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time generally lack antibodies to VAR2CSA on erythrocytes that have been infected by the parasite. Women are most susceptible to malaria infection early on in the first trimester but the risk of infection decreases in the second trimester due to the development of antibodies to the infectious agent over time following the initial exposure. The infection risk also decreases after successive pregnancies.
398:(WHO), although there was a decline in numbers from 2010 to 2018. Particularly, in Central and West Africa, the number of pregnancies with malarial infection reached around 35% of all pregnancies in those regions in 2018. The regions that follow Africa in terms of malaria cases are Southeast Asia and the Mediterranean, although it is important to note that Africa has the largest number of cases
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maternal and fetal outcomes. There is also an increased risk of an HIV-positive woman developing pregnancy-associated malaria in subsequent pregnancies. Although the exact biological mechanism around how HIV and malaria disease states affect each other, it is thought that each condition affects how the immune system reacts to the other condition.
449:, after exposure during their first pregnancy. By measuring circulating levels of IgG antibodies that presumably target VAR2SCA, the study demonstrated that subsequent pregnancies confer progressively greater protection to PAM. Thus, PfEMP1 proteins such as the VAR2CSA domain could prove attractive as potential candidates for vaccine targets.
121:
mosquito before symptoms start to arise. It is believed that pregnant women are more susceptible to malaria infection due to being immunocompromised and because infected erythrocytes tend to congregate around the placenta. As a result, the WHO recommends that pregnant women avoid traveling to high endemic regions.
378:, the WHO recommends Chloroquine or Quinine during the first trimester. Quinine is used as an alternative if chloroquine-resistance is detected. During the second and third trimester, the WHO recommends either ACT or Chloroquine. If chloroquine-resistance is detected, ACT is the treatment of choice. The
473:
A second vaccine candidate against pregnancy-associated malaria called PRIMVAC is also currently undergoing clinical trials in healthy adult women as a 3 dose course. This vaccine is based on the DBL1x-2x domain of VAR2CSA which is able to bind to CSA in the placenta. In preclinical studies, PRIMVAC
469:
A vaccine to prevent a pregnancy-associated malaria called PAMVAC is currently undergoing clinical trials. PAMVAC is based on a recombinant form of the VAR2CSA domain and has been shown to be well-tolerated when injected in malaria-naive volunteers while also successfully inducing the production of
465:
can be used since these antimalarial drugs are more likely to cause red blood cell hemolysis in women with a G6PD deficiency and worsen any anemia that comes from the malaria infection. Although these drugs would most likely be used after delivery for treatment of pregnancy-associated malaria, this
253:
Lower birthweight of infants born from mothers with PAM can be attributed to placental infection, as well as other complications such as anemia and malnutrition, since the malarial parasite can be passed vertically from mother to the infant via infected red blood cells. Children who are born with a
1479:
Resende M, Ditlev SB, Nielsen MA, Bodevin S, Bruun S, Pinto VV, Clausen H, Turner L, Theander TG, Salanti A, Dahlbäck M (September 2009). "Chondroitin sulphate A (CSA)-binding of single recombinant Duffy-binding-like domains is not restricted to
Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1
456:
relating to pregnancy-associated malaria is currently being researched which involves looking at glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) which is an enzyme that is responsible for keeping red blood cells protected from being destroyed too soon by things such as foods and medications. The gene for
257:
Anemia is a great concern as an adverse effect of pregnancy-associated malaria, since it can be life-threatening to the mother. Its cause is often compounded with other factors, such as nutrition and genetics. Some studies have suggested that iron supplementation can help with maternal anemia, but
159:
In areas of high malaria transmission such as Africa, women experiencing their first pregnancies have the highest risk of infection compared to in lower transmission areas where the number of pregnancies has less of an effect on infection rates. This is because women who are pregnant for the first
96:
In regions of high transmission, such as Africa, women experiencing PAM may exhibit normal symptoms of malaria, but may also be asymptomatic or present with more mild symptoms, including a lack of the characteristic fever. This is due to the fact that these women most likely have partial immunity,
297:
recommends starting IPTp as soon as possible during the 2nd trimester. These treatments are with doses of
Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine and are given at each antenatal visit, as long as the visits are one month apart. One concern with the use of Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine along with other antimalarial
163:
Women that are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are also at a high risk of having a higher parasite burden within the placenta during pregnancy. This increased parasite burden can show up as increased reporting of symptoms associated with PAM and an increased likelihood of adverse
393:
Due to the nature of disease transmission (i.e. via mosquitoes) and life cycle of the parasite, malaria is prevalent in warm, humid climates, such as tropical and subtropical regions. Consistent with previous years, the incidence of malaria in general is greatest in
African regions, specifically
231:
located upstream from the ORF that codes for the VAR2CSA protein. The expression of a protein named PTEF (after
Plasmodium falciparum translation-enhancing factor) has been described to be necessary for the translation machinery to overcome the uORF and produce VAR2CSA protein, but the mechanism
302:
developing resistance. In areas that have higher rates of resistance to the antimalarial
Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, two doses of the drug is effective in reducing maternal parasitemia in women that do not have HIV while more doses are needed to reduce maternal parasitemia in HIV positive women.
426:, another malarial pathogen found primarily in Asia and South America, has also been associated with maternal anaemia and low birthweight. On the contrary, women who live in areas with lower transmission are at a very high risk of adverse malarial outcomes despite their number of pregnancies.
245:
antibodies (specifically CSA adhesion inhibitory antibodies or IgG antibodies) may decrease the likelihood of low birthweight in the infants of women who have had pregnancy-associated malaria, but these findings do not specifically correlate to malarial immunity during pregnancy. However, the
120:
into the blood as sporozoites which then travel to the liver where they are converted to the merozite form and further replicated. After undergoing these changes in the liver, the parasite is then able to infect erythrocytes in the bloodstream. It can take 7 to 30 days after being bitten by a
293:(ITNs) and intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp). ITNs act as two layers of protection, one from the physical net and another from the chemical nature and effects of the insecticide. Because IPTp plays a role in altering the immune response that the infant can display, the
405:
In the realm of pregnancy, individual immunity and level of transmission within the area play an important role in the malarial complications that manifest. For example, areas with high level of transmission are also associated with higher incidence of immunity. Therefore, infection from
457:
this enzyme is found on the X chromosome which means that women in particular can have G6PD function that is normal, intermediate (which often shows up on lab tests as normal), and deficient. This gene is important in determining if certain antimalarial drugs such as
80:, or dangerously low birth weight. The tragedy of malaria in developing countries, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, receives abundant attention from the international health community, but until recently PAM and its unique complications were not adequately addressed.
97:
which may prevent a woman from seeking treatment despite the danger to herself and her unborn child. Conversely, in regions of low malaria transmission, PAM is associated with a higher likelihood of symptoms as these women most likely did not acquire immunity.
474:
injected in rats led to the production of antibodies against VAR2CSA on infected erythrocytes and also resulted in reduction of their binding to CSA. The vaccine was also shown to be well-tolerated in rats without any notable adverse reactions.
470:
antibodies against VAR2CSA. Although the vaccine was injected in healthy participants who did not have malaria, the study provided insight into the vaccine's safety before administration into the target population – women with PAM.
88:
Some initial symptoms of malaria include feeling unwell, experiencing headaches and fatigue, and having muscle aches and abdominal pain. This can eventually progress to a fever. Other common symptoms consist of nausea, vomiting, and
199:
parasites was the var2csa gene. Parasite clones where the var2csa gene was disrupted lost the ability to adhere to CSA by blocking the binding of IE. Its protein, VAR2CSA (Variant
Surface antigen 2-CSA), belongs to the
156:(PfEMP1) which allows them to bind to CSA on the placenta. The accumulation of infected erythrocytes in the placenta inhibit the exchange of nutrients between the mother and fetus and also causes local inflammation.
276:
Prevention of pregnancy-associated malaria can be done with the use of various antimalarial drugs that are given before or during pregnancy to susceptible populations. Some of the antimalarial drugs used include
2261:
ter Kuile FO, van Eijk AM, Filler SJ (June 2007). "Effect of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance on the efficacy of intermittent preventive therapy for malaria control during pregnancy: a systematic review".
240:
In general, women with PAM have a higher likelihood of premature birth and their infants having a low birthweight. In examination of possible malarial immunity, some studies have shown that the presence of
60:
in areas where the parasite is endemic – tropical and subtropical geographic areas. Placental malaria has also been demonstrated to occur in animal models, including in rodent and non-human primate models.
390:
Globally, an estimated 125 million or more pregnant women per year risk contracting PAM. Pregnancy-related malaria causes around 100,000 infant deaths each year, due in large part to low birth weight.
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414:
is completely benign, as it has been associated with maternal anaemia. Specifically, in these settings, women in their first pregnancy are at greatest risk of complications that arise from
3440:
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Maternal death is one of the biggest complications of malaria in some areas during epidemics. Furthermore, its cause is compounded with other malarial complications, such as anemia.
68:
to the parasite, pregnancy causes complications that leave the woman and fetus extremely vulnerable. The parasite interferes with transmission of vital substances through the fetal
1752:
Chan S, Frasch A, Mandava CS, Ch'ng JH, Quintana MD, Vesterlund M, et al. (May 2017). "Regulation of PfEMP1-VAR2CSA translation by a
Plasmodium translation-enhancing factor".
227:
family. It is also only expressed as protein in pregnant women, even though the transcript is present in children, men and non-pregnant women. It has a unique regulatory region, a
150:
2297:
2988:
208:. The regions that mediate binding to CSA have not been defined, but DBL2, DBL3, and DBL6 have shown the highest affinity for CSA binding when testing with recombinant
1517:"Selective upregulation of a single distinctly structured var gene in chondroitin sulphate A-adhering Plasmodium falciparum involved in pregnancy-associated malaria"
2362:
4060:
4029:
1180:
Gamain B, Smith JD, Viebig NK, Gysin J, Scherf A (March 2007). "Pregnancy-associated malaria: parasite binding, natural immunity and vaccine development".
2795:"First-in-human, Randomized, Double-blind Clinical Trial of Differentially Adjuvanted PAMVAC, A Vaccine Candidate to Prevent Pregnancy-associated Malaria"
379:
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Treatment of PAM is highly dependent on the mother's current pregnancy stage (i.e. trimester) and the species responsible for the disease transmission.
334:
as there are no standardization guidelines for plant harvest and preparation. Additionally, its clinical safety and efficacy have not yet been proven.
438:. Data has indicated that these domains interact, forming a binding site that is specific for low-sulfated CSA found in the placenta. The binding of
1656:"A molecular switch in the efficiency of translation reinitiation controls expression of var2csa, a gene implicated in pregnancy-associated malaria"
357:
for a duration of 7 days. During the second and third trimester, the WHO recommendations of ACT, are the same as ones for non-pregnant individuals.
187:. By this process, the parasite avoids being filtered through the spleen where it would be cleared from the bloodstream and killed. When selected
903:
Desai M, ter Kuile FO, Nosten F, McGready R, Asamoa K, Brabin B, Newman RD (February 2007). "Epidemiology and burden of malaria in pregnancy".
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Each VAR2CSA domain has a potential affinity to CSA, but there are large areas not exposed to the immune system and appear to be buried in the
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1566:"A single member of the Plasmodium falciparum var multigene family determines cytoadhesion to the placental receptor chondroitin sulphate A"
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Moreover, studies have shown that women acquire immunity to PAM through antibody recognition of the VAR2CSA domain, also known as VSA
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of the placenta, blocking the crucial flow of nutrients from mother to embryo. Infected erythrocytes express the VAR2CSA variant of
1417:"Parasite sequestration in Plasmodium falciparum malaria: spleen and antibody modulation of cytoadherence of infected erythrocytes"
1368:"Induction of adhesion-inhibitory antibodies against placental Plasmodium falciparum parasites by using single domains of VAR2CSA"
4334:
4034:
3559:
3430:
3425:
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2660:"Var2CSA DBL6-epsilon domain expressed in HEK293 induces limited cross-reactive and blocking antibodies to CSA binding parasites"
1615:"Identification of multiple chondroitin sulfate A (CSA)-binding domains in the var2CSA gene transcribed in CSA-binding parasites"
4386:
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503:"Full-length extracellular region of the var2CSA variant of PfEMP1 is required for specific, high-affinity binding to CSA"
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since they are safe for use during pregnancy. For regions of moderate or high malaria risk, preventative measures include
1797:"Relationship Between Pregnancy-Associated Malaria and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
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3639:
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1838:"Pregnancy-specific malarial immunity and risk of malaria in pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review"
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616:
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Fried M, Duffy PE (June 1996). "Adherence of
Plasmodium falciparum to chondroitin sulfate A in the human placenta".
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One systematic review showed that children of women with PAM are also more likely to contract clinical malaria and
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330:(ACT), a commonly used pharmacological treatment of PAM. However, the WHO currently does not support the use of
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209:
90:
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is usually associated with no symptoms in pregnant women. However, it is not to conclude that the presence of
2439:"Malaria - Diagnosis & Treatment (United States) - Treatment (U.S.) - Guidelines for Clinicians (Part 3)"
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is a presentation of the common illness that is particularly life-threatening to both mother and developing
589:
Perlmann P, Troye-Blomberg M (2000). "Malaria blood-stage infection and its control by the immune system".
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more research on malaria-endemic regions is required to make a better recommendation for mothers with PAM.
110:
Transmission of malaria occurs when humans get bitten by infected mosquitos carrying the parasite known as
4319:
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1989:"Impact of Malaria in Pregnancy on Risk of Malaria in Young Children: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses"
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below-average birthweight are at risk for other health problems, including increased risk of mortality.
112:
44:
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Andersen P, Nielsen MA, Resende M, Rask TS, Dahlbäck M, Theander T, Lund O, Salanti A (February 2008).
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Viebig NK, Gamain B, Scheidig C, Lépolard C, Przyborski J, Lanzer M, Gysin J, Scherf A (August 2005).
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Mordmüller B, Sulyok M, Egger-Adam D, Resende M, de Jongh WA, Jensen MH, et al. (October 2019).
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77:
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Salanti A, Staalsoe T, Lavstsen T, Jensen AT, Sowa MP, Arnot DE, Hviid L, Theander TG (July 2003).
362:
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Duffy MF, Caragounis A, Noviyanti R, Kyriacou HM, Choong EK, Boysen K, et al. (August 2006).
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Srivastava A, Gangnard S, Round A, Dechavanne S, Juillerat A, Raynal B, et al. (March 2010).
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1220:"Malaria and HIV coinfection in sub-Saharan Africa: prevalence, impact, and treatment strategies"
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and of associated complications. Prevention and treatment of malaria are essential components of
48:, the most dangerous of the four species of malaria-causing parasites that infect humans. During
2930:
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Fernandez P, Viebig NK, Dechavanne S, Lépolard C, Gysin J, Scherf A, Gamain B (September 2008).
651:
643:
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genetic testing can help avoid inducing anemia in women more prone to red blood cell breakdown.
2110:"Pregnancy-associated malaria and malaria in infants: an old problem with present consequences"
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2619:"Characterization of anti-var2CSA-PfEMP1 cytoadhesion inhibitory mouse monoclonal antibodies"
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Nielsen MA, Pinto VV, Resende M, Dahlbäck M, Ditlev SB, Theander TG, Salanti A (June 2009).
1327:
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1086:"VAR2CSA and protective immunity against pregnancy-associated Plasmodium falciparum malaria"
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2869:"Preclinical immunogenicity and safety of the cGMP-grade placental malaria vaccine PRIMVAC"
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Chêne A, Gangnard S, Guadall A, Ginisty H, Leroy O, Havelange N, et al. (April 2019).
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223:) encodes this particular PfEMP1, which is differently regulated than other genes from the
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2212:"Usefulness of a biomarker to identify placental dysfunction in the context of malaria"
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2013:
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Cutts JC, Agius PA, Powell R, Moore K, Draper B, Simpson JA, Fowkes FJ (January 2020).
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2568:"Structural insight into epitopes in the pregnancy-associated malaria protein VAR2CSA"
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Park S, Nixon CE, Miller O, Choi NK, Kurtis JD, Friedman JF, Michelow IC (July 2020).
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1133:"Malaria in Pregnancy: What the Obstetric Provider in Nonendemic Areas Needs to Know"
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Thompson JM, Eick SM, Dailey C, Dale AP, Mehta M, Nair A, et al. (June 2020).
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93:. Malaria can also lead to seizures which may precede going into a comatose state.
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Bauserman M, Conroy AL, North K, Patterson J, Bose C, Meshnick S (August 2019).
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to one of these domains would prevent adhesion of parasitic IE in the placenta.
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278:
192:
1765:
1613:
Gamain B, Trimnell AR, Scheidig C, Scherf A, Miller LH, Smith JD (March 2005).
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
349:, the WHO recommends during the first trimester a treatment consisting of both
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722:"Malaria in pregnancy: the relevance of animal models for vaccine development"
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antibodies during pregnancy and maternal and birth outcomes remains variable.
73:
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2004:
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1705:"Transcribed var genes associated with placental malaria in Malawian women"
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402:; these regions comprise over 90% of the global incidences of malaria.
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David PH, Hommel M, Miller LH, Udeinya IJ, Oligino LD (August 1983).
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While the average adult citizen of an endemic region possesses some
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plant as an herbal remedy. The basis for this reasoning is because
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Avril M, Gamain B, Lépolard C, Viaud N, Scherf A, Gysin J (2006).
39:
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Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) (2016-01-28).
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erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) family and contains six
3479:
3023:
2844:"Pregnancy-Associated Malaria Vaccine Passes First Human Trial"
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Non-pharmacological treatment of PAM consists of utilizing the
3191:
1271:"Experimental systems for studying Plasmodium/HIV coinfection"
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European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
2445:. CDC-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019-03-27
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parasitaemia, although the reasoning for this is uncertain.
179:(IE) helping them bind to an unusually low-sulfated form of
939:"Burden of Malaria in Pregnancy in Latin America Not Known"
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578:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019-01-28.
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For infection caused by the other species, which include
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expresses proteins on the surface of parasite-infected
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4379:
4343:
4297:
4288:
4248:
4043:
4000:
3969:
3962:
3829:
3754:
3723:
3714:
3648:
3605:
3550:
3517:
3383:
3318:
3261:
3179:
3057:
1474:
1472:
1470:
2989:United States Agency for International Development
2298:"The use of non-pharmaceutical forms of Artemisia"
1940:"Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy"
52:, a woman faces a much higher risk of contracting
2848:GEN - Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News
2210:Gueneuc A, Deloron P, Bertin GI (January 2017).
720:Doritchamou J, Teo A, Fried M, Duffy PE (2019).
648:Malaria: Drugs, Disease and Post-genomic Biology
2948:"An analysis of malaria in pregnancy in Africa"
2541:United Kingdom National Health Service (2018).
2108:Moya-Alvarez V, Abellana R, Cot M (July 2014).
769:Doolan DL, Dobaño C, Baird JK (January 2009).
382:(CDC) has similar recommendations to the WHO.
3491:
3035:
116:. The saliva from the mosquito transfers the
8:
2329:World Health Organization (13 August 2015).
941:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
820:Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology
129:The disease results from the aggregation of
42:. PAM is caused primarily by infection with
1944:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4294:
3966:
3720:
3498:
3484:
3476:
3042:
3028:
3020:
2361:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
380:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2963:
2952:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
2892:
2818:
2766:
2756:
2685:
2675:
2634:
2593:
2583:
2469:Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network
2414:
2404:
2237:
2227:
2135:
2125:
2056:
2012:
1963:
1863:
1853:
1812:
1728:
1679:
1630:
1589:
1532:
1450:
1440:
1391:
1286:
1245:
1235:
1224:Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine
1156:
1028:
987:
977:
794:
745:
695:"Roll Back Malaria: Malaria in Pregnancy"
536:
526:
1654:Bancells C, Deitsch KW (November 2013).
1269:Frischknecht F, Fackler OT (July 2016).
898:
896:
894:
892:
2997:"Malaria in Pregnancy Resource Package"
2331:Guidelines for the treatment of malaria
482:
2354:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1482:International Journal for Parasitology
1182:International Journal for Parasitology
1137:Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey
1017:Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
394:sub-Saharan Africa, as defined by the
2788:
2786:
2734:
2732:
2707:
2705:
2511:
2509:
2381:"An overview of malaria in pregnancy"
2374:
2372:
2324:
2322:
2103:
2101:
2034:
2032:
1480:expressed by CSA-binding parasites".
1213:
1211:
1079:
1077:
689:
687:
617:"Lives at Risk: Malaria in Pregnancy"
328:Artemisinin-based combination therapy
7:
3346:National Malaria Eradication Program
1131:Zakama AK, Gaw SL (September 2019).
960:Kumar H, Tolia NH (September 2019).
232:behind it remains to be elucidated.
4330:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
3401:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
1909:. World Health Organization. 2019.
137:which have been shown to adhere to
1993:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
1619:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
1053:"WHO | Information for travellers"
145:causing them to accumulate in the
25:
2465:"Malaria in Pregnancy Consortium"
4335:Postpartum physiological changes
4035:Postpartum physiological changes
3560:Assisted reproductive technology
3462:
3461:
3431:African Leaders Malaria Alliance
3426:South African Malaria Initiative
2919:
2161:West African Journal of Medicine
1534:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03570.x
1318:(5267). New York, N.Y.: 1502–4.
1011:Schantz-Dunn J, Nour NM (2009).
562:(Press release). March 12, 2010.
206:Duffy binding-like (DBL) domains
4387:Adaptation to extrauterine life
3284:Malaria antigen detection tests
2041:"Malaria prevention strategies"
905:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
781:(1): 13–36, Table of Contents.
644:"Malaria in the Pregnant Woman"
576:"CDC-Malaria-Malaria Parasites"
4030:Maternal physiological changes
3368:Malaria in Mandatory Palestine
1956:10.1002/14651858.CD004736.pub5
1801:Journal of Tropical Pediatrics
771:"Acquired immunity to malaria"
154:erythrocyte membrane protein 1
1:
3585:partner-assisted reproduction
3446:Medicines for Malaria Venture
3421:African Malaria Network Trust
2932:pregnancy-associated malaria
2397:10.1053/j.semperi.2019.03.018
1332:10.1126/science.272.5267.1502
917:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70021-X
867:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60024-0
775:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
326:acts as the plant source for
312:Non-pharmacological treatment
3331:Millennium Development Goals
2799:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2636:10.1016/j.micinf.2006.09.005
2585:10.1371/journal.ppat.0040042
1494:10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.02.022
1194:10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.11.011
1149:10.1097/OGX.0000000000000704
979:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007943
28:Pregnancy-associated malaria
3821:Traditional birth attendant
2885:10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.010
2518:"Malaria in pregnant women"
2516:World Health Organization.
1084:Hviid L, Salanti A (2007).
424:Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax)
236:Maternal and fetal outcomes
4464:
4448:Health issues in pregnancy
4053:Brain health and pollution
3396:Against Malaria Foundation
2333:(Third ed.). Geneva.
2187:"Fact sheet about Malaria"
1766:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.68
642:Duffy PE, Fried M (2005).
246:relationship between many
191:for CSA-binding, the only
4266:Chorionic villus sampling
3618:Obstetric ultrasonography
3542:Pre-conception counseling
3459:
3436:Amazon Malaria Initiative
2758:10.1186/s12936-020-3123-1
2229:10.1186/s12936-016-1664-0
2039:Cot M, Deloron P (2003).
1907:World Malaria Report 2019
1855:10.1186/s12916-019-1467-6
1102:10.1017/S0031182007000121
396:World Health Organization
338:Pharmacological treatment
295:World Health Organization
287:Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine
183:A (CSA) in the placental
4156:Intrahepatic cholestasis
3363:Malaria in the Caribbean
3212:Sterile insect technique
2385:Seminars in Perinatology
2276:10.1001/jama.297.23.2603
2127:10.1186/1475-2875-13-271
2045:British Medical Bulletin
1582:10.1038/sj.embor.7400466
345:For infection caused by
291:insecticide-treated nets
91:orthostatic hypertension
4226:Motor vehicle emissions
4087:Concomitant conditions
4061:environmental toxicants
3804:Auxiliary nurse midwife
3565:artificial insemination
3532:Natural family planning
3416:Africa Fighting Malaria
3262:Diagnosis and treatment
2717:Genetics Home Reference
2677:10.1186/1475-2875-7-170
1442:10.1073/pnas.80.16.5075
1288:10.1002/1873-3468.12151
660:10.1007/3-540-29088-5_7
528:10.1073/pnas.1000951107
4320:Postpartum confinement
3580:in vitro fertilisation
3180:Control and prevention
2623:Microbes and Infection
2005:10.1093/infdis/jiaa139
1709:Infection and Immunity
1660:Molecular Microbiology
1521:Molecular Microbiology
1372:Infection and Immunity
832:10.1080/00034989760563
195:gene expressed in the
4315:Postpartum depression
4196:Pruritic folliculitis
3940:Unassisted childbirth
3373:Malaria Atlas Project
1814:10.1093/tropej/fmz068
697:. WHO. Archived from
619:. WHO. Archived from
202:Plasmodium falciparum
141:A (CSA) on placental
135:Plasmodium falciparum
113:Plasmodium falciparum
72:, often resulting in
45:Plasmodium falciparum
4422:Gravidity and parity
4402:Congenital disorders
4361:Lactation consultant
4231:Pre-existing disease
3910:Childbirth positions
3900:Rupture of membranes
3597:Unintended pregnancy
3575:fertility medication
3269:Diagnosis of malaria
3085:Pregnancy-associated
1721:10.1128/IAI.01978-05
1384:10.1128/IAI.00159-09
1237:10.2147/rrtm.s154501
1063:on December 25, 2009
787:10.1128/CMR.00025-08
436:quaternary structure
78:spontaneous abortion
4325:Sex after pregnancy
4132:Endocrine diseases
4078:Prenatal depression
3950:Placental expulsion
3868:Uterine contraction
3851:cervical effacement
3592:Fertility awareness
3326:Diseases of poverty
3319:Society and malaria
3229:Sickle-cell anaemia
3202:Malaria prophylaxis
2811:10.1093/cid/ciy1140
1754:Nature Microbiology
1433:1983PNAS...80.5075D
1324:1996Sci...272.1502F
519:2010PNAS..107.4884S
430:Research directions
363:Plasmodium malariae
181:chondroitin sulfate
147:intervillous spaces
139:chondroitin sulfate
4101:Hypercoagulability
3930:Natural childbirth
3779:Postterm pregnancy
3537:Male contraceptive
3406:Imagine No Malaria
3391:Malaria Consortium
3336:History of malaria
3219:Genetic resistance
3144:Anopheles mosquito
2946:Brabin BJ (1983).
2929:has a profile for
2842:GEN (2019-01-10).
2629:(14–15): 2863–71.
2543:"Malaria - Causes"
2058:10.1093/bmb/ldg003
1218:Kwenti TE (2018).
738:10.1038/laban.1349
219:gene (PFL0030c or
185:intervillous space
84:Signs and symptoms
4430:
4429:
4415:Obstetric history
4410:
4409:
4371:Confinement nanny
4284:
4283:
4151:Acute fatty liver
3958:
3957:
3846:cervical dilation
3473:
3472:
3353:World Malaria Day
2935:
2340:978-92-4-154912-7
1916:978-92-4-156572-1
1672:10.1111/mmi.12379
1096:(Pt 13): 1871–6.
861:(9918): 723–735.
669:978-3-540-25363-1
36:placental malaria
18:Placental malaria
16:(Redirected from
4455:
4295:
4261:Cardiotocography
3967:
3873:Vaginal delivery
3746:Nesting instinct
3721:
3706:Rudimentary horn
3635:Prenatal testing
3500:
3493:
3486:
3477:
3465:
3464:
3239:G6PDH deficiency
3207:Mosquito control
3080:Blackwater fever
3044:
3037:
3030:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3003:. Archived from
2992:
2991:. February 2007.
2986:
2977:
2967:
2933:
2923:
2922:
2907:
2906:
2896:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2822:
2805:(9): 1509–1516.
2790:
2781:
2780:
2770:
2760:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2679:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2587:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2408:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2352:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2304:. Archived from
2294:
2288:
2287:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2241:
2231:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2129:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2016:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1967:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1903:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1857:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1683:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1536:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1488:(11): 1195–204.
1476:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1444:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1395:
1363:
1352:
1351:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1239:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1160:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1059:. Archived from
1049:
1043:
1042:
1032:
1008:
1002:
1001:
991:
981:
957:
951:
950:
948:
946:
935:
929:
928:
900:
887:
886:
850:
844:
843:
815:
809:
808:
798:
766:
760:
759:
749:
717:
711:
710:
708:
706:
701:on 6 August 2006
691:
682:
681:
639:
633:
632:
630:
628:
613:
607:
606:
586:
580:
579:
572:
566:
563:
553:Lay summary in:
550:
540:
530:
498:
375:Plasmodium ovale
369:Plasmodium vivax
21:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4406:
4375:
4339:
4310:Postpartum care
4280:
4244:
4147:Liver diseases
4141:Thyroid disease
4039:
4025:Gestational age
3996:
3954:
3920:Labor induction
3825:
3816:Perinatal nurse
3789:Birth attendant
3750:
3710:
3644:
3640:Medical imaging
3601:
3570:fertility fraud
3546:
3513:
3504:
3474:
3469:
3455:
3411:Malaria No More
3379:
3314:
3274:Malaria culture
3257:
3246:Malaria vaccine
3175:
3053:
3048:
3018:
3010:
3008:
2995:
2984:
2980:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2913:Further reading
2910:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2852:
2850:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2745:Malaria Journal
2738:
2737:
2730:
2721:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2664:Malaria Journal
2657:
2656:
2652:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2551:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2526:
2524:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2498:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2473:
2471:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2448:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2353:
2341:
2328:
2327:
2320:
2311:
2309:
2308:on June 7, 2020
2296:
2295:
2291:
2270:(23): 2603–16.
2260:
2259:
2255:
2216:Malaria Journal
2209:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2114:Malaria Journal
2107:
2106:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2038:
2037:
2030:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1950:(7): CD004736.
1937:
1936:
1932:
1917:
1905:
1904:
1881:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1478:
1477:
1468:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1365:
1364:
1355:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1281:(13): 2000–13.
1268:
1267:
1263:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1188:(3–4): 273–83.
1179:
1178:
1174:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1066:
1064:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1010:
1009:
1005:
972:(9): e1007943.
959:
958:
954:
944:
942:
937:
936:
932:
902:
901:
890:
852:
851:
847:
817:
816:
812:
768:
767:
763:
732:(10): 388–398.
719:
718:
714:
704:
702:
693:
692:
685:
670:
641:
640:
636:
626:
624:
615:
614:
610:
591:Folia Biologica
588:
587:
583:
574:
573:
569:
554:
500:
499:
484:
480:
454:genetic testing
448:
432:
388:
340:
319:Artemisia annua
314:
309:
274:
238:
170:
127:
108:
103:
86:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4461:
4459:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4435:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4356:Health visitor
4353:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4271:Nonstress test
4268:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4187:Skin diseases
4185:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3977:Amniotic fluid
3973:
3971:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3925:Multiple birth
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3731:Bradley method
3727:
3725:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3623:Pregnancy test
3620:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3556:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3480:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3099:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3024:
3017:
3016:
2993:
2978:
2958:(6): 1005–16.
2942:
2925:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2859:
2834:
2782:
2728:
2701:
2650:
2609:
2572:PLOS Pathogens
2558:
2533:
2505:
2480:
2455:
2430:
2391:(5): 282–290.
2368:
2339:
2318:
2289:
2253:
2202:
2178:
2151:
2097:
2072:
2028:
1999:(4): 538–550.
1979:
1930:
1915:
1879:
1828:
1807:(3): 327–338.
1787:
1744:
1715:(8): 4875–83.
1695:
1646:
1632:10.1086/428137
1605:
1556:
1507:
1466:
1427:(16): 5075–9.
1407:
1353:
1302:
1261:
1207:
1172:
1143:(9): 546–556.
1123:
1073:
1044:
1003:
966:PLOS Pathogens
952:
930:
888:
845:
810:
761:
712:
683:
668:
634:
623:on May 7, 2003
608:
581:
567:
565:
564:
513:(11): 4884–9.
481:
479:
476:
446:
431:
428:
416:P. falciparum.
387:
384:
339:
336:
313:
310:
308:
305:
273:
270:
237:
234:
210:single-domains
169:
166:
126:
123:
107:
104:
102:
99:
85:
82:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4460:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4366:Monthly nurse
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4256:Amniocentesis
4254:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4216:Vaginal flora
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4106:Substance use
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4020:Fundal height
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3772:Preterm birth
3770:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3736:Hypnobirthing
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:3D ultrasound
3611:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3527:Birth control
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3494:
3489:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3468:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:Organisations
3382:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3293:Antimalarials
3291:
3290:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:Duffy antigen
3222:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3187:Public health
3185:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:Quartan fever
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3007:on 2010-12-16
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2559:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2456:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2051:(1): 137–48.
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:(3): 472–88.
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1625:(6): 1010–3.
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1576:(8): 775–81.
1575:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1527:(1): 179–91.
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1378:(6): 2482–7.
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1023:(3): 186–92.
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1004:
999:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
971:
967:
963:
956:
953:
940:
934:
931:
926:
922:
918:
914:
911:(2): 93–104.
910:
906:
899:
897:
895:
893:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
849:
846:
841:
837:
833:
829:
826:(7): 803–10.
825:
821:
814:
811:
806:
802:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
765:
762:
757:
753:
748:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
716:
713:
700:
696:
690:
688:
684:
679:
675:
671:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
638:
635:
622:
618:
612:
609:
604:
600:
596:
592:
585:
582:
577:
571:
568:
561:
560:Science Daily
557:
552:
551:
548:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
483:
477:
475:
471:
467:
464:
460:
455:
450:
443:
441:
437:
429:
427:
425:
421:
420:P. falciparum
418:Similarly to
417:
413:
412:P. falciparum
409:
408:P. falciparum
403:
401:
397:
391:
385:
383:
381:
377:
376:
371:
370:
365:
364:
358:
356:
352:
348:
347:P. falciparum
343:
337:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:
311:
306:
304:
301:
300:P. falciparum
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
271:
269:
266:
264:
263:P. falciparum
259:
255:
251:
249:
248:P. falciparum
244:
243:P. falciparum
235:
233:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
198:
197:P. falciparum
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:P. falciparum
167:
165:
161:
157:
155:
153:
152:P. falciparum
148:
144:
143:proteoglycans
140:
136:
132:
124:
122:
119:
118:P. falciparum
115:
114:
105:
100:
98:
94:
92:
83:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
62:
59:
58:prenatal care
55:
51:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
29:
19:
4180:
4096:Hypertension
4083:Immunization
4066:in pregnancy
3982:Amniotic sac
3935:Silent birth
3878:Presentation
3841:Bishop score
3811:Obstetrician
3701:Interstitial
3628:home testing
3358:Epidemiology
3197:Mosquito net
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3084:
3009:. Retrieved
3005:the original
2955:
2951:
2931:
2876:
2873:eBioMedicine
2872:
2862:
2851:. Retrieved
2847:
2837:
2802:
2798:
2748:
2744:
2720:. Retrieved
2716:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2550:. Retrieved
2546:
2536:
2525:. Retrieved
2521:
2497:. Retrieved
2492:
2483:
2472:. Retrieved
2468:
2458:
2447:. Retrieved
2442:
2433:
2388:
2384:
2330:
2310:. Retrieved
2306:the original
2301:
2292:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2194:. Retrieved
2190:
2181:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2117:
2113:
2089:. Retrieved
2085:
2075:
2048:
2044:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1906:
1845:
1842:BMC Medicine
1841:
1831:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1760:(7): 17068.
1757:
1753:
1747:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1573:
1570:EMBO Reports
1569:
1559:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1485:
1481:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1375:
1371:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1278:
1275:FEBS Letters
1274:
1264:
1227:
1223:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1093:
1090:Parasitology
1089:
1065:. Retrieved
1061:the original
1056:
1047:
1020:
1016:
1006:
969:
965:
955:
943:. Retrieved
933:
908:
904:
858:
854:
848:
823:
819:
813:
778:
774:
764:
729:
725:
715:
703:. Retrieved
699:the original
647:
637:
625:. Retrieved
621:the original
611:
597:(6): 210–8.
594:
590:
584:
570:
559:
510:
506:
472:
468:
451:
444:
433:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
404:
399:
392:
389:
386:Epidemiology
373:
367:
361:
359:
346:
344:
341:
331:
323:
317:
315:
299:
275:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
247:
242:
239:
224:
220:
216:
214:
201:
196:
177:erythrocytes
172:
171:
162:
158:
151:
134:
133:infected by
131:erythrocytes
128:
125:Risk factors
117:
111:
109:
106:Transmission
95:
87:
63:
43:
35:
31:
27:
26:
4392:Apgar score
4176:Hepatitis C
4162:Infections
4002:Development
3987:Endometrium
3945:Water birth
3863:Bloody show
3794:Men's roles
3724:Preparation
3676:Heterotopic
3341:Roman fever
3298:Artemisinin
3234:Thalassemia
2879:: 145–156.
2713:"G6PD gene"
2493:www.cdc.gov
2443:www.cdc.gov
2302:www.who.int
2191:www.who.int
2167:(2): 91–9.
2086:www.cdc.gov
1230:: 123–136.
463:Tafenoquine
452:Additional
355:Clindamycin
279:Chloroquine
193:upregulated
4437:Categories
4397:Child care
4290:Postpartum
4249:Procedures
4201:Dermatoses
4057:Nutrition
3915:Home birth
3837:Pelvimetry
3716:Childbirth
3696:Unintended
3552:Conception
3511:childbirth
3303:Mefloquine
3279:Blood film
3169:Gametocyte
3164:Hypnozoite
3149:Life cycle
3115:falciparum
3102:life cycle
3092:Plasmodium
3011:2011-04-01
2934:(Q7239883)
2853:2020-08-02
2722:2020-08-05
2578:(2): e42.
2552:2020-07-31
2527:2020-07-31
2499:2020-07-31
2474:2020-08-04
2449:2020-08-02
2406:1805/22076
2312:2020-08-04
2196:2020-08-02
2120:(1): 271.
2091:2020-07-31
1925:1156338614
1067:2020-08-04
855:The Lancet
726:Lab Animal
478:References
459:Primaquine
440:antibodies
307:Management
283:Mefloquine
272:Prevention
74:stillbirth
3905:Caesarean
3671:Abdominal
3507:Pregnancy
3308:Proguanil
3159:Merozoite
2751:(1): 40.
2357:cite book
2349:908628497
2222:(1): 11.
1848:(1): 14.
945:April 14,
883:208794141
627:March 30,
298:drugs is
215:A unique
168:Mechanism
50:pregnancy
4298:Maternal
4276:Abortion
4221:Bleeding
4171:COVID-19
4136:Diabetes
4121:Cannabis
4071:prenatal
3992:Placenta
3963:Prenatal
3893:shoulder
3888:cephalic
3856:position
3830:Delivery
3691:Postterm
3656:Cervical
3519:Planning
3467:Category
3154:Schizont
3136:knowlesi
3129:malariae
3070:Cerebral
2903:30885725
2829:30629148
2777:31969155
2696:18771584
2645:17095277
2604:18282103
2425:30979598
2284:17579229
2248:28049536
2173:25236824
2146:25015559
2067:14711760
2023:32219317
1974:26198451
1874:31941488
1823:31598714
1774:28481333
1739:16861676
1690:23980802
1641:15717280
1600:16025132
1551:38384882
1543:12823820
1502:19324047
1402:19307213
1348:43040825
1297:27009943
1256:30100779
1202:17224156
1167:31830300
1110:17958922
1039:19826576
998:31487334
925:17251080
875:23953767
805:19136431
756:28984865
705:18 April
678:16265891
603:11140853
547:20194779
332:A. annua
324:A. annua
189:in vitro
70:placenta
66:immunity
4443:Malaria
4207:Others
4181:Malaria
4126:Opioids
4116:Alcohol
4111:Smoking
3970:Anatomy
3799:Midwife
3767:Newborn
3686:Ovarian
3666:Ectopic
3661:Cryptic
3606:Testing
3097:biology
3065:Malaria
3058:Biology
3051:Malaria
3001:Jhpiego
2974:6370484
2965:2536236
2927:Scholia
2894:6491931
2820:6792113
2768:6977346
2687:2543044
2670:: 170.
2595:2242842
2416:7895297
2239:5209802
2137:4113781
2014:7377293
1965:4233117
1865:6964062
1782:2276480
1730:1539630
1681:3938558
1591:1369142
1461:6348780
1429:Bibcode
1393:2687338
1340:8633247
1320:Bibcode
1312:Science
1247:6067790
1158:7560991
1118:7706073
1030:2760896
989:6728024
840:9625937
796:2620631
747:6771290
652:169–200
538:2841952
515:Bibcode
351:Quinine
221:var2csa
54:malaria
4380:Infant
4305:Lochia
4091:Anemia
4010:Embryo
3883:breech
3762:Mother
3741:Lamaze
2972:
2962:
2901:
2891:
2827:
2817:
2775:
2765:
2694:
2684:
2643:
2602:
2592:
2547:nhs.uk
2423:
2413:
2347:
2337:
2282:
2246:
2236:
2171:
2144:
2134:
2065:
2021:
2011:
1972:
1962:
1923:
1913:
1872:
1862:
1821:
1780:
1772:
1737:
1727:
1688:
1678:
1639:
1598:
1588:
1549:
1541:
1500:
1459:
1452:384191
1449:
1400:
1390:
1346:
1338:
1295:
1254:
1244:
1200:
1165:
1155:
1116:
1108:
1037:
1027:
996:
986:
923:
881:
873:
838:
803:
793:
754:
744:
676:
666:
601:
545:
535:
400:by far
372:, and
285:, and
4351:Doula
4344:Roles
4236:Sleep
4211:Drugs
4191:Lupus
4015:Fetus
3784:Doula
3755:Roles
3681:Molar
3649:Types
3251:RTS,S
3122:ovale
3108:vivax
2985:(PDF)
1778:S2CID
1547:S2CID
1344:S2CID
1114:S2CID
879:S2CID
101:Cause
40:fetus
34:) or
4045:Care
3509:and
2970:PMID
2899:PMID
2825:PMID
2773:PMID
2692:PMID
2641:PMID
2600:PMID
2421:PMID
2363:link
2345:OCLC
2335:ISBN
2280:PMID
2264:JAMA
2244:PMID
2169:PMID
2142:PMID
2063:PMID
2019:PMID
1970:PMID
1948:2015
1921:OCLC
1911:ISBN
1870:PMID
1819:PMID
1770:PMID
1735:PMID
1686:PMID
1637:PMID
1596:PMID
1539:PMID
1498:PMID
1457:PMID
1398:PMID
1336:PMID
1293:PMID
1252:PMID
1198:PMID
1163:PMID
1106:PMID
1035:PMID
994:PMID
947:2011
921:PMID
871:PMID
836:PMID
801:PMID
752:PMID
707:2011
674:PMID
664:ISBN
629:2011
599:PMID
543:PMID
461:and
353:and
229:uORF
4166:HIV
3192:DDT
2960:PMC
2889:PMC
2881:doi
2815:PMC
2807:doi
2763:PMC
2753:doi
2682:PMC
2672:doi
2631:doi
2590:PMC
2580:doi
2522:WHO
2411:PMC
2401:hdl
2393:doi
2272:doi
2268:297
2234:PMC
2224:doi
2132:PMC
2122:doi
2053:doi
2009:PMC
2001:doi
1997:222
1960:PMC
1952:doi
1860:PMC
1850:doi
1809:doi
1762:doi
1725:PMC
1717:doi
1676:PMC
1668:doi
1627:doi
1623:191
1586:PMC
1578:doi
1529:doi
1490:doi
1447:PMC
1437:doi
1388:PMC
1380:doi
1328:doi
1316:272
1283:doi
1279:590
1242:PMC
1232:doi
1190:doi
1153:PMC
1145:doi
1098:doi
1094:134
1057:WHO
1025:PMC
984:PMC
974:doi
913:doi
863:doi
859:383
828:doi
791:PMC
783:doi
742:PMC
734:doi
656:doi
533:PMC
523:doi
511:107
447:PAM
225:var
217:var
32:PAM
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