245:; that the intestines are shaken with a continual vomiting; that the eyes are on fire with the injected blood; that in some cases the feet or some parts of the limbs are taken off by the contagion of diseased putrefaction; that from the weakness arising by the maiming and loss of the body, either the gait is enfeebled, or the hearing is obstructed, or the sight darkened;βis profitable as a proof of faith. What a grandeur of spirit it is to struggle with all the powers of an unshaken mind against so many onsets of devastation and death! what sublimity, to stand erect amid the desolation of the human race, and to not lie prostrate with those who have no hope in
179:
wish it had been only one! (...) The most brilliant festival of all was kept by the fulfilled martyrs, who were feasted in heaven. Afterward came war and famine, which struck at
Christian and heathen alike. We alone had to bear the injustices they did to us, but we profited by what they did to each other and suffered at each other's hands; so yet again we found joy in the peace which Christ has given to us alone. But when both we and they had been allowed a tiny breathing-space, out of the blue came this disease, a thing more terrifying to them than any terror, more frightful than any disaster whatever...
196:
impiously exposing their own friends, as if with the exclusion of the person who was sure to die of the plague, one could exclude death itself also. There lay about the meanwhile, over the whole city, no longer bodies, but the carcasses of many, and, by the contemplation of a lot which in their turn would be theirs, demanded the pity of the passers-by for themselves. No one regarded anything besides his cruel gains. No one trembled at the remembrance of a similar event. No one did to another what he himself wished to experience.
1229:
29:
195:
Afterwards there broke out a dreadful plague, and excessive destruction of a hateful disease invaded every house in succession of the trembling populace, carrying off day by day with abrupt attack numberless people, every one from his own house. All were shuddering, fleeing, shunning the contagion,
178:
Now, alas! all is lamentation, everyone is mourning, and the city resounds with weeping because of the numbers who have died and are dying every day. As
Scripture says of the firstborn of the Egyptians, so now there has been a great cry: there is not a house in which there is not one dead - how I
334:
According to Harper, the plague nearly saw the end of the Roman Empire, and in the period between AD 248 and 268, "the history of Rome is a confusing tangle of violent failures. The structural integrity of the imperial machine burst apart. The frontier system crumbled. The collapse of legitimacy
228:
that a plague was brought upon the earth after the
Christian religion came into the world, and after it revealed the mysteries of hidden truth? But pestilences, say my opponents, and droughts, wars, famines, locusts, mice, and hailstones, and other hurtful things, by which the property of men is
275:
the favour of heaven furthered
Claudius' success. For a great multitude, survivors of the barbarian tribes, who had gathered in Haemimontum were so stricken with famine and pestilence that Claudius now scorned to conquer them further... during this same period the Scythians
315:(166β180) and the Plague of Cyprian (251β270) were the first transfers from animal hosts to humanity of two different diseases, one of smallpox and one of measles, but not necessarily in that order. Dionysios Stathakopoulos asserts that both outbreaks were of smallpox.
335:
invited one usurper after another to try for the throne. The empire fragmented and only the dramatic success of later emperors in putting the pieces back together prevented this moment from being the final act of Roman imperial history."
2072:
154:
There are no accounts comprehensive enough to estimate the total number of deaths of the plague in the Roman Empire. At the height of the outbreak, 5,000 people a day were said to be dying in
1943:
2108:
338:
Both the threat of imminent death from the plague and the unwavering conviction among many of the
Christian clergy in the face of it won many converts to that religion.
768:
2220:
1888:
1606:
1986:
241:
This trial, that now the bowels, relaxed into a constant flux, discharge the bodily strength; that a fire originated in the marrow ferments into wounds of the
249:; but rather to rejoice, and to embrace the benefit of the occasion; that in thus bravely showing forth our faith, and by suffering endured, going forward to
1798:
1906:
2078:
1749:
2102:
728:
2330:
2042:
2018:
1950:
1870:
1702:
318:
According to the historian Kyle Harper, the symptoms attributed by ancient sources to the Plague of
Cyprian better match a viral disease causing a
2048:
1612:
280:] attempted to plunder in Crete and Cyprus as well, but everywhere their armies were likewise stricken with pestilence and so were defeated".
1396:
130:
writer who witnessed and described the plague. The agent of the plague is highly speculative due to sparse sourcing, but suspects have included
1737:
1642:
1570:
1515:
373:
1992:
208:; on January 3, 250 he ordered everyone in the Empire to perform a sacrifice to the traditional gods and the well-being of the emperor. The
2305:
1936:
1761:
1708:
761:
110:
from about AD 249 to 262, or 251/2 to 270. The plague is thought to have caused widespread manpower shortages for food production and the
1767:
1648:
1546:
1466:
233:
Cyprian drew moralizing analogies in his sermons to the
Christian community and drew a word picture of the plague's symptoms in his essay
1876:
1672:
1666:
1267:
1930:
295:. That the plague reached Alexandria at least one year before it reached Rome, however, is a mark in favour of an East African origin.
1690:
1576:
422:
2315:
2113:
2084:
1974:
1918:
1834:
1110:
1095:
539:
303:
The severe devastation to the
European population from the two plagues may indicate that the population had no previous exposure or
162:
dropped from 500,000 to 190,000 during the plague. Some of the decline in the city's population was possibly due to people fleeing.
2226:
2030:
1900:
1864:
1852:
1755:
1678:
1115:
1980:
2096:
2090:
2060:
2012:
1882:
1822:
1785:
1773:
1684:
1509:
1295:
1233:
754:
2208:
2196:
2190:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2310:
2054:
1998:
1968:
1956:
1105:
736:
1924:
1840:
1442:
891:
1600:
1594:
1503:
2325:
1894:
1714:
163:
2278:
2272:
1816:
1472:
2320:
2066:
2036:
1846:
1696:
951:
115:
1858:
1527:
1497:
1100:
1085:
680:
Harper, Kyle "Pandemics and
Passages to Late Antiquity: Rethinking the Plague of c. 249-70 described by Cyprian,"
253:
by the narrow way that Christ trod, we may receive the reward of His life and faith according to His own judgment!
1582:
1080:
1006:
2250:
2232:
1178:
1090:
777:
347:
257:
Accounts of the plague date it about AD 251 to 262. There was a later incident in 270 involving the death of
2256:
2160:
2154:
1521:
1454:
1436:
1260:
1120:
996:
841:
49:
2202:
2148:
1553:
1539:
1356:
861:
846:
2184:
2142:
1720:
1011:
986:
308:
242:
326:, rather than smallpox. (Conversely, Harper believes that the Antonine Plague was caused by smallpox.)
229:
assailed, the gods bring upon us, incensed as they are by your wrong-doings and by your transgressions.
1791:
1588:
1533:
1448:
1245:
976:
971:
956:
826:
268:
258:
2024:
1654:
1419:
1372:
1366:
1001:
896:
554:
479:
184:
2300:
2005:
1912:
1660:
1491:
1460:
1253:
1021:
936:
921:
901:
831:
798:
707:
461:
304:
209:
171:
167:
123:
488:. (scanned and published online by Roger Pearse). London: Green and Chaplin. pp. 16, 21, 31
2262:
1962:
1743:
1408:
1130:
1067:
1042:
991:
931:
866:
535:
418:
319:
506:
224:
allegations that neglect of the traditional gods had resulted in plague and other disasters:
2244:
1378:
1333:
1284:
1201:
1168:
926:
911:
876:
803:
660:
642:
451:
292:
263:
585:
287:, but treating Aethiopia as the source of contagious diseases goes at least as far back as
1828:
1384:
1339:
1312:
1209:
1158:
1143:
1138:
1056:
946:
941:
440:"The 'Plague of Cyprian': A revised view of the origin and spread of a 3rd-c. CE pandemic"
312:
261:, but it is unknown if this was the same plague or a different outbreak. According to the
483:
1320:
1214:
1148:
1049:
881:
793:
785:
272:
205:
605:
2294:
2238:
1390:
1163:
906:
886:
871:
465:
562:
629:
378:
213:
127:
107:
78:
28:
2214:
1402:
1035:
143:
139:
68:
1779:
1627:
981:
456:
439:
288:
159:
111:
1075:
851:
818:
284:
746:
2134:
1280:
1276:
1153:
961:
916:
577:
217:
188:
131:
103:
53:
1191:
808:
135:
119:
57:
35:
212:
of
Christians resulted. Fifty years later, a North African convert to
1186:
966:
856:
250:
201:
836:
695:
Famine and Pestilence in the late Roman and early Byzantine Empire
323:
277:
221:
155:
1249:
750:
584:
1.3. Translated by Hamilton Bryce and Hugh Campbell, c. 1885.
246:
166:
wrote about the plague's effects in Alexandria soon after the
413:
Harper, Kyle (2017b). "Chapter 4: The Old Age of the World".
415:
The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, and the End of an Empire
283:
Contemporary sources indicate the plague originated in
532:
The History of the Church from Christ to Constantine
2133:
1809:
1730:
1635:
1626:
1563:
1484:
1429:
1418:
1355:
1311:
1304:
1200:
1177:
1129:
1066:
1020:
817:
784:
85:
74:
63:
44:
21:
158:. One historian has calculated the population of
374:"Solving the Mystery of an Ancient Roman Plague"
176:
2266:
1261:
762:
676:
674:
8:
38:, who documented the plague in his writings
408:
406:
404:
402:
400:
398:
396:
200:The plague may have stimulated the Emperor
114:, severely weakening the empire during the
1632:
1426:
1308:
1268:
1254:
1246:
769:
755:
747:
1449:"Cocoliztli" epidemics in colonial Mexico
455:
16:Pandemic in the Roman Empire (AD 249β262)
507:The power of plagues by Irwin W. Sherman
367:
365:
363:
534:. New York: Dorset Press. p. 305.
517:
359:
18:
1516:Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty
307:to the plague's cause. The historian
7:
608:Christian Classics Ethereal Library
588:Christian Classics Ethereal Library
565:Christian Classics Ethereal Library
118:. Its modern name commemorates St.
604:. Transl. Ernest Wallis, c. 1885.
561:. Transl. Ernest Wallis, c. 1885.
14:
1111:Medical community of ancient Rome
1096:Food and diet in ancient medicine
220:, defended his new religion from
174:of 257, as reported by Eusebius:
2221:encephalitis lethargica epidemic
1228:
1227:
1116:Nutrition in classical antiquity
372:Harper, Kyle (1 November 2017).
138:, and viral haemorrhagic fever (
27:
2331:1st-millennium health disasters
1999:Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis
1296:List of epidemics and pandemics
438:Huebner, Sabine (7 June 2021).
1106:Mental illness in ancient Rome
417:. Princeton University Press.
311:asserts that both the earlier
1:
1324:
89:
682:Journal of Roman Archaeology
444:Journal of Roman Archaeology
2306:Crisis of the Third Century
952:Quintus Gargilius Martialis
116:Crisis of the Third Century
2347:
2109:2024 Latin American dengue
1889:Western African meningitis
1703:Pacific Northwest smallpox
1101:Gynecology in ancient Rome
1086:Disability in ancient Rome
1715:Buenos Aires yellow fever
1613:Philadelphia yellow fever
1583:Great Plague of Marseille
1577:Great Northern War plague
1571:Iceland smallpox epidemic
1291:
1223:
1081:Dentistry in ancient Rome
457:10.1017/S1047759421000349
187:, wrote of the plague at
34:16th-century painting of
26:
2316:Ancient health disasters
2279:Mpox (clade Ib) epidemic
2273:Mpox (clade II) outbreak
2233:Seventh cholera pandemic
1091:Disease in Imperial Rome
778:Medicine in ancient Rome
348:Disease in Imperial Rome
267:, "in the consulship of
2191:Fourth cholera pandemic
2173:Second cholera pandemic
2019:Γquateur province Ebola
1607:North American smallpox
1522:Great Plague of Seville
1121:Surgery in ancient Rome
842:Asclepiades of Bithynia
712:Encyclopædia Britannica
485:The New History, Book 1
204:to revive piety to the
164:Pope Dionysus the Great
50:Viral hemorrhagic fever
2209:Sixth cholera pandemic
2197:Fifth cholera pandemic
2179:Third cholera pandemic
2167:First cholera pandemic
2149:Second plague pandemic
1709:Barcelona yellow fever
1554:Great Plague of Vienna
1540:Great Plague of London
1510:Massachusetts smallpox
847:Aulus Cornelius Celsus
693:D. Ch. Stathakopoulos
255:
231:
198:
183:Cyprian's biographer,
181:
2311:3rd-century disasters
2185:Third plague pandemic
2143:First plague pandemic
1937:Western African Ebola
1847:Chikungunya outbreaks
1799:Malaysian Nipah virus
1667:Great Plains smallpox
987:Charmis of Marseilles
309:William Hardy McNeill
239:
226:
193:
172:Valerian persecutions
150:Contemporary accounts
81:, Mediterranean basin
2245:Russian flu pandemic
1987:Angolan yellow fever
1738:San Francisco plague
1691:Broad Street cholera
1589:Great Plague of 1738
977:Crinas of Marseilles
972:Athenaeus of Attalia
957:Thessalus of Tralles
827:Pedanius Dioscorides
259:Claudius II Gothicus
106:which afflicted the
67:Unknown, possibly a
2326:Influenza pandemics
2151:(1348β19th century)
2079:New Zealand measles
1907:Darfur yellow fever
1750:LA pneumonic plague
1367:Plague of Justinian
897:Marcellus Empiricus
555:Pontius of Carthage
520:, pp. 140β141.
237:("On the Plague"):
185:Pontius of Carthage
2321:Smallpox epidemics
2161:Influenza pandemic
2155:Influenza pandemic
2103:Bangsamoro measles
2085:Singaporean dengue
2049:Pacific NW measles
2043:Philippine measles
2031:Madagascar measles
2013:Kerala Nipah virus
2006:Saudi Arabian MERS
1919:Singaporean dengue
1865:Zimbabwean cholera
1835:Singaporean dengue
1679:Copenhagen cholera
1661:Groningen epidemic
1455:Influenza pandemic
1437:Influenza pandemic
1022:Medical literature
937:Serenus Sammonicus
922:Criton of Heraclea
902:Caelius Aurelianus
832:Soranus of Ephesus
210:Decian persecution
168:Decian persecution
124:bishop of Carthage
48:Unknown, possibly
2288:
2287:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2061:Kuala Koh measles
1975:South Korean MERS
1963:Polio declaration
1951:Madagascar plague
1883:Gujarat hepatitis
1871:Madagascar plague
1823:Midwest monkeypox
1774:Yugoslav smallpox
1744:Manchurian plague
1685:Stockholm cholera
1622:
1621:
1409:Sweating sickness
1397:Japanese smallpox
1346:Plague of Cyprian
1285:disease outbreaks
1243:
1242:
1043:De materia medica
992:Scribonius Largus
932:Marcellus of Side
867:Antiochis of Tlos
684:28 (2015) 223-60.
530:Eusebius (1965).
320:hemorrhagic fever
291:' account of the
100:Plague of Cyprian
96:
95:
22:Plague of Cyprian
2338:
2268:
2055:New York measles
2009:
1969:Indian swine flu
1957:Odisha hepatitis
1947:
1901:Pakistani dengue
1853:Pakistani dengue
1802:
1768:WrocΕaw smallpox
1721:Hong Kong plague
1655:Caragea's plague
1633:
1550:
1443:Mexican smallpox
1427:
1379:Plague of Sheroe
1334:Plague of Athens
1329:
1326:
1309:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1247:
1231:
1230:
1169:Pneumatic school
927:Sextus Empiricus
912:Gessius of Petra
877:Aurelius Opilius
804:Spoon of Diocles
771:
764:
757:
748:
716:
715:
704:
698:
691:
685:
678:
669:
666:Divinus Claudius
661:Historia Augusta
657:
651:
648:Divinus Claudius
643:Historia Augusta
639:
633:
627:
621:
618:
612:
598:
592:
575:
569:
552:
546:
545:
527:
521:
515:
509:
504:
498:
497:
495:
493:
476:
470:
469:
459:
435:
429:
428:
410:
391:
390:
388:
386:
369:
293:Plague of Athens
264:Historia Augusta
91:
31:
19:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2121:
2004:
1942:
1925:Swansea measles
1877:Bolivian dengue
1805:
1797:
1786:Indian smallpox
1756:Croydon typhoid
1726:
1618:
1559:
1545:
1480:
1421:
1414:
1385:Plague of Amwas
1358:
1351:
1340:Antonine Plague
1327:
1300:
1287:
1274:
1244:
1239:
1219:
1210:Antonine Plague
1196:
1173:
1159:Methodic school
1144:Eclectic school
1139:Dogmatic school
1125:
1062:
1057:Medicina Plinii
1016:
947:Aemilia Hilaria
942:Sextus Placitus
813:
780:
775:
731:Life of Cyprian
725:
720:
719:
708:"Saint Cyprian"
706:
705:
701:
692:
688:
679:
672:
658:
654:
640:
636:
632:in the Balkans.
628:
624:
619:
615:
599:
595:
582:Adversus Gentes
576:
572:
559:Life of Cyprian
553:
549:
542:
529:
528:
524:
516:
512:
505:
501:
491:
489:
478:
477:
473:
437:
436:
432:
425:
412:
411:
394:
384:
382:
371:
370:
361:
356:
344:
332:
313:Antonine Plague
301:
152:
40:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2344:
2342:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2260:
2254:
2253:(1981βpresent)
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2106:
2105:(2023βpresent)
2100:
2097:Jamaica dengue
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2002:
1996:
1993:Yemeni cholera
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1944:DR Congo Ebola
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1649:Maltese plague
1646:
1643:Ottoman plague
1639:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1601:Persian Plague
1598:
1595:Russian plague
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1547:Maltese plague
1543:
1537:
1531:
1528:Maltese plague
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1504:Italian plague
1501:
1498:Maltese plague
1495:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1470:
1467:Maltese plague
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1363:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1321:Hittite plague
1317:
1315:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1215:Cyprian Plague
1212:
1206:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1149:Empiric school
1146:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1050:Galenic Corpus
1046:
1039:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
882:Meges of Sidon
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
823:
821:
815:
814:
812:
811:
806:
801:
796:
794:Cimolian earth
790:
788:
782:
781:
776:
774:
773:
766:
759:
751:
743:
742:
739:De Mortalitate
734:
724:
723:External links
721:
718:
717:
699:
686:
670:
652:
634:
622:
613:
602:De Mortalitate
593:
570:
547:
540:
522:
510:
499:
471:
430:
424:978-0691166834
423:
392:
358:
357:
355:
352:
351:
350:
343:
340:
331:
328:
300:
297:
235:De mortalitate
206:Roman religion
151:
148:
94:
93:
87:
83:
82:
76:
72:
71:
65:
61:
60:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2343:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2265:(2019βpresent
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2239:Hong Kong flu
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:Tonga measles
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2037:Samoa measles
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1895:Haiti cholera
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1859:Iraqi cholera
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1841:Indian dengue
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1697:Guam smallpox
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1534:Naples Plague
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1492:London plague
1490:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1473:London plague
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1461:London plague
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1391:Plague of 664
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1236:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1164:Miasma theory
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
907:Cassius Felix
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
887:Sextius Niger
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
872:Antonius Musa
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
822:
820:
816:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
789:
787:
783:
779:
772:
767:
765:
760:
758:
753:
752:
749:
745:
741:
740:
735:
733:
732:
727:
726:
722:
714:. 9 May 2013.
713:
709:
703:
700:
696:
690:
687:
683:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:
656:
653:
649:
645:
644:
638:
635:
631:
626:
623:
617:
614:
610:
609:
603:
597:
594:
590:
589:
583:
579:
574:
571:
567:
566:
560:
556:
551:
548:
543:
541:0-88029-022-6
537:
533:
526:
523:
519:
514:
511:
508:
503:
500:
487:
486:
481:
475:
472:
467:
463:
458:
453:
449:
445:
441:
434:
431:
426:
420:
416:
409:
407:
405:
403:
401:
399:
397:
393:
381:
380:
375:
368:
366:
364:
360:
353:
349:
346:
345:
341:
339:
336:
329:
327:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
298:
296:
294:
290:
286:
281:
279:
274:
270:
266:
265:
260:
254:
252:
248:
244:
238:
236:
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
197:
192:
190:
186:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
149:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
36:Saint Cyprian
30:
25:
20:
2091:Uganda Ebola
1810:21st century
1792:Surat plague
1762:NYC smallpox
1731:20th century
1636:19th century
1564:18th century
1485:17th century
1451:(1545, 1576)
1430:16th century
1373:Roman Plague
1345:
1342:(165β180 AD)
1336:(429β426 BC)
1283:and notable
1232:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1029:
744:
738:
730:
711:
702:
694:
689:
681:
665:
659:
655:
647:
641:
637:
630:Mount Haemus
625:
616:
607:
601:
596:
587:
581:
573:
564:
558:
550:
531:
525:
518:Harper 2017b
513:
502:
490:. Retrieved
484:
474:
447:
443:
433:
414:
383:. Retrieved
379:The Atlantic
377:
337:
333:
317:
302:
299:Epidemiology
282:
269:Antiochianus
262:
256:
240:
234:
232:
227:
214:Christianity
199:
194:
182:
177:
153:
108:Roman Empire
99:
97:
79:Roman Empire
64:Virus strain
2281:(2023β2024)
2275:(2022β2023)
2259:(2009β2010)
2247:(1977β1979)
2241:(1968β1970)
2235:(1961β1975)
2229:(1957β1958)
2223:(1919β1930)
2217:(1918β1920)
2215:Spanish flu
2211:(1899β1923)
2205:(1889β1890)
2203:Russian flu
2199:(1881β1896)
2193:(1863β1879)
2187:(1855β1860)
2181:(1852β1860)
2175:(1829β1851)
2169:(1816β1826)
2163:(1557β1559)
2093:(2022β2023)
2081:(2019β2020)
2075:(2019β2020)
2073:DRC measles
2027:(2018β2020)
1995:(2016β2022)
1983:(2015β2016)
1939:(2013β2016)
1933:(2013β2014)
1931:Chikungunya
1897:(2010β2019)
1891:(2009β2010)
1873:(2008β2017)
1867:(2008β2009)
1831:(2003β2005)
1819:(2002β2004)
1801:(1998β1999)
1782:(1972β1973)
1746:(1910β1911)
1740:(1900β1904)
1705:(1862β1863)
1675:(1847β1848)
1669:(1837β1838)
1651:(1813β1814)
1645:(1812β1819)
1615:(1793β1798)
1609:(1780β1782)
1597:(1770β1772)
1585:(1720β1722)
1579:(1710β1712)
1573:(1707β1708)
1549:(1675β1676)
1542:(1665β1666)
1524:(1647β1652)
1518:(1633β1644)
1506:(1629β1631)
1475:(1592β1593)
1469:(1592β1593)
1463:(1563β1564)
1457:(1557β1559)
1411:(1485β1551)
1405:(1346β1353)
1403:Black Death
1328: 1330
1036:De Medicina
1030:Gynaecology
997:Andromachus
892:Archagathus
450:: 151β174.
144:Ebola virus
142:) like the
140:filoviruses
126:, an early
2295:Categories
2025:Kivu Ebola
1780:London flu
982:Damocrates
862:Philonides
819:Physicians
737:Cyprian's
606:Online at
586:Online at
563:Online at
385:2 December
354:References
322:, such as
289:Thucydides
170:of 250 or
160:Alexandria
112:Roman army
2301:Pandemics
2257:Swine flu
2227:Asian flu
2145:(541β767)
2114:Argentina
1399:(735β737)
1393:(664β689)
1387:(638β639)
1381:(627β628)
1369:(541β542)
1359:classical
1348:(250β266)
1281:epidemics
1277:Pandemics
1076:Archiater
1012:Herodotus
852:Oribasius
729:Pontius'
697:(2007) 95
668:, XII, 1.
600:Cyprian,
482:(1814) .
466:236149169
285:Aethiopia
128:Christian
69:filovirus
2263:COVID-19
2251:HIV/AIDS
1829:Bird flu
1234:Category
1179:Religion
1154:Humorism
1131:Theories
962:Albucius
917:Antyllus
799:Speculum
650:, XI, 3.
578:Arnobius
492:22 April
342:See also
305:immunity
218:Arnobius
189:Carthage
132:smallpox
104:pandemic
75:Location
54:smallpox
1313:Ancient
1202:Plagues
1192:Vejovis
1002:Eudemus
809:Strigil
620:AD 270.
480:Zosimus
273:Orfitus
136:measles
120:Cyprian
92:250β270
58:measles
45:Disease
2157:(1510)
2135:Global
2116:(2024)
2099:(2023)
2087:(2020)
2069:(2019)
2063:(2019)
2057:(2019)
2051:(2019)
2045:(2019)
2039:(2019)
2033:(2018)
2021:(2018)
2015:(2018)
2008:(2018)
2001:(2017)
1989:(2016)
1977:(2015)
1971:(2015)
1965:(2014)
1959:(2014)
1953:(2014)
1946:(2014)
1927:(2013)
1921:(2013)
1915:(2012)
1909:(2012)
1903:(2011)
1885:(2009)
1879:(2009)
1861:(2007)
1855:(2006)
1849:(2006)
1843:(2006)
1837:(2005)
1825:(2003)
1794:(1994)
1788:(1974)
1776:(1972)
1770:(1963)
1764:(1947)
1758:(1937)
1752:(1924)
1723:(1894)
1717:(1871)
1711:(1870)
1699:(1856)
1693:(1854)
1687:(1853)
1681:(1853)
1673:Typhus
1663:(1829)
1657:(1813)
1628:Modern
1603:(1772)
1591:(1738)
1556:(1679)
1536:(1656)
1530:(1655)
1512:(1633)
1500:(1623)
1494:(1603)
1445:(1520)
1439:(1510)
1422:modern
1187:Febris
967:Arcyon
857:Muscio
538:
464:
421:
330:Legacy
251:Christ
243:fauces
202:Decius
102:was a
1420:Early
1375:(590)
1357:Post-
1305:Local
1068:Roles
1007:Alcon
837:Galen
786:Tools
462:S2CID
324:Ebola
278:Goths
276:[
222:pagan
56:, or
1981:Zika
1913:MERS
1817:SARS
536:ISBN
494:2016
419:ISBN
387:2017
271:and
156:Rome
98:The
86:Date
1330:BC)
452:doi
247:God
2297::
1325:c.
1279:,
710:.
673:^
664:,
646:,
580:,
557:,
460:.
448:34
446:.
442:.
395:^
376:.
362:^
216:,
191::
146:.
134:,
122:,
90:c.
52:,
2269:)
2267:*
1323:(
1269:e
1262:t
1255:v
770:e
763:t
756:v
611:.
591:.
568:.
544:.
496:.
468:.
454::
427:.
389:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
