4735:
136:
4741:
4748:
177:
4728:
1559:
evolved flight and echolocation, allowing them to be highly effective nocturnal, aerial insectivores; and whales first occupied freshwater lakes and rivers and then moved into the oceans. Primates, meanwhile, acquired specialized grasping hands and feet which allowed them to grasp branches, and large
2432:
O'Leary, Maureen A.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Flynn, John J.; Gaudin, Timothy J.; Giallombardo, Andres; Giannini, Norberto P.; Goldberg, Suzann L.; Kraatz, Brian P.; Luo, Zhe-Xi; Meng, Jin; Ni, Michael J.; Novacek, Fernando A.; Perini, Zachary S.; Randall, Guillermo; Rougier, Eric J.; Sargis, Mary T.;
1091:(basal Afrotheria) and a hypothesis supporting a near simultaneous divergence. Estimates for the divergence times among these three placental groups mostly range from 105 to 120 million years ago (MYA), depending on the type of DNA, whether it is translated, and the phylogenetic method (e.g.
1103:
data. In addition, a strict molecular clock does not hold, so it is necessary to assume models of how evolutionary rates change along lineages. These assumptions alone can make substantial differences to the relative ages of different mammal groups estimated with genomic data.
1542:
around 66 to 23 mya, following the
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The evolution of crown orders such modern primates, rodents, and carnivores appears to be part of an adaptive radiation that took place as mammals quickly evolved to take advantage of ecological
489:
Analysis of molecular data led to rapid changes in assessments of the phylogeny of placental orders at the close of the 20th century. A novel phylogeny and classification of placental orders appeared with
Waddell, Hasegawa and Okada in 1999. "Jumping genes"-type
2266:
1551:. As they occupied new niches, mammals rapidly increased in body size, and began to take over the large herbivore and large carnivore niches that had been left open by the decimation of the dinosaurs (and perhaps more relevantly competing
1523:. The lineages leading to Xenarthra and Afrotheria probably originated around 90 mya, and Boreoeutheria underwent an initial diversification around 70-80 mya, producing the lineages that eventually would lead to modern primates, rodents,
2063:
Bertrand, O. C.; Shelley, S. L.; Williamson, T. E.; Wible, J. R.; Chester, S. G. B.; Flynn, J. J.; Holbrook, L. T.; Lyson, T. R.; Meng, J.; Miller, I. M.; Püschel, H. P.; Smith, T.; Spaulding, M.; Tseng, Z. J.; Brusatte, S. L. (2022).
415:
extending forward from the pelvis, which are found in all other mammals. (Their function in non-placental mammals is to stiffen the body during locomotion, but in placentals they would inhibit the expansion of the abdomen during
2433:
Silcox, Nancy b.; Simmons, Micelle; Spaulding, Paul M.; Velazco, Marcelo; Weksler, John r.; Wible, Andrea L.; Cirranello, A. L. (8 February 2013). "The
Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals".
1511:, sometimes considered a stem-primate, appears no more than 300,000 years after the K-Pg boundary; both species, however, are sometimes placed outside the crown placental group, but many newer studies place them back in
494:
presence/absence patterns have provided corroboration of phylogenetic relationships inferred from molecular sequences. It is now widely accepted that there are three major subdivisions or lineages of placental mammals:
1563:
The evolution of land placentals followed different pathways on different continents since they cannot easily cross large bodies of water. An exception is smaller placentals such as rodents and primates, who left
5348:
2321:
Kitazoe, Y.; Kishino, H.; Waddell, P. J.; Nakajima, T.; Okabayashi, T.; Watabe, T.; Okuhara, Y. (2007). "Robust time estimation reconciles views of the antiquity of placental mammals".
1794:
Novacek, M. J., Rougier, G. W, Wible, J. R., McKenna, M. C, Dashzeveg, D. and
Horovitz, I. (October 1997). "Epipubic bones in eutherian mammals from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia".
2340:
Amrine-Madsen, H.; Koepfli, K. P.; Wayne, R. K.; Springer, M. S. (2003). "A new phylogenetic marker, apoliprotein B, provides compelling evidence for eutherian relationships".
144:
1915:
1845:
1075:
The exact relationships among these three lineages is currently a subject of debate, and four different hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is
2509:
Fox, R. C.; Scott, C. S. (2011). "A new, early
Puercan (earliest Paleocene) species of Purgatorius (Plesiadapiformes, Primates) from Saskatchewan, Canada".
5374:
380:
of its mother to a relatively late stage of development. The name is something of a misnomer, considering that marsupials also nourish their fetuses via a
151:
150:
1940:
4734:
140:
1457:
has been sequenced for at least one species in each extant placental order and in 83% of families (105 of 127 extant placental families).
1631:. These groups expanded beyond a single continent when land bridges formed linking Africa to Eurasia and South America to North America.
384:, though for a relatively briefer period, giving birth to less-developed young, which are then nurtured for a period inside the mother's
148:
5379:
2768:
2114:
372:. Placentalia contains the vast majority of extant mammals, which are partly distinguished from monotremes and marsupials in that the
147:
4783:
1743:
Reilly, S. M. & White, T. D. (January 2003). "Hypaxial Motor
Patterns and the Function of Epipubic Bones in Primitive Mammals".
149:
1461:
139:
1864:
Ji, Q., Luo, Z-X., Yuan, C-X., Wible, J. R., Zhang, J-P. and Georgi, J. A. (April 2002). "The earliest known eutherian mammal".
1519:
suggests that the group had already originated and undergone an initial diversification in the Late
Cretaceous, as suggested by
4740:
146:
1502:
154:
2181:"Retroposon analysis and recent geological data suggest near-simultaneous divergence of the three superorders of mammals"
1993:
Waddell, P. J.; Okada, N.; Hasegawa, M. (1999). "Towards
Resolving the Interordinal Relationships of Placental Mammals".
152:
143:
1484:
period, about 170 mya. These early eutherians were small, nocturnal insect eaters, with adaptations for life in trees.
156:
4747:
2606:"Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny"
2065:
176:
141:
155:
5369:
2012:
Kriegs, Jan Ole; Churakov, Gennady; Kiefmann, Martin; Jordan, Ursula; Brosius, Jürgen; Schmitz, Jürgen (2006).
2241:
Waddell, P. J.; Kishino, H.; Ota, R. (2001). "A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics".
2098:
30:"Placental" redirects here. For the organ interfacing between a placental mammalian mother and a fetus, see
5237:
3623:
2761:
2698:
5310:
4776:
3364:
1909:
1839:
1076:
153:
4727:
4467:
3653:
392:, which contains all mammals that are more closely related to placentals than they are to marsupials.
142:
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5284:
3877:
3566:
2518:
2444:
2275:
2192:
2140:
2077:
1873:
1803:
1752:
1698:
1497:
450:
4622:
4046:
3907:
3778:
3701:
3557:
3188:
3153:
3005:
2497:
A study of
Mammalia and geology across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in Garfield County, Montana.
4676:
4615:
4607:
4374:
4360:
3935:
3928:
3736:
3632:
3508:
3464:
3336:
3299:
3099:
2871:
2112:
Sarah L. Shelley (2022.) "The phylogeny of
Paleocene mammals and the evolution of Placentalia", in
919:
477:
4591:
4526:
4481:
4346:
4304:
4208:
4199:
4067:
3536:
3471:
3421:
3306:
3142:
1599:. In South America a similar event occurred, with radiation of the Xenarthra, which led to modern
4562:
4555:
4548:
4519:
4488:
4446:
4439:
4332:
4311:
4188:
4123:
4102:
4018:
3997:
3963:
3826:
3812:
3805:
3764:
3750:
3722:
3687:
3664:
3543:
3478:
3457:
3407:
3278:
3217:
3078:
3057:
2844:
2728:
2534:
2478:
1897:
1827:
1776:
1722:
1548:
974:
171:
4644:
4453:
4432:
4409:
4353:
4339:
4325:
4181:
4109:
4060:
4039:
3990:
3893:
3868:
3854:
3840:
3771:
3757:
3694:
3673:
3529:
3515:
3450:
3443:
3371:
3357:
3271:
3224:
3015:
1642:
mammals diversified; afterwards, multituberculates decline and placentals explode in diversity.
5315:
4651:
4629:
4460:
4388:
4276:
4088:
4074:
4053:
4032:
3983:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3900:
3743:
3680:
3485:
3414:
3350:
3285:
3231:
2655:"The fossil record of North American Mammals: evidence for a Palaeocene evolutionary radiation"
5144:
4584:
4511:
4395:
4318:
4290:
4116:
3886:
3833:
3819:
3708:
3646:
3436:
3343:
2898:
2754:
2720:
2697:
Brocklehurst, Neil; Panciroli, Elsa; Benevento, Gemma Louise; Benson, Roger B.J. (July 2021).
2676:
2635:
2583:
2470:
2435:
2398:
2357:
2303:
2220:
2158:
2045:
1972:
1936:
1930:
1889:
1819:
1768:
1714:
1671:
1555:). Mammals also exploited niches that the non-avian dinosaurs had never touched: for example,
1096:
1088:
572:
428:
385:
5275:
4297:
3378:
1619:. Expansion in Laurasia was dominated by Boreoeutheria, which includes primates and rodents,
5165:
4906:
4843:
4769:
4569:
4423:
4011:
3179:
2710:
2666:
2625:
2617:
2573:
2565:
2526:
2460:
2452:
2388:
2349:
2293:
2283:
2210:
2200:
2148:
2093:
2085:
2035:
2025:
1881:
1811:
1760:
1706:
1663:
1639:
1634:
A study on eutherian diversity suggests that placental diversity was constrained during the
1544:
1520:
1180:
692:
316:
284:
145:
4081:
5058:
4959:
4927:
4235:
4219:
3596:
3262:
2604:
dos Reis, M.; Inoue, J.; Hasegawa, M.; Asher, R. J.; Donoghue, P. C. J.; Yang, Z. (2012).
1488:
1481:
1100:
618:
589:
473:
373:
124:
5176:(Rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives)
5155:(Pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives)
2699:"Mammaliaform extinctions as a driver of the morphological radiation of Cenozoic mammals"
2522:
2448:
2279:
2196:
2144:
2081:
1877:
1807:
1756:
1702:
1658:
Renfree, M. B. (March 2010). "Review: Marsupials: placental mammals with a difference".
5104:
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2013:
1624:
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1351:
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970:
955:
859:
511:
289:
2353:
2298:
2261:
5358:
5095:
4967:
4704:
3974:
3729:
3499:
3393:
3209:
3131:
3120:
2732:
2538:
2482:
2260:
Springer, Mark S.; Murphy, William J.; Eizirik, Eduardo; O'Brien, Stephen J. (2003).
1831:
1612:
1569:
1170:
1121:
1080:
959:
881:
801:
686:
614:
603:
578:
526:
496:
412:
279:
262:
87:
2416:
1780:
1547:
that were left open when most dinosaurs and other animals disappeared following the
1505:
in the geological stratum that marks the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event and
1445:. (2009) Compare with Waddell, Hasegawa and Okada (1999) and Waddell et al. (2001).
5112:
5042:
4943:
4898:
4636:
4576:
4367:
4174:
4165:
4154:
4095:
3847:
3639:
3605:
3573:
3327:
3313:
3239:
3088:
2129:"Late Cretaceous relatives of rabbits, rodents, and other extant eutherian mammals"
2014:"Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals"
1901:
1726:
1667:
1628:
1620:
1588:
1528:
1524:
1366:
1242:
990:
915:
865:
629:
607:
595:
246:
2496:
2030:
1515:. The rapid appearance of placentals after the mass extinction at the end of the
5297:
5269:
5152:
5074:
4502:
4381:
4267:
4141:
4004:
3522:
3292:
3247:
3164:
3026:
1616:
1532:
1507:
1473:
1279:
1092:
1024:
943:
903:
698:
652:
646:
515:
365:
62:
5181:
5034:
4877:
4834:
4818:
4697:
4665:
4242:
4025:
3587:
3400:
3037:
2994:
2715:
2066:"Brawn before brains in placental mammals after the end-Cretaceous extinction"
1608:
1576:
1516:
1512:
1338:
1267:
1254:
1208:
1149:
978:
909:
892:
807:
790:
784:
753:
710:
635:
566:
542:
504:
491:
446:
308:
267:
107:
72:
5189:
5136:
5013:
5005:
4885:
4851:
4711:
4541:
4533:
4249:
4228:
3914:
3715:
3428:
2829:
2671:
2654:
2456:
2288:
2205:
2089:
1764:
1635:
1604:
1592:
1539:
1492:
1476:
including all modern placentals) arose from stem-group members of the clade
1434:
1317:
1302:
1134:
1084:
1044:
1020:
1013:
1009:
939:
885:
869:
794:
769:
761:
656:
538:
532:
500:
435:
369:
272:
188:
112:
56:
46:
5260:
5208:(Lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives)
2724:
2680:
2639:
2621:
2587:
2474:
2417:
A comparative genomics multitool for scientific discovery and conservation.
2402:
2393:
2376:
2361:
2307:
2224:
2162:
2049:
1893:
1772:
1718:
1675:
1495:, 66 mya, following the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The species
419:
the rearmost bones of the foot fit into a socket formed by the ends of the
1976:
1823:
17:
5254:
5128:
4984:
4812:
4599:
4402:
4283:
3921:
3612:
3386:
3202:
3109:
2966:
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2910:
2856:
2801:
2777:
1596:
1565:
1552:
1477:
1040:
963:
951:
927:
818:
757:
671:
582:
557:
389:
381:
361:
231:
208:
102:
97:
82:
77:
67:
50:
31:
400:
Placental mammals are anatomically distinguished from other mammals by:
5205:
5082:
4914:
4824:
4761:
3195:
2262:"Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary"
1584:
1048:
1032:
1028:
947:
873:
846:
838:
822:
811:
773:
745:
714:
667:
663:
639:
599:
117:
92:
5302:
2569:
2499:
University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 122, 286.
2465:
1491:
around 90 mya, but the earliest undisputed fossils are from the early
408:
to allow the birth of a large baby relative to the size of the mother.
5197:
5173:
5021:
4868:
4806:
4793:
3067:
2883:
2813:
2807:
2795:
2530:
2153:
2128:
1600:
1454:
1193:
1060:
994:
986:
982:
877:
842:
834:
733:
729:
704:
553:
549:
510:
2022 studies of Bertrand, O. C. and Sarah L. Shelley have identified
462:
442:
424:
405:
377:
218:
198:
5231:
1885:
1710:
5339:
templates on this page, but the references will not show without a
1689:
Weil, A. (April 2002). "Mammalian evolution: Upwards and onwards".
5066:
1815:
1560:
eyes with keener vision which allowed them to forage in the dark.
1538:
However, modern members of the placental orders originated in the
1289:
1056:
1052:
1036:
1003:
830:
765:
749:
722:
718:
458:
454:
420:
5289:
2377:"The new framework for understanding placental mammal evolution"
1859:
1857:
1855:
1556:
1501:
is sometimes placed as a stem-ungulate known 1 meter above the
935:
931:
896:
826:
737:
521:
The living orders of placental mammals in the three groups are:
466:
5235:
4765:
2788:
2750:
5120:
1579:
underwent a major adaptive radiation, which led to elephants,
1079:
or diverged first from other placentals. These hypotheses are
923:
741:
2554:"Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals"
2115:"The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 82nd annual meeting"
134:
2746:
352:
349:
343:
331:
5341:{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
2692:
2690:
325:
360:) are one of the three extant subdivisions of the class
2127:
Archibald JD, Averianov AO, Ekdale EG (November 2001).
388:. Placentalia represents the only living group within
334:
328:
4662:
4499:
4420:
4264:
4138:
3865:
3793:
3584:
3554:
3496:
3324:
3259:
3176:
3160:
3149:
3138:
3127:
3116:
3105:
3095:
3084:
3074:
3063:
3053:
3043:
3033:
3022:
3011:
3001:
2990:
2979:
2174:
2172:
346:
340:
322:
319:
5244:
5164:
5103:
5094:
5033:
5004:
4983:
4926:
4897:
4876:
4867:
4842:
4833:
4687:
4661:
4498:
4419:
4263:
4218:
4198:
4164:
4137:
3973:
3876:
3864:
3792:
3663:
3622:
3595:
3583:
3553:
3495:
3323:
3258:
3175:
2964:
2909:
2882:
2855:
2828:
337:
5147:(Horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs)
2099:20.500.11820/d7fb8c6e-886e-4c1d-9977-0cd6406fda20
1963:Velut, S; Destrieux, C; Kakou, M (May 1998). "".
404:a sufficiently wide opening at the bottom of the
2599:
2597:
1568:and colonized Africa and then South America via
2375:Asher, R. J.; Bennett, N.; Lehmann, T. (2009).
2267:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2185:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2179:Nishihara, H.; Maruyama, S.; Okada, N. (2009).
507:. All of these diverged from common ancestors.
138:
2236:
2234:
1437:and classification based on Amrine-Madsen, H.
4777:
2762:
1988:
1986:
8:
1935:. University of Chicago Press. p. 583.
1914:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1844:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1738:
1736:
1487:True placentals may have originated in the
445:like monotremes, marsupials and most other
27:Infraclass of mammals in the clade Eutheria
5232:
5100:
5001:
4894:
4873:
4839:
4784:
4770:
4762:
4146:
3873:
3592:
2972:
2961:
2888:
2861:
2834:
2825:
2785:
2769:
2755:
2747:
38:
2714:
2670:
2629:
2577:
2464:
2392:
2297:
2287:
2214:
2204:
2152:
2097:
2039:
2029:
5115:(Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives)
1650:
1480:, which had existed since at least the
5333:<ref group=lower-alpha>
1932:Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
1929:Marvalee H. Wake (15 September 1992).
1907:
1837:
2342:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
5330:
1344:
1295:
1285:
1260:
1235:
1186:
1176:
1127:
1117:
1107:
5375:Extant Paleocene first appearances
2610:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1099:), and varying interpretations of
518:as basal placental mammal clades.
166:Placentals from different orders.
25:
5345:{{notelist}}
4746:
4739:
4733:
4726:
1462:list of sequenced animal genomes
315:
175:
2552:Halliday, Thomas J. D. (2015).
1668:10.1016/j.placenta.2009.12.023
1:
2354:10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00118-0
1503:Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary
297:For extinct groups, see text
2031:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091
1472:True placental mammals (the
438:at the bottom of the fibula.
5337:{{efn}}
2415:Zoonomia Consortium (2020)
5396:
5380:Taxa named by Richard Owen
5184:(Rabbits, hares and pikas)
5139:(Dogs, cats and relatives)
5045:(Tenrecs and golden moles)
1441:. (2003) and Asher, R. J.
29:
4970:(Kangaroos and relatives)
4801:
4723:
4149:
2975:
2960:
2941:
2891:
2864:
2837:
2824:
2784:
2716:10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.044
2243:Genome Informatics Series
1611:, as well as the extinct
1549:Chicxulub asteroid impact
1364:
1349:
1342:
1315:
1300:
1293:
1283:
1265:
1258:
1240:
1233:
1206:
1191:
1184:
1174:
1147:
1132:
1125:
1115:
259:
254:
172:Scientific classification
170:
165:
132:
41:
4962:(Bilbies and bandicoots)
1662:. 31 Supplement: S21–6.
4854:(Platypus and echidnas)
2672:10.1080/106351599260472
2511:Journal of Paleontology
2495:Archibald, J.D., 1982.
2457:10.1126/science.1229237
2289:10.1073/pnas.0334222100
2206:10.1073/pnas.0809297106
2090:10.1126/science.abl5584
1765:10.1126/science.1074905
1083:(basal Boreoeutheria),
5331:Cite error: There are
5085:(Dugongs and manatees)
5024:(Anteaters and sloths)
2622:10.1098/rspb.2012.0683
2394:10.1002/bies.200900053
364:, the other two being
159:
5311:Paleobiology Database
4954:(Quolls and dunnarts)
427:, forming a complete
158:
3624:Pseudorhyncocyonidae
2709:(13): 2955–2963.e4.
1498:Protungulatum donnae
1468:Evolutionary history
478:cerebral hemispheres
2616:(1742): 3491–3500.
2523:2011JPal...85..537F
2449:2013Sci...339..662O
2280:2003PNAS..100.1056S
2197:2009PNAS..106.5235N
2145:2001Natur.414...62A
2082:2022Sci...376...80B
1878:2002Natur.416..816J
1808:1997Natur.389..483N
1757:2003Sci...299..400R
1703:2002Natur.416..798W
1087:(basal Xenarthra),
920:even-toed ungulates
396:Anatomical features
5347:template (see the
4938:(Monito del monte)
2659:Systematic Biology
2558:Biological Reviews
1995:Systematic Biology
1971:(1 Suppl): 17–30.
975:odd-toed ungulates
472:the presence of a
434:the presence of a
431:upper ankle joint.
376:is carried in the
160:
5343:template or
5326:
5325:
5238:Taxon identifiers
5229:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5209:
5201:
5193:
5185:
5177:
5156:
5148:
5140:
5132:
5124:
5116:
5086:
5078:
5070:
5062:
5054:
5053:(Elephant shrews)
5046:
5025:
5017:
4998:
4979:
4978:
4971:
4963:
4955:
4947:
4946:(Marsupial moles)
4944:Notoryctemorphia
4939:
4918:
4910:
4907:Paucituberculata
4891:
4863:
4862:
4855:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4721:
4720:
4468:Prozalambdalestes
4259:
4258:
4133:
4132:
3788:
3787:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2653:Alroy, J (1999).
2570:10.1111/brv.12242
2443:(6120): 662–667.
2191:(13): 5235–5240.
1942:978-0-226-87013-7
1872:(6883): 816–822.
1802:(6650): 483–486.
1751:(5605): 400–402.
1697:(6883): 798–799.
1431:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1328:
1327:
1219:
1218:
1160:
1159:
1089:Exafroplacentalia
573:Afroinsectiphilia
453:exit through the
429:mortise and tenon
305:Placental mammals
302:
301:
250:
16:(Redirected from
5387:
5352:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5319:
5318:
5306:
5305:
5293:
5292:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5233:
5207:
5199:
5191:
5183:
5175:
5166:Euarchontoglires
5154:
5146:
5138:
5130:
5122:
5114:
5101:
5084:
5076:
5068:
5060:
5052:
5044:
5023:
5015:
5002:
4997:
4996:
4988:
4969:
4961:
4960:Peramelemorphia
4953:
4945:
4937:
4916:
4915:Didelphimorphia
4909:(Shrew opossums)
4908:
4895:
4890:
4889:
4881:
4874:
4853:
4844:Australosphenida
4840:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4763:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4664:
4570:Kharmerungulatum
4501:
4424:Zalambdalestidae
4422:
4266:
4147:
4140:
3874:
3867:
3795:
3654:Pseudorhyncocyon
3593:
3586:
3556:
3498:
3326:
3261:
3180:Adapisoriculidae
3178:
3162:
3151:
3140:
3129:
3118:
3107:
3097:
3086:
3076:
3065:
3055:
3045:
3035:
3024:
3013:
3003:
2992:
2981:
2973:
2962:
2889:
2862:
2835:
2826:
2819:
2818:
2786:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2748:
2737:
2736:
2718:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2674:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2633:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2531:10.1666/10-059.1
2506:
2500:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2468:
2429:
2423:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2291:
2274:(3): 1056–1061.
2257:
2251:
2250:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2208:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2156:
2154:10.1038/35102048
2124:
2118:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2033:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1905:
1861:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1835:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1655:
1640:multituberculate
1521:molecular clocks
1453:As of 2020, the
1345:
1296:
1286:
1261:
1236:
1187:
1181:Euarchontoglires
1177:
1128:
1118:
1108:
693:Euarchontoglires
451:urogenital ducts
359:
358:
355:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
285:Euarchontoglires
245:
180:
179:
137:
122:
59:
45:Temporal range:
39:
21:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5370:Mammal taxonomy
5355:
5354:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5322:
5314:
5309:
5301:
5296:
5288:
5283:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5240:
5230:
5213:
5160:
5145:Perissodactyla
5090:
5029:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4975:
4952:Dasyuromorphia
4936:Microbiotheria
4928:Australidelphia
4922:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4859:
4829:
4797:
4790:
4760:
4751:
4738:
4725:
4717:
4683:
4657:
4494:
4415:
4255:
4236:Psittacotherium
4220:Stylinodontidae
4214:
4194:
4160:
4129:
3969:
3878:Paroxyclaenidae
3860:
3784:
3659:
3618:
3597:Gypsonictopidae
3579:
3567:Ferrequitherium
3549:
3491:
3319:
3263:Asioryctitheria
3254:
3171:
2969:
2948:
2925:
2905:
2878:
2851:
2820:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2775:
2745:
2740:
2703:Current Biology
2696:
2695:
2688:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2494:
2490:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2414:
2410:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2107:
2076:(6588): 80–85.
2062:
2061:
2057:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1965:Neuro-Chirurgie
1962:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1906:
1886:10.1038/416816a
1863:
1862:
1853:
1836:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1711:10.1038/416798a
1688:
1687:
1683:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1581:elephant shrews
1575:In Africa, the
1489:Late Cretaceous
1482:Middle Jurassic
1470:
1451:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1329:
1220:
1161:
1101:paleogeographic
619:elephant shrews
590:Afroinsectivora
487:
476:in between the
474:corpus callosum
411:the absence of
398:
318:
314:
244:
174:
161:
157:
135:
128:
125:Late Cretaceous
121:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
54:
53:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5393:
5391:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5357:
5356:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5307:
5294:
5281:
5266:
5250:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5236:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5203:
5195:
5187:
5179:
5170:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5150:
5142:
5134:
5126:
5118:
5109:
5107:
5105:Laurasiatheria
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5080:
5072:
5064:
5059:Tubulidentata
5056:
5051:Macroscelidea
5048:
5039:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5019:
5010:
5008:
4999:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4968:Diprotodontia
4965:
4957:
4949:
4941:
4932:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4912:
4903:
4901:
4892:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4848:
4846:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4766:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4693:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4670:
4668:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4633:
4626:
4623:Sheikhdzheilia
4619:
4612:
4604:
4596:
4588:
4581:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4507:
4505:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4475:Zalambdalestes
4471:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4428:
4426:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4272:
4270:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4224:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4204:
4202:
4200:Onychodectidae
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4170:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4150:
4144:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4047:Cryptopithecus
4043:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3979:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3908:Kiinkerishella
3904:
3897:
3890:
3882:
3880:
3871:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3801:
3799:
3797:Palaeoryctidae
3790:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3669:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3609:
3601:
3599:
3590:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3570:
3562:
3560:
3558:Horolodectidae
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3504:
3502:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3332:
3330:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3267:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3189:Adapisoriculus
3184:
3182:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3158:
3154:Prokennalestes
3147:
3136:
3125:
3114:
3103:
3093:
3082:
3072:
3061:
3051:
3048:Durlstotherium
3041:
3031:
3020:
3009:
3006:Bayshinoryctes
2999:
2988:
2984:Acristatherium
2976:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2838:
2832:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2789:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2751:
2744:
2743:External links
2741:
2739:
2738:
2686:
2665:(1): 107–118.
2645:
2593:
2564:(1): 521–550.
2544:
2517:(3): 537–548.
2501:
2488:
2424:
2408:
2387:(8): 853–864.
2367:
2348:(2): 225–240.
2332:
2313:
2252:
2230:
2168:
2139:(6859): 62–5.
2119:
2105:
2055:
2004:
1982:
1955:
1941:
1921:
1851:
1786:
1732:
1681:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1625:perissodactyls
1623:, carnivores,
1469:
1466:
1450:
1447:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:Perissodactyla
1348:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1284:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1230:Laurasiatheria
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1175:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1116:
1114:
1106:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1017:
1000:
999:
998:
971:Perissodactyla
967:
956:hippopotamuses
900:
889:
860:Laurasiatheria
856:
855:
854:
853:
852:
851:
850:
815:
798:
781:
780:
779:
778:
777:
726:
683:
682:
681:
680:
679:
678:
677:
676:
675:
660:
643:
626:
625:
624:
623:
622:
611:
586:
563:
562:
561:
546:
486:
483:
482:
481:
470:
439:
432:
417:
413:epipubic bones
409:
397:
394:
300:
299:
295:
294:
293:
292:
290:Laurasiatheria
287:
277:
276:
275:
270:
257:
256:
252:
251:
239:
235:
234:
229:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
168:
167:
163:
162:
133:
130:
129:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
60:
55:66.043–0
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5392:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5353:
5350:
5335:tags or
5317:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5277:
5271:
5267:
5262:
5256:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5234:
5210:
5204:
5202:
5196:
5194:
5188:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5157:
5153:Artiodactyla
5151:
5149:
5143:
5141:
5135:
5133:
5127:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5113:Eulipotyphla
5111:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5096:Boreoeutheria
5093:
5087:
5081:
5079:
5073:
5071:
5065:
5063:
5057:
5055:
5049:
5047:
5043:Afrosoricida
5041:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5026:
5020:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4994:
4986:
4982:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4950:
4948:
4942:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4887:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4795:
4787:
4782:
4780:
4775:
4773:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4736:
4729:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4705:Boreoeutheria
4702:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4616:Parazhelestes
4613:
4610:
4609:
4608:Paranyctoides
4605:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4375:Plesiesthonyx
4372:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4361:Megalesthonyx
4358:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4262:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4136:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3975:Pantolestidae
3972:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3936:Paroxyclaenus
3933:
3931:
3930:
3929:Paraspaniella
3926:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3791:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3737:Myrmecoboides
3734:
3732:
3731:
3730:Megaleptictis
3727:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3633:Diaphyodectes
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3509:Archaeoryctes
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3500:Didymoconidae
3494:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3465:Protentomodon
3462:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3394:Chacopterygus
3391:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3337:Aboletylestes
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3300:Sasayamamylos
3297:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:Deccanolestes
3207:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:Montanalestes
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:Microtherulum
3115:
3112:
3111:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3100:Indoclemensia
3094:
3091:
3090:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2947:
2946:
2940:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2333:
2329:(e384): 1–11.
2328:
2324:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1816:10.1038/39020
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1613:ground sloths
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1171:Boreoeutheria
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1122:Atlantogenata
1120:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1097:mitochondrial
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:Atlantogenata
1078:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
912:
911:
907:
906:
905:
901:
898:
894:
890:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:
861:
857:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
813:
809:
805:
804:
803:
802:Primatomorpha
799:
796:
792:
788:
787:
786:
782:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:
706:
702:
701:
700:
696:
695:
694:
690:
689:
688:
687:Boreoeutheria
684:
673:
669:
665:
661:
658:
654:
650:
649:
648:
644:
641:
637:
633:
632:
631:
627:
620:
616:
615:Macroscelidea
612:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:
591:
587:
584:
580:
579:Tubulidentata
576:
575:
574:
570:
569:
568:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
544:
540:
536:
535:
534:
530:
529:
528:
527:Atlantogenata
524:
523:
522:
519:
517:
513:
512:palaeoryctids
508:
506:
502:
498:
497:Boreoeutheria
493:
484:
479:
475:
471:
468:
465:opens as the
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:instead of a
440:
437:
433:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
407:
403:
402:
401:
395:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
357:
313:
310:
306:
298:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
281:
280:Boreoeutheria
278:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
264:
263:Atlantogenata
261:
260:
258:
253:
248:
243:
240:
237:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
178:
173:
169:
164:
131:
126:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
58:
52:
48:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5328:
5245:
5192:(Treeshrews)
5075:Proboscidea
5016:(Armadillos)
4992:
4899:Ameridelphia
4852:Monotremata
4732:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4688:
4650:
4643:
4637:Valentinella
4635:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4606:
4598:
4592:Mistralestes
4590:
4583:
4577:Khuduklestes
4575:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4532:
4527:Avitotherium
4525:
4518:
4510:
4487:
4482:Zhangolestes
4480:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4368:Meiostylodon
4366:
4359:
4352:
4347:Kuanchuanius
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4305:Chungchienia
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4209:Onychodectes
4207:
4187:
4180:
4175:Conoryctella
4173:
4166:Conoryctidae
4155:Schowalteria
4153:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4096:Palaeosinopa
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4068:Gobipithecus
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3853:
3848:Palaeoryctes
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3652:
3645:
3640:Leptictidium
3638:
3631:
3611:
3606:Gypsonictops
3604:
3574:Horolodectes
3572:
3565:
3542:
3537:Kennatherium
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3484:
3477:
3472:Puercolestes
3470:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3422:Ilerdoryctes
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:Cimolestidae
3314:Ukhaatherium
3312:
3307:Uchkudukodon
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3246:
3240:Sahnitherium
3238:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3163:
3152:
3143:Murtoilestes
3141:
3130:
3119:
3108:
3098:
3089:Hyotheridium
3087:
3077:
3066:
3056:
3046:
3036:
3025:
3014:
3004:
2993:
2982:
2943:
2706:
2702:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2613:
2609:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2491:
2440:
2434:
2427:
2422:587, 240–245
2419:
2411:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2271:
2265:
2255:
2246:
2242:
2188:
2184:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2113:
2108:
2073:
2069:
2058:
2021:
2018:PLOS Biology
2017:
2007:
1998:
1994:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1931:
1924:
1910:cite journal
1869:
1865:
1840:cite journal
1799:
1795:
1789:
1748:
1744:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1659:
1653:
1633:
1629:artiodactyls
1621:insectivores
1589:golden moles
1574:
1562:
1537:
1529:artiodactyls
1525:insectivores
1506:
1496:
1486:
1471:
1459:
1452:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1367:Artiodactyla
1365:
1350:
1316:
1301:
1266:
1243:Eulipotyphla
1241:
1207:
1192:
1148:
1133:
1111:
1074:
991:rhinoceroses
916:Artiodactyla
866:Eulipotyphla
630:Paenungulata
608:golden moles
604:otter shrews
596:Afrosoricida
520:
509:
488:
485:Subdivisions
399:
311:
304:
303:
296:
241:
238:Infraclass:
225:
36:
5365:Placentalia
5298:iNaturalist
5276:Placentalia
5270:Wikispecies
5246:Placentalia
5198:Dermoptera
5190:Scandentia
5182:Lagomorpha
5131:(Pangolins)
5121:Chiroptera
5077:(Elephants)
5067:Hyracoidea
5061:(Aardvarks)
4823:(unranked)
4689:Placentalia
4563:Gallolestes
4556:Eozhelestes
4549:Eoungulatum
4520:Aspanlestes
4503:Zhelestidae
4489:Zofialestes
4447:Barunlestes
4440:Anchilestes
4382:Plethorodon
4333:Higotherium
4312:Dysnoetodon
4268:Tillodontia
4189:Huerfanodon
4142:Taeniodonta
4124:Todralestes
4103:Pantolestes
4019:Bouffinomus
4005:Bisonalveus
3998:Bessoecetor
3964:Vulpavoides
3827:Lainoryctes
3813:Aceroryctes
3806:Aaptoryctes
3765:Prodiacodon
3751:Palaeictops
3723:Leptonysson
3688:Gallolestes
3665:Leptictidae
3544:Zeuctherium
3523:Didymoconus
3479:Scollardius
3458:Procerberus
3408:Didelphodus
3293:Kennalestes
3279:Bulaklestes
3248:Wyonycteris
3218:Garatherium
3165:Sinodelphys
3079:Hovurlestes
3058:Endotherium
3027:Cokotherium
1617:glyptodonts
1533:carnivorans
1508:Purgatorius
1474:crown group
1280:Ferungulata
1112:Placentalia
1025:carnivorans
904:Ferungulata
902:Grandorder
858:Superorder
829:(including
821:(primates:
783:Grandorder
754:chinchillas
750:guinea pigs
699:Gliriformes
697:Grandorder
691:Superorder
653:Proboscidea
647:Tethytheria
628:Grandorder
571:Grandorder
565:Superorder
531:Superorder
516:taeniodonts
447:vertebrates
416:pregnancy.)
370:Marsupialia
366:Monotremata
312:Placentalia
242:Placentalia
5359:Categories
5137:Carnivora
5129:Pholidota
5035:Afrotheria
5014:Cingulata
4995:inclusive)
4917:(Opossums)
4888:inclusive)
4878:Metatheria
4835:Yinotheria
4819:Vertebrata
4817:Subphylum
4698:Afrotheria
4677:Pantodonta
4666:Pantodonta
4645:Zhalmousia
4454:Beleutinus
4433:Alymlestes
4410:Yuesthonyx
4354:Lofochaius
4340:Interogale
4326:Franchaius
4243:Stylinodon
4182:Conoryctes
4110:Pentacodon
4061:Galethylax
4040:Coriphagus
4026:Buxolestes
3991:Aphronorus
3894:Euhookeria
3869:Pantolesta
3855:Pinoryctes
3841:Ottoryctes
3772:Protictops
3758:Praolestes
3695:Ictopidium
3674:Amphigyion
3588:Leptictida
3530:Hunanictis
3516:Ardynictis
3451:Pararyctes
3444:Paleotomus
3401:Cimolestes
3372:Bagalestes
3358:Ambilestes
3272:Asioryctes
3225:Namibiodon
3038:Durlstodon
3016:Bobolestes
2995:Ambolestes
2920:see below↓
2872:Cynodontia
2857:Cynodontia
2812:Subclass:
2466:11336/7302
2249:: 141–154.
2024:(4): e91.
1646:References
1609:armadillos
1577:Afrotheria
1517:Cretaceous
1513:eutherians
1339:Euungulata
1268:Chiroptera
1255:Scrotifera
1209:Euarchonta
1150:Afrotheria
910:Euungulata
893:Chiroptera
886:solenodons
808:Dermoptera
795:treeshrews
791:Scandentia
785:Euarchonta
762:porcupines
711:Lagomorpha
685:Magnorder
636:Hyracoidea
567:Afrotheria
543:armadillos
525:Magnorder
505:Afrotheria
492:retroposon
309:infraclass
268:Afrotheria
255:Subgroups
42:Placentals
18:Placentals
5349:help page
5206:Primates
5200:(Colugos)
5174:Rodentia
5069:(Hyraxes)
5006:Xenarthra
4993:Placental
4886:Marsupial
4712:Xenarthra
4652:Zhelestes
4630:Sorlestes
4542:Borisodon
4534:Azilestes
4461:Kulbeckia
4389:Simplodon
4277:Adapidium
4250:Wortmania
4229:Ectoganus
4089:Pagonomus
4075:Kochictis
4054:Dyspterna
4033:Chadronia
3984:Amaramnis
3957:Spaniella
3950:Sororodon
3943:Pugiodens
3915:Kopidodon
3901:Fratrodon
3744:Ongghonia
3716:Leptictis
3681:Blacktops
3486:Tsaganius
3429:Maelestes
3415:Gelastops
3365:Avunculus
3351:Alveugena
3286:Daulestes
3232:Remiculus
2845:Synapsida
2830:Synapsida
2794:Kingdom:
2733:234782605
2539:131519722
2483:206544776
2381:BioEssays
2001:(1): 1–5.
1832:205026882
1636:Paleocene
1605:anteaters
1593:aardvarks
1553:synapsids
1540:Paleogene
1493:Paleocene
1435:Cladogram
1318:Carnivora
1303:Pholidota
1135:Xenarthra
1085:Epitheria
1045:mongooses
1041:pinnipeds
1021:Carnivora
1014:pangolins
1010:Pholidota
1002:Mirorder
952:cetaceans
928:antelopes
908:Mirorder
870:hedgehogs
800:Mirorder
770:squirrels
758:capybaras
703:Mirorder
657:elephants
645:Mirorder
588:Mirorder
583:aardvarks
558:anteaters
539:Cingulata
533:Xenarthra
501:Xenarthra
436:malleolus
273:Xenarthra
195:Kingdom:
189:Eukaryota
123:Possible
47:Paleocene
5290:42399417
5255:Wikidata
5083:Sirenia
4985:Eutheria
4813:Chordata
4807:Animalia
4805:Kingdom
4600:Oxlestes
4585:Lainodon
4512:Alostera
4403:Trogosus
4396:Tillodon
4319:Esthonyx
4291:Basalina
4284:Azygonyx
4117:Thelysia
3922:Merialus
3887:Dulcidon
3834:Nuryctes
3820:Eoryctes
3709:Lainodon
3647:Phakodon
3613:Sikuomys
3437:Naranius
3387:Betonnia
3344:Acmeodon
3203:Bustylus
3110:Juramaia
2967:Eutheria
2945:Eutheria
2911:Eutheria
2899:Mammalia
2884:Mammalia
2808:Mammalia
2802:Chordata
2800:Phylum:
2796:Animalia
2778:Eutheria
2725:34004143
2681:12078635
2640:22628470
2588:28075073
2475:23393258
2403:19582725
2362:12878460
2323:PLoS ONE
2308:12552136
2225:19286970
2163:11689942
2050:16515367
1894:11976675
1781:41470665
1773:12532019
1719:11976661
1676:20079531
1660:Placenta
1638:, while
1597:manatees
1566:Laurasia
1478:Eutheria
1449:Genomics
1049:raccoons
948:giraffes
940:camelids
874:gymnures
847:tarsiers
839:lorisids
819:Primates
746:hamsters
730:Rodentia
672:manatees
461:and the
390:Eutheria
382:placenta
362:Mammalia
232:Eutheria
219:Mammalia
209:Chordata
205:Phylum:
199:Animalia
185:Domain:
51:Holocene
32:Placenta
5022:Pilosa
4825:Amniota
4811:Phylum
4792:Extant
4298:Benaius
3379:Batodon
3196:Afrodon
2806:Class:
2631:3396900
2579:6849585
2519:Bibcode
2445:Bibcode
2436:Science
2276:Bibcode
2216:2655268
2193:Bibcode
2141:Bibcode
2078:Bibcode
2070:Science
2041:1395351
1977:9757322
1902:4330626
1874:Bibcode
1824:9333234
1804:Bibcode
1753:Bibcode
1745:Science
1727:4332049
1699:Bibcode
1585:tenrecs
1570:rafting
1093:nuclear
1063:, etc.)
1061:weasels
966:, etc.)
964:buffalo
843:galagos
823:monkeys
812:colugos
776:, etc.)
774:beavers
734:rodents
715:rabbits
668:dugongs
664:Sirenia
640:hyraxes
600:tenrecs
215:Class:
5303:848320
5261:Q25833
5123:(Bats)
4869:Theria
4796:orders
4794:mammal
4012:Bogdia
3068:Eomaia
2814:Theria
2731:
2723:
2679:
2638:
2628:
2586:
2576:
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2481:
2473:
2420:Nature
2401:
2360:
2306:
2299:298725
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2133:Nature
2048:
2038:
1975:
1939:
1900:
1892:
1866:Nature
1830:
1822:
1796:Nature
1779:
1771:
1725:
1717:
1691:Nature
1674:
1607:, and
1601:sloths
1595:, and
1545:niches
1531:, and
1455:genome
1194:Glires
1057:hyenas
1053:skunks
1019:Order
1008:Order
995:tapirs
993:, and
987:zebras
979:horses
969:Order
924:cattle
914:Order
891:Order
884:, and
878:shrews
864:Order
845:, and
835:lemurs
831:humans
817:Order
806:Order
789:Order
728:Order
721:, and
709:Order
705:Glires
662:Order
651:Order
634:Order
613:Order
606:, and
594:Order
577:Order
554:sloths
550:Pilosa
548:Order
537:Order
503:, and
463:rectum
449:, the
443:cloaca
425:fibula
406:pelvis
378:uterus
249:, 1837
127:record
5316:91965
4082:Oboia
3779:Wania
3702:Labes
2729:S2CID
2535:S2CID
2479:S2CID
1948:6 May
1898:S2CID
1828:S2CID
1777:S2CID
1723:S2CID
1443:et al
1439:et al
1290:Ferae
1077:basal
1037:bears
1004:Ferae
983:asses
960:goats
932:sheep
882:moles
766:voles
723:pikas
719:hares
459:penis
455:vulva
421:tibia
386:pouch
374:fetus
226:Clade
4675:see
2897:see
2870:see
2843:see
2721:PMID
2677:PMID
2636:PMID
2584:PMID
2471:PMID
2399:PMID
2358:PMID
2304:PMID
2221:PMID
2159:PMID
2046:PMID
1973:PMID
1950:2013
1937:ISBN
1916:link
1890:PMID
1846:link
1820:PMID
1769:PMID
1715:PMID
1672:PMID
1627:and
1615:and
1557:bats
1460:See
1033:cats
1029:dogs
944:pigs
936:deer
897:bats
827:apes
742:rats
738:mice
670:and
556:and
514:and
467:anus
423:and
368:and
247:Owen
63:PreꞒ
5285:EoL
2711:doi
2667:doi
2626:PMC
2618:doi
2614:279
2574:PMC
2566:doi
2527:doi
2461:hdl
2453:doi
2441:339
2389:doi
2350:doi
2294:PMC
2284:doi
2272:100
2211:PMC
2201:doi
2189:106
2149:doi
2137:414
2094:hdl
2086:doi
2074:376
2036:PMC
2026:doi
1882:doi
1870:416
1812:doi
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