanalysis and recalculation based on the same FDA data found that the Kirsch study had "important flaws in the calculations". The authors concluded that although a large percentage of the placebo response was due to expectancy, this was not true for the active drug. Besides confirming drug effectiveness, they found that the drug effect was not related to depression severity.
573:...the use of the placebo for 'diagnosis' of whether or not pain is real is misguided." A survey in the United States of more than 10,000 physicians came to the result that while 24% of physicians would prescribe a treatment that is a placebo simply because the patient wanted treatment, 58% would not, and for the remaining 18%, it would depend on the circumstances.
40:
319:, concluded that their study "did not find that placebo interventions have important clinical effects in general". This interpretation has been subject to criticism, as the existence of placebo effects seems undeniable. For example, recent research has linked placebo interventions to improved motor functions in patients with
164:(a statistical effect where an unusually high or low measurement is likely to be followed by a less extreme one). The use of placebos in clinical medicine raises ethical concerns, especially if they are disguised as an active treatment, as this introduces dishonesty into the doctor–patient relationship and bypasses
545:. Of particular concern has been the difference between trials comparing inert placebos with experimental treatments, versus comparing the best available treatment with an experimental treatment; and differences between trials in the sponsor's developed countries versus the trial's targeted developing countries.
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The placebo effect makes it more difficult to evaluate new treatments. Clinical trials control for this effect by including a group of subjects that receives a sham treatment. The subjects in such trials are blinded as to whether they receive the treatment or a placebo. If a person is given a placebo
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hypothesized that placebo effects are produced by the self-fulfilling effects of response expectancies, in which the belief that one will feel different leads a person to actually feel different. According to this theory, the belief that one has received an active treatment can produce the subjective
345:
Measuring the extent of the placebo effect is difficult due to confounding factors. For example, a patient may feel better after taking a placebo due to regression to the mean (i.e. a natural recovery or change in symptoms), but this can be ruled out by comparing the placebo group with a no treatment
171:
Placebos are also popular because they can sometimes produce relief through psychological mechanisms (a phenomenon known as the "placebo effect"). They can affect how patients perceive their condition and encourage the body's chemical processes for relieving pain and a few other symptoms, but have no
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Clinical trials are often double-blinded so that the researchers also do not know which test subjects are receiving the active or placebo treatment. The placebo effect in such clinical trials is weaker than in normal therapy since the subjects are not sure whether the treatment they are receiving is
871:
The word placebo was used in a medicinal context in the late 18th century to describe a "commonplace method or medicine" and in 1811 it was defined as "any medicine adapted more to please than to benefit the patient". Although this definition contained a derogatory implication it did not necessarily
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may contribute to the placebo effect. The active goals of an individual changes their somatic experience by altering the detection and interpretation of expectation-congruent symptoms, and by changing the behavioral strategies a person pursues. Motivation may link to the meaning through which people
588:
In the
Committee's view, homeopathy is a placebo treatment and the Government should have a policy on prescribing placebos. The Government is reluctant to address the appropriateness and ethics of prescribing placebos to patients, which usually relies on some degree of patient deception. Prescribing
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Another meta-analysis found that 79% of depressed patients receiving placebo remained well (for 12 weeks after an initial 6–8 weeks of successful therapy) compared to 93% of those receiving antidepressants. In the continuation phase however, patients on placebo relapsed significantly more often than
775:. After learning this pairing, the taste of saccharin by itself is able to cause immunosuppression, as a new conditioned response via neural top-down control. Such conditioning has been found to affect a diverse variety of not just basic physiological processes in the immune system but ones such as
556:
The practice of doctors prescribing placebos that are disguised as real medication is controversial. A chief concern is that it is deceptive and could harm the doctor–patient relationship in the long run. While some say that blanket consent, or the general consent to unspecified treatment given by
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is the difference between that response and no treatment. The placebo response may include improvements due to natural healing, declines due to natural disease progression, the tendency for people who were temporarily feeling either better or worse than usual to return to their average situations
879:
We know that, in Paris, fashion imposes its dictates on medicine just as it does with everything else. Well, at one time, pyramidal elm bark had a great reputation; it was taken as a powder, as an extract, as an elixir, even in baths. It was good for the nerves, the chest, the stomach—what can I
378:
found that, in trials of antipsychotic medications, the change in response to receiving a placebo had increased significantly between 1960 and 2013. The review's authors identified several factors that could be responsible for this change, including inflation of baseline scores and enrollment of
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on the basis that it can make patients feel better through the placebo effect. His concerns are that it is deceitful and that the placebo effect is unreliable. Goldacre also concludes that the placebo effect does not justify alternative medicine, arguing that unscientific medicine could lead to
533:
Knowingly giving a person a placebo when there is an effective treatment available is a bioethically complex issue. While placebo-controlled trials might provide information about the effectiveness of a treatment, it denies some patients what could be the best available (if unproven) treatment.
365:
can be measured is by conducting "open/hidden" studies, in which some patients receive an analgesic and are informed that they will be receiving it (open), while others are administered the same drug without their knowledge (hidden). Such studies have found that analgesics are considerably more
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secretion. Recent reviews have argued that the placebo effect is due to top-down control by the brain for immunity and pain. Pacheco-López and colleagues have raised the possibility of "neocortical-sympathetic-immune axis providing neuroanatomical substrates that might explain the link between
358:. In their 2010 meta-analysis of the placebo effect, Asbjørn Hróbjartsson and Peter C. Gøtzsche argue that "even if there were no true effect of placebo, one would expect to record differences between placebo and no-treatment groups due to bias associated with lack of blinding".
589:
of placebos is not consistent with informed patient choice—which the
Government claims is very important—as it means patients do not have all the information needed to make choice meaningful. A further issue is that the placebo effect is unreliable and unpredictable.
561:. There are also concerns that legitimate doctors and pharmacists could open themselves up to charges of fraud or malpractice by using a placebo. Critics also argued that using placebos can delay the proper diagnosis and treatment of serious medical conditions.
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440:(FDA), concluded that 82% of the response to antidepressants was accounted for by placebos. However, other authors expressed serious doubts about the used methods and the interpretation of the results, especially the use of 0.5 as the cut-off point for the
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The mechanism for how placebos could have effects is uncertain. From a sociocognitive perspective, intentional placebo response is attributed to the “ritual effect” that induces anticipation for transition to a better state. A placebo presented as a
400:
The administration of the placebos can determine the placebo effect strength. Studies have found that taking more pills would strengthen the effect. Capsules appear to be more influential than pills, and injections are even stronger than capsules.
557:
patients beforehand, is ethical, others argue that patients should always obtain specific information about the name of the drug they are receiving, its side effects, and other treatment options. This view is shared by some on the grounds of
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Linde K, Witt CM, Streng A, Weidenhammer W, Wagenpfeil S, Brinkhaus B, Willich SN, Melchart D (April 2007). "The impact of patient expectations on outcomes in four randomized controlled trials of acupuncture in patients with chronic pain".
744:
Functional imaging upon placebo analgesia has been summarized as showing that the placebo response is "mediated by 'top-down' processes dependent on frontal cortical areas that generate and maintain cognitive expectancies.
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has argued similarly that "As a good doctor you should be able to transmit a placebo effect through the compassion you show your patients." In an opinion piece about homeopathy, Ernst argues that it is wrong to support
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occurs when the recipient of an inert substance reports a negative effect or a worsening of symptoms, with the outcome resulting not from the substance itself, but from negative expectations about the treatment.
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Klinger R, Soost S, Flor H, Worm M (March 2007). "Classical conditioning and expectancy in placebo hypoalgesia: a randomized controlled study in patients with atopic dermatitis and persons with healthy skin".
564:
Despite the abovementioned issues, 60% of surveyed physicians and head nurses reported using placebos in an
Israeli study, with only 5% of respondents stating that placebo use should be strictly prohibited. A
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Placebo-controlled studies, as well as studies of the placebo effect itself, often fail to adequately identify confounding factors. False impressions of placebo effects are caused by many factors including:
617:
also expresses concern over the potential for placebos to be used unethically, warning that there is an increase in "quackery" and that an "alternative industry that preys on the vulnerable" is developing.
267:), and errors in the clinical trial records, which can make it appear that a change has happened when nothing has changed. It is also part of the recorded response to any active medical intervention.
387:
clinical trials conducted in the United States from 1990 to 2013. The researchers suggested that this may be because such trials have "increased in study size and length" during this time period.
137:. Placebos in clinical trials should ideally be indistinguishable from so-called verum treatments under investigation, except for the latter's particular hypothesized medicinal effect. This is to
413:
If the person dispensing the placebo shows their care towards the patient, is friendly and sympathetic, or has a high expectation of a treatment's success, then the placebo is more effectual.
342:
Placebos are believed to be capable of altering a person's perception of pain. According to the
American Cancer Society, "A person might reinterpret a sharp pain as uncomfortable tingling."
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Tuttle AH, Tohyama S, Ramsay T, Kimmelman J, Schweinhardt P, Bennett GJ, Mogil JS (December 2015). "Increasing placebo responses over time in U.S. clinical trials of neuropathic pain".
160:, but otherwise do not generally have important clinical effects. Improvements that patients experience after being treated with a placebo can also be due to unrelated factors, such as
152:
The idea of a placebo effect was discussed in 18th century psychology, but became more prominent in the 20th century. Modern studies find that placebos can affect some outcomes such as
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1068:
Lanotte M, Lopiano L, Torre E, Bergamasco B, Colloca L, Benedetti F (November 2005). "Expectation enhances autonomic responses to stimulation of the human subthalamic limbic region".
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Colloca L, Tinazzi M, Recchia S, Le Pera D, Fiaschi A, Benedetti F, Valeriani M (October 2008). "Learning potentiates neurophysiological and behavioral placebo analgesic responses".
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experience illness and treatment. Such meaning is derived from the culture in which they live and which informs them about the nature of illness and how it responds to treatment.
424:, Goli integrates many of the specific and non-specific factors influencing the placebo effect in the perceived healing response formula, developed based on main placebo studies.
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A phenomenon opposite to the placebo effect has also been observed. When an inactive substance or treatment is administered to a recipient who has an expectation of it having a
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in the brain. Such analgesic placebos activation changes processing lower down in the brain by enhancing the descending inhibition through the periaqueductal gray on spinal
227:
became associated with someone who falsely claimed a connection to the deceased to get a share of the funeral meal, and hence a flatterer, and so a deceptive act to please.
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placebo/conditioned and placebo/expectation responses". There has also been research aiming to understand underlying neurobiological mechanisms of action in pain relief,
3303:
Ockene JK, Barad DH, Cochrane BB, Larson JC, Gass M, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Manson JE, Barnabei VM, Lane DS, Brzyski RG, Rosal MC, Wylie-Rosett J, Hays J (July 2005).
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Pacheco-López G, Engler H, Niemi MB, Schedlowski M (September 2006). "Expectations and associations that heal: Immunomodulatory placebo effects and its neurobiology".
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Quattrone A, Barbagallo G, Cerasa A, Stoessl AJ (August 2018). "Neurobiology of placebo effect in
Parkinson's disease: What we have learned and where we are going".
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Golomb BA, Erickson LC, Koperski S, Sack D, Enkin M, Howick J (October 2010). "What's in placebos: who knows? Analysis of randomized, controlled trials".
908:
758:
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may underlie these expectancies". "Diseases lacking major 'top-down' or cortically based regulation may be less prone to placebo-related improvement".
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Some suggest that existing medical treatments should be used instead of placebos, to avoid having some patients not receive medicine during the trial.
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Altunç U, Pittler MH, Ernst E (January 2007). "Homeopathy for childhood and adolescence ailments: systematic review of randomized clinical trials".
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Murray D, Stoessl AJ (December 2013). "Mechanisms and therapeutic implications of the placebo effect in neurological and psychiatric conditions".
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under one name, and they respond, they will respond in the same way on a later occasion to that placebo under that name but not if under another.
499:
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Vase L, Riley JL, Price DD (October 2002). "A comparison of placebo effects in clinical analgesic trials versus studies of placebo analgesia".
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is usually required for a study to be considered ethical, including the disclosure that some test subjects will receive placebo treatments.
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It was recognized in the 18th and 19th centuries that drugs or remedies often were perceived to work best while they were still novel:
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Diederich NJ, Goetz CG (August 2008). "The placebo treatments in neurosciences: New insights from clinical and neuroimaging studies".
886:] patients asked him if it might not be a good idea to take some: "Take it, Madame", he replied, "and hurry up while it cures."
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145:) from knowing who is getting the placebo and who is getting the treatment under test, as patients' and clinicians' expectations of
86:
3872:, Studies in Neuroscience, Consciousness and Spirituality, vol. 5, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 117–132,
1350:
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Goffaux P, Redmond WJ, Rainville P, Marchand S (July 2007). "Descending analgesia--when the spine echoes what the brain expects".
2735:"Greater response to placebo in children than in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis in drug-resistant partial epilepsy"
421:
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group (as all the placebo research does). It is harder still to tell the difference between the placebo effect and the effects of
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Price DD, Finniss DG, Benedetti F (2008). "A comprehensive review of the placebo effect: recent advances and current thought".
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argues that instead of deceiving patients with placebos, doctors should use the placebo effect to enhance effective medicines.
291:
651:
4898:
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Geers AL, Weiland PE, Kosbab K, Landry SJ, Helfer SG (August 2005). "Goal activation, expectations, and the placebo effect".
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The subjective effects of placebos may be related to expectations, yet similar effects have been noted in open-label studies.
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editorial said, "that a patient gets pain relief from a placebo does not imply that the pain is not real or organic in origin
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Some studies have investigated the use of placebos where the patient is fully aware that the treatment is inert, known as an
825:
Response bias from subjects, including scaling bias, answers of politeness, experimental subordination, conditioned answers;
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2421:"Is the placebo powerless? Update of a systematic review with 52 new randomized trials comparing placebo with no treatment"
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Withdrawal symptoms can also occur after placebo treatment. This was found, for example, after the discontinuation of the
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Khan A, Redding N, Brown WA (August 2008). "The persistence of the placebo response in antidepressant clinical trials".
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Hurst P, Schipof-Godart L, Szabo A, Raglin J, Hettinga F, Roelands B, Lane A, Foad A, Coleman D, Beedie C (2020-03-15).
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437:
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Stewart-Williams S, Podd J (March 2004). "The placebo effect: dissolving the expectancy versus conditioning debate".
3014:"Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration"
911:. A 1997 reassessment found no evidence of any placebo effect in the source data, as the study had not accounted for
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Voudouris NJ, Peck CL, Coleman G (July 1989). "Conditioned response models of placebo phenomena: further support".
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Kirsch I (1997). "Specifying non-specifics: Psychological mechanism of the placebo effect". In
Harrington A (ed.).
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2013:"The placebo is powerful: Estimating placebo effects in medicine and psychotherapy from randomized clinical trials"
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264:
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process is a placebo when none of the characteristic treatment factors are effective (remedial or harmful) in the
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McDonald CJ, Mazzuca SA, McCabe GP (1983). "How much of the placebo 'effect' is really statistical regression?".
488:
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Placebos have featured in medical use until well into the twentieth century. An influential 1955 study entitled
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119:
33:
1848:"Factors contributing to large analgesic effects in placebo mechanism studies conducted between 2002 and 2007"
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is paired in a drink with an agent that produces an unconditioned response. For example, that agent might be
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Tekampe J, van
Middendorp H, Meeuwis SH, van Leusden JW, Pacheco-López G, Hermus AR, Evers AW (2017-02-10).
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and other flaws in trial methodology, as a trial comparing placebo treatment and no treatment will not be a
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2872:"Effects of placebos without deception compared with no treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
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Faria V, Fredrikson M, Furmark T (July 2008). "Imaging the placebo response: a neurofunctional review".
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2984:, Cognitive Systems Monographs, vol. 45, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 79–97,
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suggests links to the activation, and increased functional correlation between this activation, in the
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symptoms were reported by 4.8% of those on placebo compared to 21.3% of those on hormone replacement.
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Lidstone SC, Stoessl AJ (2007). "Understanding the placebo effect: contributions from neuroimaging".
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Charlesworth JE, Petkovic G, Kelley JM, Hunter M, Onakpoya I, Roberts N, Miller FG, Howick J (2017).
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2978:"Body, Meaning, and Time: Healing Response as a Transtemporal and Multimodal Meaning-Making Process"
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medical treatment. Common placebos include inert tablets (like sugar pills), inert injections (like
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Asai A, Kadooka Y (May 2013). "Reexamination of the ethics of placebo use in clinical practice".
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firmly established the idea that placebo effects were clinically important, and were a result of
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Kaptchuk TJ (June 1998). "Powerful placebo: the dark side of the randomised controlled trial".
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1807:"Is the placebo powerless? An analysis of clinical trials comparing placebo with no treatment"
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Suggestible You: The
Curious Science of Your Brain's Ability to Deceive, Transform, and Heal
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Colloca L, Benedetti F (July 2005). "Placebos and painkillers: is mind as real as matter?".
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Dopaminergic pathways have been implicated in the placebo response in pain and depression.
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2921:"Effects of open-label placebos in clinical trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
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The ethics of placebo-controlled studies have been debated in the revision process of the
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Levine JD, Gordon NC, Fields HL (September 1978). "The mechanism of placebo analgesia".
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Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, Johnson BT (February 2008).
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2823:"Open-label placebo clinical trials: is it the rationale, the interaction or the pill?"
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4757:"Placebo effect studies are susceptible to response bias and to other types of biases"
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3114:"Efficacy of antidepressants: a re-analysis and re-interpretation of the Kirsch data"
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Kienle GS, Kiene H (December 1997). "The powerful placebo effect: fact or fiction?".
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1639:"The relativity of 'placebos': defending a modified version of Grünbaum's definition"
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Kirsch I (1985). "Response expectancy as a determinant of experience and behavior".
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Non-inert ingredients of the placebo medication having an unintended physical effect
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3459:"The ethics of prescription of placebos to patients with major depressive disorder"
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1750:"Mechanisms of Placebo and Placebo-Related Effects Across Diseases and Treatments"
1658:"Placebos in chronic pain: evidence, theory, ethics, and use in clinical practice"
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Since 1978, it has been known that placebo analgesia depends upon the release of
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Whalley B, Hyland ME, Kirsch I (May 2008). "Consistency of the placebo effect".
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say?— it was a true panacea. At the peak of the fad, one of
Bouvard's [
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4057:
3748:
Rimmer A (January 2018). "Empathy and ethics: five minutes with Edzard Ernst".
3688:
2944:
2838:
2733:
Rheims S, Cucherat M, Arzimanoglou A, Ryvlin P (August 2008). Klassen T (ed.).
1863:
1506:
5227:
5186:
4364:
4271:
3834:
3392:
3227:
3130:
3113:
2257:
1902:
1607:
1172:
1081:
948:
776:
675:
640:
577:
3657:
3608:
3475:
3212:"Nocebo phenomena in medicine: their relevance in everyday clinical practice"
2379:
2312:
2209:
2174:"Conditioning Immune and Endocrine Parameters in Humans: A Systematic Review"
2142:
2085:
2036:
1926:
1871:
1773:
1683:
1615:
1424:
1180:
2459:
Gøtzsche's biographical article has further references related to this work.
1591:
831:
from experimenters, including misjudgment and irrelevant response variables.
764:
719:
628:
506:. Women had been on placebo for an average of 5.7 years. Moderate or severe
503:
390:
362:
214:
5089:
5054:
5000:
4825:
4790:
4738:
4703:
4668:
Benedetti F, Mayberg HS, Wager TD, Stohler CS, Zubieta JK (November 2005).
4646:
4560:
4517:
4439:
4382:
4325:
4279:
4244:
4226:
4195:
4152:
4108:
4065:
3951:
3769:
3675:
3626:
3567:
3525:
3494:
3435:
3400:
3365:
3330:
3321:
3304:
3245:
3174:
3139:
3098:
3049:
2962:
2897:
2856:
2770:
2696:
2661:
2608:
2573:
2524:
2446:
2387:
2330:
2304:
2265:
2217:
2150:
2103:
2044:
1997:
1934:
1879:
1832:
1781:
1734:
1726:
1691:
1524:
1432:
1311:
1220:
1194:
1089:
1028:
4868:
4603:
4021:
2532:
2497:
2346:"The Placebo and Nocebo effect on sports performance: A systematic review"
1568:
96:
2564:
2547:
715:
558:
146:
4474:
3259:
1003:"Brain Mechanisms of the Placebo Effect: An Affective Appraisal Account"
133:, and the difference between this and the result of no treatment is the
17:
3305:"Symptom experience after discontinuing use of estrogen plus progestin"
2888:
2871:
2370:
2200:
2028:
1989:
1559:
1542:
784:
248:
244:
210:
206:
198:
173:
142:
5274:
4582:
Ader R, Cohen N (1975). "Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression".
3689:
Doctors
Struggle With Tougher-Than-Ever Dilemmas: Other Ethical Issues
2293:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2190:
2173:
2119:"The placebo response in medicine: minimize, maximize or personalize?"
1674:
1657:
1416:
3761:
963:
457:
394:
308:
157:
4638:
3559:
2628:"Placebo response in antipsychotic clinical trials: a meta-analysis"
2134:
1246:
Scientific psychology in the 18th century: a historical rediscovery.
1132:
1115:
3344:
Kottow M (December 2010). "The improper use of research placebos".
2011:
Wampold BE, Minami T, Tierney SC, Baskin TW, Bhati KS (July 2005).
383:
in 2015 found that placebo responses had increased considerably in
223:, " shall please the Lord in the land of the living". From that, a
39:
1273:
Hróbjartsson A, Gøtzsche PC (January 2010). Hróbjartsson A (ed.).
848:
650:
471:
336:
190:
38:
4965:
de Craen AJ, Kaptchuk TJ, Tijssen JG, Kleijnen J (October 1999).
304:
153:
115:
4967:"Placebos and placebo effects in medicine: historical overview"
4929:...it had an ephemeral reputation"; Georges Dujardin-Beaumetz,
3866:"The Ritual Effect: The Healing Response to Forms and Performs"
2919:
von Wernsdorff M, Loef M, Tuschen-Caffier B, Schmidt S (2023).
2715:"The Placebo Effect Is Getting Stronger — But Only in the U.S."
1974:"The story of placebo effects in medicine: Evidence in context"
867:
used this remedy to illustrate the power of the placebo effect.
882:
72:
5275:
Program in Placebo Studies & Therapeutic Encounter (PiPS)
4891:
The Powerful Placebo: From Ancient Priest to Modern Physician
613:
patients not receiving prevention advice. Placebo researcher
2548:"Regression to the mean: what it is and how to deal with it"
1713:
Eccles R (2002). "The powerful placebo in cough studies?".
379:
fewer severely ill patients. Another analysis published in
78:
63:
3701:
UK Parliamentary Committee Science, Technology Committee.
366:
effective when the patient knows they are receiving them.
43:
Placebos are typically inert tablets, such as sugar pills.
299:
Alternative medicine § Perceived mechanism of effect
4931:
Formulaire pratique de thérapeutique et de pharmacologie
4919:
Cours élémentaire d'histoire naturelle pharmaceutique...
4755:
Hróbjartsson A, Kaptchuk TJ, Miller FG (November 2011).
3904:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 166–86.
3379:
Michels KB (April 2000). "The placebo problem remains".
2546:
Barnett AG, van der Pols JC, Dobson AJ (February 2005).
1592:"Overcoming disagreement: a roadmap for placebo studies"
1157:"Overcoming disagreement: a roadmap for placebo studies"
487:
Another negative consequence is that placebos can cause
323:. Other objective outcomes affected by placebos include
1398:
1396:
944:
E. Morton Jellinek § Recognition of placebo effect
303:
Placebos can improve patient-reported outcomes such as
258:
is the measured response of subjects to a placebo; the
2117:
Enck P, Bingel U, Schedlowski M, Rief W (March 2013).
1846:
Vase L, Petersen GL, Riley JL, Price DD (2009-09-01).
1116:"The placebo response: an important part of treatment"
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
290:"Placebo effect" redirects here. For other uses, see
87:
69:
4299:
4297:
4211:"Placebo effects: clinical aspects and neurobiology"
3902:
The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration
3118:
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology
2782:
2780:
75:
60:
57:
4349:"Neuroimaging study of placebo analgesia in humans"
3789:
3787:
1275:"Placebo interventions for all clinical conditions"
370:
Factors influencing the power of the placebo effect
66:
4670:"Neurobiological mechanisms of the placebo effect"
3280:Shapiro AK, Chassan J, Morris LA, Frick R (1974).
2821:Blease CR, Bernstein MH, Locher C (26 June 2019).
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
4398:"Neurobiological mechanisms of placebo responses"
331:parameters, end-organ functions regulated by the
1656:Kaptchuk TJ, Hemond CC, Miller FG (2020-07-20).
4347:Qiu YH, Wu XY, Xu H, Sackett D (October 2009).
1901:Spiegel D, Kraemer H, Carlson RW (2001-10-01).
877:
586:
239:has been debated. One definition states that a
5212:(1st ed.). Cambridge, MA, United States.
3822:"The science of placebos is fuelling quackery"
3718:
3716:
27:Substance or treatment of no therapeutic value
959:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
819:(natural recovery or fluctuation of symptoms)
432:In 2008, a meta-analysis led by psychologist
8:
4176:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
3723:Goldacre B (2008). "5: The Placebo Effect".
1972:Wampold BE, Imel ZE, Minami T (April 2007).
1754:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
584:Science and Technology Committee has stated:
5210:Neurobiology of the placebo effect. Part II
4750:
4748:
2407:
2405:
1800:
1798:
1282:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
474:
218:
184:
5240:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5199:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5169:Neurobiology of the placebo effect. Part I
4402:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
3346:Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice
2626:, Roose SP, Lieberman JA (December 2014).
2239:
2237:
2235:
1536:
1534:
1353:. American Cancer Society. 10 April 2015.
361:One way in which the magnitude of placebo
189:(pronounced /plaˈkebo/ or /plaˈt͡ʃebo) is
5121:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559121.001.0001
4990:
4780:
4693:
4429:
4372:
4234:
3833:
3665:
3616:
3598:
3484:
3474:
3320:
3235:
3129:
3112:Fountoulakis KN, Möller HJ (April 2011).
3088:
3039:
3029:
2952:
2887:
2846:
2760:
2750:
2651:
2563:
2436:
2369:
2320:
2199:
2189:
2093:
2075:
1822:
1766:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094711
1715:Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1673:
1558:
1514:
1301:
1131:
1109:
1107:
1018:
270:Measurable placebo effects may be either
4971:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
3583:"Questionnaire survey on use of placebo"
3210:Häuser W, Hansen E, Enck P (June 2012).
1805:Hróbjartsson A, Gøtzsche PC (May 2001).
1495:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
466:impact, this intervention is known as a
4903:"The Placebo Effect in Medical History"
4818:10.7326/0003-4819-153-8-201010190-00010
3925:
3923:
3921:
996:
994:
990:
5233:
5192:
3581:Nitzan U, Lichtenberg P (2004-10-23).
2601:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.113006.095941
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
582:House of Commons of the United Kingdom
4396:Zubieta JK, Stohler CS (March 2009).
3063:Turner EH, Rosenthal R (March 2008).
2552:International Journal of Epidemiology
1455:"Placebo (origins of technical term)"
1250:Perspectives on Psychological Science
1020:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093015
1001:Ashar YK, Chang LJ, Wager TD (2017).
872:imply that the remedy had no effect.
759:Neural top–down control of physiology
393:seem to have a greater response than
282:(e.g. a lowered perception of pain).
7:
5279:Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
1044:"The FDA Wants You for Sham Surgery"
1007:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
974:Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism
763:In conditioning, a neutral stimulus
4889:Arthur K. Shapiro, Elaine Shapiro,
2622:Rutherford BR, Pott E, Tandler JM,
1907:The New England Journal of Medicine
1811:The New England Journal of Medicine
1244:Schwarz, K. A., & Pfister, R.:
909:the brain's role in physical health
5016:How placebo effect went mainstream
4553:10.1212/01.wnl.0000324635.49971.3d
3216:Deutsches Ärzteblatt International
2876:Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine
25:
5035:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
4950:Souvenirs et portraits, 1780–1789
3510:"Regulation with Placebo Effects"
3286:Journal of Operational Psychiatry
2793:. Worth Publishers. p. 176.
2350:European Journal of Sport Science
1913:(17): 1276, author reply 1278–9.
1590:Blease C, Annoni M (2019-03-14).
1155:Blease C, Annoni M (April 2019).
220:placēbō Dominō in regiōne vīvōrum
5047:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.11.007
4761:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
4731:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.07.009
4596:10.1097/00006842-197507000-00007
4498:European Neuropsychopharmacology
4422:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04424.x
3428:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2011.01943.x
3358:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2009.01246.x
3167:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.10.004
2644:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1319
2478:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
2438:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01355.x
2178:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
853:A quack treating a patient with
491:associated with real treatment.
197:. It was used as a name for the
53:
4719:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
4510:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.03.002
3691:Author: Leslie Kane. 11/11/2010
3155:Journal of Psychiatric Research
2787:Rosenberg R, Kosslyn S (2010).
2689:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000333
1748:Benedetti F (1 February 2008).
1357:from the original on 2020-05-22
1042:Gottlieb S (18 February 2014).
292:Placebo effect (disambiguation)
4773:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.01.008
4686:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3458-05.2005
3703:"Evidence Check 2: Homeopathy"
3457:Chua SJ, Pitts M (June 2015).
3381:Archives of General Psychiatry
3282:"Placebo induced side effects"
3262:. Priory.com. 10 February 2007
3191:. Merriam-Webster Incorporated
2976:Goli F (2022), Nadin M (ed.),
2060:"Putting placebos to the test"
2017:Journal of Clinical Psychology
1978:Journal of Clinical Psychology
1379:. Scribner. pp. 134–159.
1294:10.1002/14651858.CD003974.pub3
95:) can be roughly defined as a
1:
5082:10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00205-1
4861:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)10111-8
4467:10.1016/s0140-6736(78)92762-9
4260:Molecular Imaging and Biology
3864:Goli F, Farzanegan M (2016),
3065:"Efficacy of antidepressants"
2490:10.1016/s0895-4356(97)00203-5
2362:10.1080/17461391.2019.1655098
2246:Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
2123:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
1491:"Biblical origins of placebo"
1070:Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
639:, but when administered as a
448:patients on antidepressants.
4627:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
4014:10.1016/0304-3959(89)90080-8
3987:10.1037/0003-066X.40.11.1189
3820:Benedetti F (3 March 2022).
3587:BMJ: British Medical Journal
3031:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050045
2982:Epigenetics and Anticipation
2752:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050166
2425:Journal of Internal Medicine
2077:10.1371/journal.pbio.2001998
747:Dopaminergic reward pathways
438:Food and Drug Administration
418:Epigenetics and Anticipation
5115:. Oxford University Press.
4806:Annals of Internal Medicine
4674:The Journal of Neuroscience
3944:10.1037/0033-2909.130.2.324
3878:10.1007/978-3-319-35092-9_5
3600:10.1136/bmj.38236.646678.55
3081:10.1136/bmj.39510.531597.80
2990:10.1007/978-3-031-17678-4_6
2827:BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine
2589:Annual Review of Psychology
1919:10.1056/nejm200110253451712
1824:10.1056/NEJM200105243442106
500:hormone replacement therapy
5325:
5111:Benedetti F (2008-10-16).
4983:10.1177/014107689909201005
4925:"the elm, pompously named
4318:10.1016/j.pain.2006.11.011
4188:10.1037/0022-3514.89.2.143
4145:10.1016/j.pain.2006.12.006
4101:10.1016/j.pain.2008.04.021
4058:10.1016/j.pain.2006.08.025
3795:"No to homeopathy placebo"
3640:Spiegel D (October 2004).
2945:10.1038/s41598-021-83148-6
2839:10.1136/bmjebm-2019-111209
2713:Dahl M (October 9, 2015).
1903:"Is the placebo powerless"
1864:10.1016/j.pain.2009.04.008
1543:"Semantics of the placebo"
1507:10.1177/014107680009300419
922:
919:Placebo-controlled studies
842:
756:
724:periaqueductal gray matter
576:Referring specifically to
517:
455:
436:, analyzing data from the
296:
289:
265:regression toward the mean
112:randomized clinical trials
31:
4365:10.1007/s12264-009-0907-2
4272:10.1007/s11307-007-0086-3
4209:Oken BS (November 2008).
3835:10.1146/knowable-030222-3
3393:10.1001/archpsyc.57.4.321
3228:10.3238/arztebl.2012.0459
3131:10.1017/S1461145710000957
2833:(5): bmjebm–2019–111209.
2287:Meissner K (2011-06-27).
2258:10.1016/j.bbi.2006.05.003
2058:Gross L (February 2017).
1608:10.1007/s10539-019-9671-5
1173:10.1007/s10539-019-9671-5
1082:10.1016/j.bbi.2005.06.004
631:may trigger an effect on
496:Women's Health Initiative
5208:Colloca L (2018-08-23).
5167:Colloca L (2018-04-20).
3658:10.1136/bmj.329.7472.927
3476:10.4103/0366-6999.157699
1596:Biology & Philosophy
1161:Biology & Philosophy
979:Self-fulfilling prophecy
925:Placebo-controlled study
333:autonomic nervous system
139:shield test participants
114:to test the efficacy of
107:, and other procedures.
34:Placebo (disambiguation)
5309:Mind–body interventions
5253:. National Geographic.
3548:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
3463:Chinese Medical Journal
1489:Jacobs B (April 2000).
896:Michel-Philippe Bouvart
856:Perkins Patent Tractors
643:, the opposite effect.
567:British Medical Journal
543:Declaration of Helsinki
254:In a clinical trial, a
149:can influence results.
5283:Harvard Medical School
4584:Psychosomatic Medicine
3932:Psychological Bulletin
3642:"Placebos in practice"
3322:10.1001/jama.294.2.183
2525:10.1002/sim.4780020401
2513:Statistics in Medicine
2305:10.1098/rstb.2010.0403
1727:10.1006/pupt.2002.0364
1252:, Nr. 11, pp. 399–407.
913:regression to the mean
901:
868:
817:Regression to the mean
661:classical conditioning
656:
591:
524:Philosophy of medicine
475:
374:A review published in
219:
217::9 in modern bibles),
185:
162:regression to the mean
129:group is known as the
44:
5013:Stoddart, Charlotte,
4353:Neuroscience Bulletin
3975:American Psychologist
1547:Psychiatric Quarterly
1459:TheFreeDictionary.com
1225:TheFreeDictionary.com
852:
822:Additional treatments
757:Further information:
654:
479:= "I shall harm"). A
297:Further information:
110:Placebos are used in
42:
4227:10.1093/brain/awn116
3870:Biosemiotic Medicine
905:The Powerful Placebo
781:oxidative DNA damage
739:nociceptive reflexes
610:alternative medicine
313:Asbjørn Hróbjartsson
32:For other uses, see
4855:(9117): 1722–1725.
4414:2009NYASA1156..198Z
3260:"The Nocebo Effect"
2937:2021NatSR..11.3855V
2790:Abnormal Psychology
2299:(1572): 1808–1817.
1541:Shapiro AK (1968).
1377:Hippocrates' Shadow
1048:Wall Street Journal
807:Confounding factors
794:Parkinson's disease
552:In medical practice
321:Parkinson's disease
209:, a quote from the
4913:the inner bark of
4221:(Pt 11): 2812–23.
3801:. 22 February 2010
2925:Scientific Reports
2889:10.1111/jebm.12251
2565:10.1093/ije/dyh299
2029:10.1002/jclp.20129
1990:10.1002/jclp.20354
1560:10.1007/BF01564309
1405:Movement Disorders
1375:Newman DH (2008).
1114:Chaplin S (2006).
869:
845:Placebo in history
735:endogenous opioids
696:anterior cingulate
688:Functional imaging
657:
615:Fabrizio Benedetti
529:In research trials
407:open-label placebo
356:blinded experiment
235:The definition of
203:Office of the Dead
125:any change in the
120:placebo-controlled
116:medical treatments
45:
5299:Clinical research
5260:978-1-4262-1789-0
5219:978-0-12-815417-5
5178:978-0-12-814326-1
5171:. Cambridge, MA.
5159:978-0-262-54425-2
5152:. The MIT Press.
5130:978-0-19-955912-1
5021:Knowable Magazine
4917:: Simon Morelot,
4680:(45): 10390–402.
3981:(11): 1189–1202.
3911:978-0-674-66986-4
3887:978-3-319-35091-2
3826:Knowable Magazine
3734:978-0-00-724019-7
3727:. Fourth Estate.
3593:(7472): 944–946.
3508:Malani A (2008).
2999:978-3-031-17677-7
2800:978-1-4292-6356-6
2191:10.1159/000449470
1817:(21): 1594–1602.
1675:10.1136/bmj.m1668
1637:Howick J (2017).
1417:10.1002/mds.27438
1386:978-1-4165-5153-9
790:immunosuppression
777:serum iron levels
773:immunosuppression
712:nucleus accumbens
692:placebo analgesia
683:Placebo analgesia
593:In his 2008 book
416:In the 2022 book
317:Peter C. Gøtzsche
225:singer of placebo
205:, taken from its
195:shall be pleasing
16:(Redirected from
5316:
5264:
5245:
5239:
5231:
5204:
5198:
5190:
5163:
5148:Hall KT (2022).
5135:
5134:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5030:
5024:
5011:
5005:
5004:
4994:
4962:
4956:
4943:
4937:
4915:Ulmus campestris
4911:
4905:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4784:
4752:
4743:
4742:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4697:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4433:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4376:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4301:
4292:
4291:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4238:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4040:
4034:
4033:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3927:
3916:
3915:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3837:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3762:10.1136/bmj.k309
3745:
3739:
3738:
3720:
3711:
3710:
3705:. Archived from
3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3669:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3620:
3602:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3478:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3239:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3133:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3092:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3043:
3033:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2956:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2891:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2764:
2754:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2711:Lay summary in:
2708:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2567:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2473:
2460:
2458:
2440:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2373:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2241:
2230:
2229:
2203:
2193:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2079:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1826:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1677:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1562:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1486:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1411:(8): 1213–1227.
1400:
1391:
1390:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1351:"Placebo Effect"
1347:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1314:. Archived from
1305:
1279:
1270:
1253:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1022:
998:
899:
769:cyclophosphamide
572:
559:patient autonomy
536:Informed consent
478:
452:Negative effects
385:neuropathic pain
256:placebo response
222:
213:'s Psalm 116:9 (
188:
166:informed consent
131:placebo response
91:
85:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
59:
21:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5289:
5288:
5271:
5261:
5249:Erik V (2016).
5248:
5232:
5220:
5207:
5191:
5179:
5166:
5160:
5147:
5144:
5142:Further reading
5139:
5138:
5131:
5113:Placebo Effects
5110:
5109:
5105:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5023:, June 27, 2023
5012:
5008:
4977:(10): 511–515.
4964:
4963:
4959:
4946:Gaston de Lévis
4944:
4940:
4912:
4908:
4888:
4884:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4754:
4753:
4746:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4639:10.1038/nrn1705
4624:
4623:
4619:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4461:(8091): 654–7.
4452:
4451:
4447:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4312:(1–2): 137–43.
4303:
4302:
4295:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4042:
4041:
4037:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3929:
3928:
3919:
3912:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3848:
3846:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3793:
3792:
3785:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3722:
3721:
3714:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3652:(7472): 927–8.
3639:
3638:
3634:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3560:10.4065/82.1.69
3545:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3528:
3514:Chicago Unbound
3507:
3506:
3502:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3265:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3075:(7643): 516–7.
3062:
3061:
3057:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2712:
2683:(12): 2616–26.
2674:
2673:
2669:
2638:(12): 1409–21.
2632:JAMA Psychiatry
2621:
2620:
2616:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2475:
2474:
2463:
2419:(August 2004).
2411:
2410:
2403:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2243:
2242:
2233:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2135:10.1038/nrd3923
2116:
2115:
2111:
2070:(2): e2001998.
2057:
2056:
2052:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1953:psycnet.apa.org
1947:
1946:
1942:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1472:
1463:
1461:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1358:
1349:
1348:
1333:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1288:(1): CD003974.
1277:
1272:
1271:
1256:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1133:10.1002/psb.344
1113:
1112:
1105:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1000:
999:
992:
987:
954:List of effects
940:
927:
921:
900:
892:Gaston de Lévis
890:
847:
841:
809:
771:, which causes
761:
755:
685:
649:
624:
570:
554:
531:
526:
516:
460:
454:
430:
376:JAMA Psychiatry
372:
301:
295:
288:
233:
182:
89:
56:
52:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5322:
5320:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5270:
5269:External links
5267:
5266:
5265:
5259:
5246:
5218:
5205:
5177:
5164:
5158:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5129:
5103:
5076:(3): 443–452.
5060:
5041:(5): 537–541.
5025:
5006:
4957:
4938:
4906:
4882:
4839:
4796:
4767:(11): 1223–9.
4744:
4709:
4660:
4617:
4574:
4531:
4488:
4445:
4408:(1): 198–210.
4388:
4339:
4293:
4250:
4201:
4166:
4122:
4079:
4035:
3992:
3965:
3917:
3910:
3892:
3886:
3856:
3812:
3783:
3740:
3733:
3712:
3709:on 2012-02-24.
3693:
3681:
3632:
3573:
3538:
3500:
3469:(11): 1555–7.
3449:
3406:
3371:
3336:
3295:
3272:
3251:
3222:(26): 459–65.
3202:
3180:
3145:
3104:
3055:
3004:
2998:
2968:
2911:
2862:
2813:
2799:
2776:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2667:
2614:
2579:
2538:
2503:
2484:(12): 1311–8.
2461:
2413:Hróbjartsson A
2401:
2356:(3): 279–292.
2336:
2279:
2231:
2164:
2129:(3): 191–204.
2109:
2050:
2023:(7): 835–854.
2003:
1984:(4): 379–390.
1964:
1940:
1893:
1838:
1794:
1740:
1721:(3): 303–308.
1705:
1648:
1629:
1582:
1553:(4): 653–695.
1530:
1501:(4): 213–214.
1481:
1470:
1446:
1392:
1385:
1367:
1331:
1254:
1237:
1212:
1201:. 9 April 2016
1199:Dictionary.com
1186:
1147:
1103:
1076:(6): 500–509.
1060:
1034:
989:
988:
986:
983:
982:
981:
976:
971:
969:Placebo button
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
939:
936:
923:Main article:
920:
917:
888:
843:Main article:
840:
837:
836:
835:
832:
829:Reporting bias
826:
823:
820:
808:
805:
754:
753:Brain and body
751:
684:
681:
674:Additionally,
648:
645:
637:blood pressure
623:
620:
553:
550:
530:
527:
520:Medical ethics
515:
512:
456:Main article:
453:
450:
429:
426:
371:
368:
287:
284:
276:blood pressure
274:(e.g. lowered
260:placebo effect
232:
229:
181:
178:
172:impact on the
135:placebo effect
123:clinical trial
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5321:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5256:
5252:
5247:
5243:
5237:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5211:
5206:
5202:
5196:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5174:
5170:
5165:
5161:
5155:
5151:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5132:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5107:
5104:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5064:
5061:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5017:
5010:
5007:
5002:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4725:(3): 306–18.
4724:
4720:
4713:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4664:
4661:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4633:(7): 545–52.
4632:
4628:
4621:
4618:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4590:(4): 333–40.
4589:
4585:
4578:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4547:(9): 677–84.
4546:
4542:
4535:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4504:(7): 473–85.
4503:
4499:
4492:
4489:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4449:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4389:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4359:(5): 277–82.
4358:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4266:(4): 176–85.
4265:
4261:
4254:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4182:(2): 143–59.
4181:
4177:
4170:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4139:(3): 264–71.
4138:
4134:
4126:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4095:(2): 306–14.
4094:
4090:
4083:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4052:(1–2): 31–9.
4051:
4047:
4039:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4008:(1): 109–16.
4007:
4003:
3996:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3969:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3938:(2): 324–40.
3937:
3933:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3857:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3813:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3539:
3527:
3523:
3520:(3): 411–72.
3519:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3422:(4): 186–93.
3421:
3417:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3352:(6): 1041–4.
3351:
3347:
3340:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3315:(2): 183–93.
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3203:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3161:(10): 791–6.
3160:
3156:
3149:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3124:(3): 405–12.
3123:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3018:PLOS Medicine
3015:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2882:(2): 97–107.
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2814:
2802:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2739:PLOS Medicine
2736:
2729:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2595:(1): 565–90.
2594:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2558:(1): 215–20.
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2519:(4): 417–27.
2518:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2431:(2): 91–100.
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2252:(5): 430–46.
2251:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2184:(2): 99–107.
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1954:
1950:
1949:"APA PsycNet"
1944:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
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1865:
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1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1321:on 2019-04-02
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1267:
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1259:
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1247:
1241:
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1226:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1061:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
995:
991:
984:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
937:
935:
931:
926:
918:
916:
914:
910:
906:
897:
893:
887:
885:
884:
876:
873:
866:
865:John Haygarth
862:
861:James Gillray
858:
857:
851:
846:
838:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
814:
813:
806:
804:
801:
799:
795:
791:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
760:
752:
750:
748:
742:
740:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:orbitofrontal
701:
697:
693:
689:
682:
680:
677:
672:
669:
668:Irving Kirsch
664:
662:
653:
646:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
621:
619:
616:
611:
606:
602:
598:
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585:
583:
579:
574:
568:
562:
560:
551:
549:
546:
544:
539:
537:
528:
525:
521:
513:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
485:
482:
481:nocebo effect
477:
473:
469:
465:
459:
451:
449:
445:
443:
439:
435:
434:Irving Kirsch
427:
425:
423:
420:published by
419:
414:
411:
409:
408:
402:
398:
397:to placebos.
396:
392:
388:
386:
382:
377:
369:
367:
364:
359:
357:
353:
352:observer bias
349:
348:response bias
343:
340:
339:performance.
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
300:
293:
285:
283:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
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238:
230:
228:
226:
221:
216:
212:
208:
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200:
196:
192:
187:
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169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:
83:
50:
41:
35:
30:
19:
5250:
5209:
5168:
5149:
5112:
5106:
5073:
5069:
5063:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5014:
5009:
4974:
4970:
4960:
4949:
4941:
4930:
4926:
4918:
4909:
4890:
4885:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4812:(8): 532–5.
4809:
4805:
4799:
4764:
4760:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4677:
4673:
4663:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4405:
4401:
4391:
4356:
4352:
4342:
4309:
4305:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4218:
4214:
4204:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4136:
4132:
4125:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3935:
3931:
3901:
3895:
3869:
3859:
3847:. Retrieved
3825:
3815:
3803:. Retrieved
3799:The Guardian
3798:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3724:
3707:the original
3696:
3684:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3590:
3586:
3576:
3554:(1): 69–75.
3551:
3547:
3541:
3529:. Retrieved
3517:
3513:
3503:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3387:(4): 321–2.
3384:
3380:
3374:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3264:. Retrieved
3254:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3193:. Retrieved
3183:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3021:
3017:
3007:
2981:
2971:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2804:. Retrieved
2789:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2717:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2635:
2631:
2617:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2481:
2477:
2428:
2424:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2249:
2245:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2067:
2064:PLOS Biology
2063:
2053:
2020:
2016:
2006:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1956:. Retrieved
1952:
1943:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1858:(1): 36–44.
1855:
1851:
1841:
1814:
1810:
1785:. Retrieved
1760:(1): 33–60.
1757:
1753:
1743:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1642:
1632:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1550:
1546:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1478:Psalms 114:9
1473:
1462:. Retrieved
1458:
1449:
1408:
1404:
1376:
1370:
1359:. Retrieved
1323:. Retrieved
1316:the original
1285:
1281:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1228:. Retrieved
1224:
1215:
1203:. Retrieved
1198:
1189:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1126:(5): 16–22.
1123:
1119:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1051:. Retrieved
1047:
1037:
1010:
1006:
932:
928:
904:
902:
898:in the 1780s
881:
878:
874:
870:
854:
810:
802:
783:levels, and
762:
743:
732:
686:
673:
665:
658:
633:heart rhythm
625:
605:Edzard Ernst
601:Ben Goldacre
594:
592:
587:
575:
566:
563:
555:
547:
540:
532:
493:
489:side-effects
486:
480:
467:
463:
461:
446:
431:
417:
415:
412:
405:
403:
399:
389:
380:
375:
373:
360:
344:
341:
302:
279:
271:
269:
259:
255:
253:
247:for a given
236:
234:
224:
194:
183:
170:
151:
141:(with their
134:
130:
109:
105:sham surgery
48:
46:
29:
3756:(1): k309.
3725:Bad Science
2931:(1): 3855.
2745:(8): e166.
2417:Gøtzsche PC
2371:2436/622641
2201:2066/170318
728:spinal cord
596:Bad Science
442:effect size
231:Definitions
5293:Categories
5228:1049800273
5187:1032303151
4901:, chapter
4899:1421401347
4849:The Lancet
3266:2009-07-08
3195:22 January
3024:(2): e45.
2829:(Review).
2806:7 December
1958:2023-09-16
1464:2021-02-07
1361:2021-06-27
1325:2018-06-25
1230:21 January
1205:21 January
1120:Prescriber
985:References
949:Homeopathy
798:depression
726:, and the
710:cortices,
700:prefrontal
676:motivation
647:Psychology
641:depressant
622:Mechanisms
578:homeopathy
518:See also:
508:withdrawal
428:Depression
280:subjective
5304:Deception
5236:cite book
5195:cite book
4927:pyramidal
4541:Neurology
3844:247265071
3609:0959-8138
3416:Bioethics
2396:199662279
2380:1746-1391
2313:0962-8436
2210:0033-3190
2143:1474-1776
2086:1545-7885
2037:0021-9762
1927:1533-4406
1872:0304-3959
1774:0362-1642
1700:220633770
1684:1756-1833
1668:: m1668.
1624:254281187
1616:1572-8404
1602:(2): 18.
1425:1531-8257
1221:"placebo"
1195:"placebo"
1181:0169-3867
1053:8 January
1013:: 73–98.
765:saccharin
720:brainstem
666:In 1985,
629:stimulant
504:menopause
498:study of
363:analgesia
329:endocrine
272:objective
241:treatment
215:Psalm 114
180:Etymology
5150:Placebos
5098:21391210
5090:12406519
5055:18440407
5001:10692902
4952:, 1813,
4933:, 1893,
4921:, 1800,
4893:, 2006,
4877:34023318
4834:30068755
4826:20956710
4791:21524568
4739:23880289
4704:16280578
4647:15995725
4612:15306042
4569:29547923
4561:18725593
4526:40020867
4518:18495442
4483:45403755
4440:19338509
4383:19784082
4334:20841668
4326:17215080
4288:28735246
4280:17334853
4245:18567924
4196:16162050
4161:25561695
4153:17257756
4117:27342664
4109:18538928
4074:27747260
4066:17030095
4030:40356035
3960:10297875
3952:14979775
3849:17 March
3805:29 April
3770:29371199
3676:15499085
3627:15377572
3568:17285788
3531:30 March
3526:19353835
3495:26021517
3444:11300075
3436:22296589
3401:10768689
3366:20663001
3331:16014592
3246:22833756
3189:"nocebo"
3175:18036616
3140:20800012
3099:18319297
3050:18303940
2963:33594150
2898:28452193
2857:31243047
2771:18700812
2705:23246031
2697:26307858
2662:25321611
2609:17550344
2574:15333621
2455:21244034
2447:15257721
2388:31414966
2331:21576138
2274:11897104
2266:16887325
2226:40594851
2218:28183096
2159:24556504
2151:23449306
2104:28222121
2045:15827993
1998:17279527
1935:11680452
1880:19559529
1833:11372012
1787:17 March
1782:17666008
1735:12099783
1692:32690477
1643:Synthese
1525:10844895
1441:52294141
1433:30230624
1355:Archived
1312:20091554
1142:72626022
1098:36092163
1090:16055306
1029:28375723
938:See also
934:active.
894:quoting
889:—
863:, 1801.
716:amygdala
464:negative
422:Springer
391:Children
176:itself.
147:efficacy
18:Placebos
4992:1297390
4869:9734904
4782:3146959
4695:6725834
4655:9353193
4604:1162023
4431:3073412
4410:Bibcode
4374:5552608
4236:2725026
4022:2780058
3778:3511158
3750:The BMJ
3486:4733778
3292:: 43–6.
3237:3401955
3090:2265347
3041:2253608
2954:7887232
2933:Bibcode
2906:4577402
2848:6930978
2762:2504483
2718:The Cut
2653:4256120
2624:Wall MM
2533:6369471
2498:9449934
2322:3130407
2095:5319646
1888:5790594
1577:2733947
1569:4891851
1516:1297986
1303:7156905
839:History
785:insulin
708:insular
286:Effects
249:disease
245:patient
237:placebo
211:Vulgate
207:incipit
201:in the
199:Vespers
186:Placebo
174:disease
143:consent
127:control
118:. In a
49:placebo
5257:
5226:
5216:
5185:
5175:
5156:
5127:
5096:
5088:
5053:
4999:
4989:
4954:p. 240
4935:p. 260
4923:p. 349
4897:
4875:
4867:
4832:
4824:
4789:
4779:
4737:
4702:
4692:
4653:
4645:
4610:
4602:
4567:
4559:
4524:
4516:
4481:
4473:
4455:Lancet
4438:
4428:
4381:
4371:
4332:
4324:
4286:
4278:
4243:
4233:
4194:
4159:
4151:
4115:
4107:
4072:
4064:
4028:
4020:
3958:
3950:
3908:
3884:
3842:
3776:
3768:
3731:
3674:
3667:524090
3664:
3625:
3618:524103
3615:
3607:
3566:
3524:
3493:
3483:
3442:
3434:
3399:
3364:
3329:
3244:
3234:
3173:
3138:
3097:
3087:
3048:
3038:
2996:
2961:
2951:
2904:
2896:
2855:
2845:
2797:
2769:
2759:
2703:
2695:
2660:
2650:
2607:
2572:
2531:
2496:
2453:
2445:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2329:
2319:
2311:
2272:
2264:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2102:
2092:
2084:
2043:
2035:
1996:
1933:
1925:
1886:
1878:
1870:
1831:
1780:
1772:
1733:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1622:
1614:
1575:
1567:
1523:
1513:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1383:
1310:
1300:
1179:
1140:
1096:
1088:
1027:
964:Nocebo
718:, the
580:, the
571:
514:Ethics
476:nocebo
468:nocebo
458:Nocebo
395:adults
335:, and
325:immune
309:nausea
158:nausea
101:saline
5094:S2CID
4873:S2CID
4830:S2CID
4651:S2CID
4608:S2CID
4565:S2CID
4522:S2CID
4479:S2CID
4475:80579
4330:S2CID
4284:S2CID
4215:Brain
4157:S2CID
4113:S2CID
4070:S2CID
4026:S2CID
3956:S2CID
3840:S2CID
3774:S2CID
3440:S2CID
2902:S2CID
2701:S2CID
2451:S2CID
2392:S2CID
2270:S2CID
2222:S2CID
2155:S2CID
1884:S2CID
1696:S2CID
1620:S2CID
1573:S2CID
1437:S2CID
1319:(PDF)
1278:(PDF)
1167:(2).
1138:S2CID
1094:S2CID
690:upon
472:Latin
337:sport
278:) or
191:Latin
5281:and
5255:ISBN
5242:link
5224:OCLC
5214:ISBN
5201:link
5183:OCLC
5173:ISBN
5154:ISBN
5125:ISBN
5086:PMID
5070:Pain
5051:PMID
4997:PMID
4895:ISBN
4865:PMID
4822:PMID
4787:PMID
4735:PMID
4700:PMID
4643:PMID
4600:PMID
4557:PMID
4514:PMID
4471:PMID
4436:PMID
4406:1156
4379:PMID
4322:PMID
4306:Pain
4276:PMID
4241:PMID
4192:PMID
4149:PMID
4133:Pain
4105:PMID
4089:Pain
4062:PMID
4046:Pain
4018:PMID
4002:Pain
3948:PMID
3906:ISBN
3882:ISBN
3851:2022
3807:2019
3766:PMID
3729:ISBN
3672:PMID
3623:PMID
3605:ISSN
3564:PMID
3533:2018
3522:PMID
3491:PMID
3432:PMID
3397:PMID
3362:PMID
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